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Van de Winckel A, Tseng YT, Chantigian D, Lorant K, Zarandi Z, Buchanan J, Zeffiro TA, Larson M, Olson-Kellogg B, Konczak J, Keller-Ross ML. Age-Related Decline of Wrist Position Sense and its Relationship to Specific Physical Training. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:570. [PMID: 29209188 PMCID: PMC5702425 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Perception of limb and body positions is known as proprioception. Sensory feedback, especially from proprioceptive receptors, is essential for motor control. Aging is associated with a decline in position sense at proximal joints, but there is inconclusive evidence of distal joints being equally affected by aging. In addition, there is initial evidence that physical activity attenuates age-related decline in proprioception. Our objectives were, first, to establish wrist proprioceptive acuity in a large group of seniors and compare their perception to young adults, and second, to determine if specific types of training or regular physical activity are associated with preserved wrist proprioception. We recruited community-dwelling seniors (n = 107, mean age, 70 ± 5 years, range, 65–84 years) without cognitive decline (Mini Mental State Examination-brief version ≥13/16) and young adult students (n = 51, mean age, 20 ± 1 years, range, 19–26 years). Participants performed contralateral and ipsilateral wrist position sense matching tasks with a bimanual wrist manipulandum to a 15° flexion reference position. Systematic error or proprioceptive bias was computed as the mean difference between matched and reference position. The respective standard deviation over five trials constituted a measure of random error or proprioceptive precision. Current levels of physical activity and previous sport, musical, or dance training were obtained through a questionnaire. We employed longitudinal mixed effects linear models to calculate the effects of trial number, sex, type of matching task and age on wrist proprioceptive bias and precision. The main results were that relative proprioceptive bias was greater in older when compared to young adults (mean difference: 36% ipsilateral, 88% contralateral, p < 0.01). Proprioceptive precision for contralateral but not for ipsilateral matching was smaller in older than in young adults (mean difference: 38% contralateral, p < 0.01). Longer years of dance training were associated with smaller bias during ipsilateral matching (p < 0.01). Other types of training or physical activity levels did not affect bias or precision. Our findings demonstrate that aging is associated with a decline in proprioceptive bias in distal arm joints, but age does not negatively affect proprioceptive precision. Further, specific types of long-term dance related training may attenuate age-related decline in proprioceptive bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Van de Winckel
- Brain Plasticity Laboratory, Division of Physical Therapy and Division of Rehabilitation Science, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Yu-Ting Tseng
- Human Sensorimotor Control Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Daniel Chantigian
- Division of Rehabilitation Science, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Kaitlyn Lorant
- Illinois Bone and Joint Institute, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Zinat Zarandi
- Human Sensorimotor Control Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Jeffrey Buchanan
- Human Sensorimotor Control Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | | | - Mia Larson
- Division of Rehabilitation Science, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Becky Olson-Kellogg
- Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Jürgen Konczak
- Human Sensorimotor Control Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Manda L Keller-Ross
- Cardiovascular Research and Rehabilitation Laboratory, Division of Physical Therapy and Division of Rehabilitation Science, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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52
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Christie GJ, Hamilton T, Manor BD, Farb NAS, Farzan F, Sixsmith A, Temprado JJ, Moreno S. Do Lifestyle Activities Protect Against Cognitive Decline in Aging? A Review. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:381. [PMID: 29209201 PMCID: PMC5701915 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of patients suffering from dementia is expected to more than triple by the year 2040, and this represents a major challenge to publicly-funded healthcare systems throughout the world. One of the most effective prevention mechanisms against dementia lies in increasing brain- and cognitive-reserve capacity, which has been found to reduce the behavioral severity of dementia symptoms as neurological degeneration progresses. To date though, most of the factors known to enhance this reserve stem from largely immutable history factors, such as level of education and occupational attainment. Here, we review the potential for basic lifestyle activities, including physical exercise, meditation and musical experience, to contribute to reserve capacity and thus reduce the incidence of dementia in older adults. Relative to other therapies, these activities are low cost, are easily scalable and can be brought to market quickly and easily. Overall, although preliminary evidence is promising at the level of randomized control trials, the state of research on this topic remains underdeveloped. As a result, several important questions remain unanswered, including the amount of training required to receive any cognitive benefit from these activities and the extent to which this benefit continues following cessation. Future research directions are discussed for each lifestyle activity, as well as the potential for these and other lifestyle activities to serve as both a prophylactic and a therapeutic treatment for dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Christie
- Digital Health Hub, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, BC, Canada.,Science and Technology for Aging Research Institute, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, BC, Canada
| | - Tara Hamilton
- Digital Health Hub, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, BC, Canada
| | - Bradley D Manor
- Institute for Aging Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Norman A S Farb
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Faranak Farzan
- Digital Health Hub, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, BC, Canada.,School of Mechatronics and Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, BC, Canada
| | - Andrew Sixsmith
- Digital Health Hub, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, BC, Canada.,Science and Technology for Aging Research Institute, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, BC, Canada.,Department of Gerontology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jean-Jacques Temprado
- Institut des Sciences du Mouvement, Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Sylvain Moreno
- Digital Health Hub, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, BC, Canada.,Science and Technology for Aging Research Institute, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, BC, Canada.,School of Interactive Arts and Technology, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, BC, Canada
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53
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Wermelinger S, Gampe A, Daum MM. Higher levels of motor competence are associated with reduced interference in action perception across the lifespan. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2017; 83:432-444. [PMID: 29116436 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-017-0941-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Action perception and action production are tightly linked and elicit bi-directional influences on each other when performed simultaneously. In this study, we investigated whether age-related differences in manual fine-motor competence and/or age affect the (interfering) influence of action production on simultaneous action perception. In a cross-sectional eye-tracking study, participants of a broad age range (N = 181, 20-80 years) observed a manual grasp-and-transport action while performing an additional motor or cognitive distractor task. Action perception was measured via participants' frequency of anticipatory gaze shifts towards the action goal. Manual fine-motor competence was assessed with the Motor Performance Series. The interference effect in action perception was greater in the motor than the cognitive distractor task. Furthermore, manual fine-motor competence and age in years were both associated with this interference. The better the participants' manual fine-motor competence and the younger they were, the smaller the interference effect. However, when both influencing factors (age and fine-motor competence) were taken into account, a model including only age-related differences in manual fine-motor competence best fit with our data. These results add to the existing literature that motor competence and its age-related differences influence the interference effects between action perception and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Wermelinger
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Binzmuehlestrasse 14, 8050, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Anja Gampe
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Binzmuehlestrasse 14, 8050, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Moritz M Daum
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Binzmuehlestrasse 14, 8050, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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54
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Hübner L, Voelcker-Rehage C. Does physical activity benefit motor performance and learning of upper extremity tasks in older adults? - A systematic review. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2017; 14:15. [PMID: 28919929 PMCID: PMC5596935 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-017-0181-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Upper extremity motor performance declines with increasing age. However, older adults need to maintain, learn new and relearn known motor tasks. Research with young adults indicated that regular and acute physical activity might facilitate motor performance and motor learning processes. Therefore, this review aimed to examine the association between chronic physical activity and acute bouts of exercise on motor performance and motor learning in upper extremity motor tasks in older adults. Literature was searched via Cochrane library, PubMED, PsycINFO and Scopus and 27 studies met all inclusion criteria. All studies dealt with the influence of chronic physical activity on motor performance or motor learning, no appropriate study examining the influence of an acute bout of exercise in older adults was found. Results concerning the association of chronic physical activity and motor performance are mixed and seem to be influenced by the study design, kind of exercise, motor task, and exercise intensity. Regarding motor learning, a high physical activity or cardiovascular fitness level seems to boost the initial phase of motor learning; results differ with respect to motor retention. Overall, (motor-coordinative) intervention studies seem to be more promising than cross-sectional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Hübner
- Sports Psychology, Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, Chemnitz University of Technology, Thueringer Weg 11, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Claudia Voelcker-Rehage
- Sports Psychology, Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, Chemnitz University of Technology, Thueringer Weg 11, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
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55
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Regular Latin Dancing and Health Education May Improve Cognition of Late Middle-Aged and Older Latinos. J Aging Phys Act 2017; 25:482-489. [PMID: 28095105 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2016-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Disparities exist between Latinos and non-Latino Whites in cognitive function. Dance is culturally appropriate and challenges individuals physically and cognitively, yet the impact of regular dancing on cognitive function in older Latinos has not been examined. A two-group pilot trial was employed among inactive, older Latinos. Participants (N = 57) participated in the BAILAMOS© dance program or a health education program. Cognitive test scores were converted to z-scores and measures of global cognition and specific domains (executive function, episodic memory, working memory) were derived. Results revealed a group × time interaction for episodic memory (p < .05), such that the dance group showed greater improvement in episodic memory than the health education group. A main effect for time for global cognition (p < .05) was also demonstrated, with participants in both groups improving. Structured Latin dance programs can positively influence episodic memory, and participation in structured programs may improve overall cognition among older Latinos.
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56
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Rehfeld K, Müller P, Aye N, Schmicker M, Dordevic M, Kaufmann J, Hökelmann A, Müller NG. Dancing or Fitness Sport? The Effects of Two Training Programs on Hippocampal Plasticity and Balance Abilities in Healthy Seniors. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:305. [PMID: 28674488 PMCID: PMC5475381 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related degenerations in brain structure are associated with balance disturbances and cognitive impairment. However, neuroplasticity is known to be preserved throughout lifespan and physical training studies with seniors could reveal volume increases in the hippocampus (HC), a region crucial for memory consolidation, learning and navigation in space, which were related to improvements in aerobic fitness. Moreover, a positive correlation between left HC volume and balance performance was observed. Dancing seems a promising intervention for both improving balance and brain structure in the elderly. It combines aerobic fitness, sensorimotor skills and cognitive demands while at the same time the risk of injuries is low. Hence, the present investigation compared the effects of an 18-month dancing intervention and traditional health fitness training on volumes of hippocampal subfields and balance abilities. Before and after intervention, balance was evaluated using the Sensory Organization Test and HC volumes were derived from magnetic resonance images (3T, MP-RAGE). Fourteen members of the dance (67.21 ± 3.78 years, seven females), and 12 members of the fitness group (68.67 ± 2.57 years, five females) completed the whole study. Both groups revealed hippocampal volume increases mainly in the left HC (CA1, CA2, subiculum). The dancers showed additional increases in the left dentate gyrus and the right subiculum. Moreover, only the dancers achieved a significant increase in the balance composite score. Hence, dancing constitutes a promising candidate in counteracting the age-related decline in physical and mental abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Rehfeld
- German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesMagdeburg, Germany.,Institute for Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University MagdeburgMagdeburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Müller
- German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesMagdeburg, Germany.,Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University MagdeburgMagdeburg, Germany
| | - Norman Aye
- German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesMagdeburg, Germany.,Institute for Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University MagdeburgMagdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Milos Dordevic
- German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesMagdeburg, Germany.,Institute for Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University MagdeburgMagdeburg, Germany
| | - Jörn Kaufmann
- Department of Neurology, Otto von Guericke University MagdeburgMagdeburg, Germany
| | - Anita Hökelmann
- Institute for Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University MagdeburgMagdeburg, Germany
| | - Notger G Müller
- German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesMagdeburg, Germany.,Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University MagdeburgMagdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain SciencesMagdeburg, Germany
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57
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Britten L, Addington C, Astill S. Dancing in time: feasibility and acceptability of a contemporary dance programme to modify risk factors for falling in community dwelling older adults. BMC Geriatr 2017; 17:83. [PMID: 28399803 PMCID: PMC5387241 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-017-0476-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Falls are a common cause of injury in older adults, with the prevention of falls being a priority for public health departments around the world. This study investigated the feasibility, and impact of an 8 week contemporary dance programme on modifiable physical (physical activity status, mobility, sedentary behaviour patterns) and psychosocial (depressive state, fear of falling) risk factors for falls. METHODS An uncontrolled 'pre-post' intervention design was used. Three groups of older (60 yrs.+) adults were recruited from local community groups to participate in a 3 separate, 8 week dance programmes. Each programme comprised two, 90 min dance classes per week. Quantitative measures of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, depression, mobility and fear of falling were measured at baseline (T1) and after 8 weeks of dance (T2). Weekly attendance was noted, and post-study qualitative work was conducted with participants in 3 separate focus groups. A combined thematic analysis of these data was conducted. RESULTS Of the 38 (Mean Age = 77.3 ± 8.4 yrs., 37 females) who attended the dance sessions, 22 (21 females; 1 male; mean age = 74.8, ±8.44) consented to be part of the study. Mean attendance was 14.6 (±2.6) sessions, and mean adherence was 84.3% (±17). Significant increases in moderate and vigorous physical activity were noted, with a significant decrease in sitting time over the weekdays (p < 0.05). Statistically significant decreases in the mean Geriatric Depression Scale (p < 0.05) and fear of falling (p < 0.005) score were noted, and the time taken to complete the TUG test decreased significantly from 10.1 s to 7.7 s over the 8 weeks (p < 0.005). Themes from the focus groups included the dance programme as a means of being active, health Benefits, and dance-related barriers and facilitators. CONCLUSIONS The recruitment of older adults, good adherence and favourability across all three sites indicate that a dance programme is feasible as an intervention, but this may be limited to females only. Contemporary dance has the potential to positively affect the physical activity, sitting behaviour, falls related efficacy, mobility and incidence of depression in older females which could reduce their incidence of falls. An adequately powered study with control groups are required to test this intervention further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Britten
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, UK
| | - Christine Addington
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, UK
| | - Sarah Astill
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, UK
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58
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Müller P, Rehfeld K, Schmicker M, Hökelmann A, Dordevic M, Lessmann V, Brigadski T, Kaufmann J, Müller NG. Evolution of Neuroplasticity in Response to Physical Activity in Old Age: The Case for Dancing. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:56. [PMID: 28352225 PMCID: PMC5348543 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
From animal research, it is known that combining physical activity with sensory enrichment has stronger and longer-lasting effects on the brain than either treatment alone. For humans dancing has been suggested to be analogous to such combined training. Here we assessed whether a newly designed dance training program that stresses the constant learning of new movement patterns is superior in terms of neuroplasticity to conventional fitness activities with repetitive exercises and whether extending the training duration has additional benefits. Twenty-two healthy seniors (63–80 years) who had been randomly assigned to either a dance or a sport group completed the entire 18-month study. MRI, BDNF and neuropsychological tests were performed at baseline and after 6 and 18 months of intervention. After 6 months, we found a significant increase in gray matter volume in the left precentral gyrus in the dancers compared to controls. This neuroplasticity effect may have been mediated by the increased BDNF plasma levels observed in the dancers. Regarding cognitive measures, both groups showed significant improvements in attention after 6 months and in verbal memory after 18 months. In addition, volume increases in the parahippocampal region were observed in the dancers after 18 months. The results of our study suggest that participating in a long-term dance program that requires constant cognitive and motor learning is superior to engaging in repetitive physical exercises in inducing neuroplasticity in the brains of seniors. Therefore, dance is highly promising in its potential to counteract age-related gray matter decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Müller
- Neuroprotection Laboratory, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Rehfeld
- Institute of Sport Science, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marlen Schmicker
- Neuroprotection Laboratory, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anita Hökelmann
- Institute of Sport Science, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Milos Dordevic
- Neuroprotection Laboratory, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Volkmar Lessmann
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Physiology, Otto-von-Guericke UniversityMagdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS)Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Brigadski
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Physiology, Otto-von-Guericke UniversityMagdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS)Magdeburg, Germany; Informatics and Microsystem Technology, University of Applied Science KaiserslauternKaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Jörn Kaufmann
- Medical Faculty, Clinic for Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Notger G Müller
- Neuroprotection Laboratory, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS)Magdeburg, Germany; Medical Faculty, Clinic for Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke UniversityMagdeburg, Germany
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59
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Serra MM, Alonso AC, Peterson M, Mochizuki L, Greve JMD, Garcez-Leme LE. Balance and Muscle Strength in Elderly Women Who Dance Samba. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166105. [PMID: 27906984 PMCID: PMC5132314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the growth of the aging population, and the increasing risk for falls and related morbidity, it is vital to seek efficient, comprehensive, and culturally relevant prevention programs for elderly people to reduce risks for falls. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the postural balance and muscle strength among women participating in the "Wing of Baianas" in the carnival parades. One hundred and ten women, with an average age of 67.4±5.9 years, were divided into two groups: Baianas group—elderly participants of the carnival parades in the “Wing of Baianas”, and a Control group of women who do not dance samba. Assessments included a physical activity questionnaire, isokinetic muscle strength testing for the knee extensors and flexors, and a postural balance assessment completed on a force platform. There were no differences between groups, for postural balance outcomes, during the eyes open condition; however, with eyes closed, there was a significant effect between groups (Baianas vs Control) in all variables. The Baianas group showed less medio-lateral displacement (p < 0.04); and anteroposterior displacement (p < 0.007); larger amplitudes of medio-lateral displacement (p < 0.001); and anteroposterior displacement (p < 0.001); increased mean velocity (p < 0.01); and elliptical area (p < 0.01) There were no differences in the isokinetic peak torque corrected by body weight, total work and flexor/extensor ratio. Participation in the Wing of Baianas is associated with better balance with closed eyes, but there were no differences between dancers and non-dancers for muscle strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Maurício Serra
- Laboratory for the Study of Movement, Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angelica Castilho Alonso
- Laboratory for the Study of Movement, Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departament of Pos Graduate Program in Aging Science, São Judas Tadeu University (USJT), São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Mark Peterson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Luis Mochizuki
- Laboratory for the Study of Movement, Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Júlia Maria D'Andréa Greve
- Laboratory for the Study of Movement, Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eugênio Garcez-Leme
- Laboratory for the Study of Movement, Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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60
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Niemann C, Godde B, Voelcker-Rehage C. Senior Dance Experience, Cognitive Performance, and Brain Volume in Older Women. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:9837321. [PMID: 27738528 PMCID: PMC5055974 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9837321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity is positively related to cognitive functioning and brain volume in older adults. Interestingly, different types of physical activity vary in their effects on cognition and on the brain. For example, dancing has become an interesting topic in aging research, as it is a popular leisure activity among older adults, involving cardiovascular and motor fitness dimensions that can be positively related to cognition. However, studies on brain structure are missing. In this study, we tested the association of long-term senior dance experience with cognitive performance and gray matter brain volume in older women aged 65 to 82 years. We compared nonprofessional senior dancers (n = 28) with nonsedentary control group participants without any dancing experience (n = 29), who were similar in age, education, IQ score, lifestyle and health factors, and fitness level. Differences neither in the four tested cognitive domains (executive control, perceptual speed, episodic memory, and long-term memory) nor in brain volume (VBM whole-brain analysis, region-of-interest analysis of the hippocampus) were observed. Results indicate that moderate dancing activity (1-2 times per week, on average) has no additional effects on gray matter volume and cognitive functioning when a certain lifestyle or physical activity and fitness level are reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Niemann
- Jacobs Center on Lifelong Learning and Institutional Development, Jacobs University, 28759 Bremen, Germany
- Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Ben Godde
- Jacobs Center on Lifelong Learning and Institutional Development, Jacobs University, 28759 Bremen, Germany
- Department of Psychology & Methods, Jacobs University, 28759 Bremen, Germany
- Center for Cognitive Science, Bremen University, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Claudia Voelcker-Rehage
- Jacobs Center on Lifelong Learning and Institutional Development, Jacobs University, 28759 Bremen, Germany
- Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
- Center for Cognitive Science, Bremen University, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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61
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Porat S, Goukasian N, Hwang KS, Zanto T, Do T, Pierce J, Joshi S, Woo E, Apostolova LG. Dance Experience and Associations with Cortical Gray Matter Thickness in the Aging Population. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2016; 6:508-517. [PMID: 27920794 PMCID: PMC5123027 DOI: 10.1159/000449130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We investigated the effect dance experience may have on cortical gray matter thickness and cognitive performance in elderly participants with and without mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS 39 cognitively normal and 48 MCI elderly participants completed a questionnaire regarding their lifetime experience with music, dance, and song. Participants identified themselves as either dancers or nondancers. All participants received structural 1.5-tesla MRI scans and detailed clinical and neuropsychological evaluations. An advanced 3D cortical mapping technique was then applied to calculate cortical thickness. RESULTS Despite having a trend-level significantly thinner cortex, dancers performed better in cognitive tasks involving learning and memory, such as the California Verbal Learning Test-II (CVLT-II) short delay free recall (p = 0.004), the CVLT-II long delay free recall (p = 0.003), and the CVLT-II learning over trials 1-5 (p = 0.001). DISCUSSION Together, these results suggest that dance may result in an enhancement of cognitive reserve in aging, which may help avert or delay MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Porat
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif, USA
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, Los Angeles, Calif, USA
| | - Naira Goukasian
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif, USA
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, Los Angeles, Calif, USA
| | - Kristy S. Hwang
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif, USA
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, Los Angeles, Calif, USA
- Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, Mich., USA
| | - Theodore Zanto
- Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, Calif, USA
| | - Triet Do
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif, USA
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, Los Angeles, Calif, USA
| | - Jonathan Pierce
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif, USA
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, Los Angeles, Calif, USA
| | - Shantanu Joshi
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif, USA
| | - Ellen Woo
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif, USA
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, Los Angeles, Calif, USA
| | - Liana G. Apostolova
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif, USA
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, Los Angeles, Calif, USA
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Ind, USA
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Steinberg-Oren SL, Krasnova M, Krasnov IS, Baker MR, Ames D. Let's Dance: A Holistic Approach to Treating Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Fed Pract 2016; 33:44-49. [PMID: 30766191 PMCID: PMC6366571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A pilot study suggested that a dance-class program promoted well-being, self-confidence, and stress reduction for veterans with PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Steinberg-Oren
- is a psychologist, is a psychiatrist, and is a volunteer in the General Mental Health program, all at the VA Los Angeles Ambulatory Care Center campus of the VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (VAGLAHS) in California. is a psychology technician in the VA Department of Research, and is a psychiatrist and program leader of the Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Recovery Center, both at the West Los Angeles campus of the VAGLAHS. Dr. Steinberg-Oren is a clinical adjunct professor in the Graduate School of Psychology at Fuller Theological Seminary in Pasadena, California. Dr. Krasnova is an adjunct clinical professor at the Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. Dr. Ames is a professor in residence in the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science at the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Margarita Krasnova
- is a psychologist, is a psychiatrist, and is a volunteer in the General Mental Health program, all at the VA Los Angeles Ambulatory Care Center campus of the VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (VAGLAHS) in California. is a psychology technician in the VA Department of Research, and is a psychiatrist and program leader of the Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Recovery Center, both at the West Los Angeles campus of the VAGLAHS. Dr. Steinberg-Oren is a clinical adjunct professor in the Graduate School of Psychology at Fuller Theological Seminary in Pasadena, California. Dr. Krasnova is an adjunct clinical professor at the Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. Dr. Ames is a professor in residence in the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science at the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Ivan S Krasnov
- is a psychologist, is a psychiatrist, and is a volunteer in the General Mental Health program, all at the VA Los Angeles Ambulatory Care Center campus of the VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (VAGLAHS) in California. is a psychology technician in the VA Department of Research, and is a psychiatrist and program leader of the Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Recovery Center, both at the West Los Angeles campus of the VAGLAHS. Dr. Steinberg-Oren is a clinical adjunct professor in the Graduate School of Psychology at Fuller Theological Seminary in Pasadena, California. Dr. Krasnova is an adjunct clinical professor at the Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. Dr. Ames is a professor in residence in the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science at the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Matthew R Baker
- is a psychologist, is a psychiatrist, and is a volunteer in the General Mental Health program, all at the VA Los Angeles Ambulatory Care Center campus of the VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (VAGLAHS) in California. is a psychology technician in the VA Department of Research, and is a psychiatrist and program leader of the Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Recovery Center, both at the West Los Angeles campus of the VAGLAHS. Dr. Steinberg-Oren is a clinical adjunct professor in the Graduate School of Psychology at Fuller Theological Seminary in Pasadena, California. Dr. Krasnova is an adjunct clinical professor at the Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. Dr. Ames is a professor in residence in the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science at the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Donna Ames
- is a psychologist, is a psychiatrist, and is a volunteer in the General Mental Health program, all at the VA Los Angeles Ambulatory Care Center campus of the VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (VAGLAHS) in California. is a psychology technician in the VA Department of Research, and is a psychiatrist and program leader of the Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Recovery Center, both at the West Los Angeles campus of the VAGLAHS. Dr. Steinberg-Oren is a clinical adjunct professor in the Graduate School of Psychology at Fuller Theological Seminary in Pasadena, California. Dr. Krasnova is an adjunct clinical professor at the Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. Dr. Ames is a professor in residence in the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science at the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles
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Lakes KD, Marvin S, Rowley J, Nicolas MS, Arastoo S, Viray L, Orozco A, Jurnak F. Dancer perceptions of the cognitive, social, emotional, and physical benefits of modern styles of partnered dancing. Complement Ther Med 2016; 26:117-22. [PMID: 27261991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study dancers' perceptions of the physical, cognitive, affective, and social benefits of partnered dancing. METHOD 225 dancers (71% female) were recruited through a community ballroom dance center and completed an online survey designed to measure their perceptions of the physical, cognitive, affective, and social benefits of modern, partnered dance styles (swing, Lindy Hop, and ballroom dancing). Subgroups were formed for analyses. For one set of analyses, groups based on length of dance participation were formed: experienced (dancing for more than 2 years) or novice (dancing for less than a year) dancers. For another set of analyses, groups based on frequency of dance practice were formed: committed (dancing at least one or more times per week) or occasional (dancing two or fewer times per month). RESULTS The majority of participants reported perceived benefits in physical fitness, cognition, affect, and social functioning. Experienced dancers reported significantly greater self-perceived physical, social, and cognitive benefits than novice dancers. Committed dancers were more likely than occasional dancers to report improvements in physical fitness, U=6942, z=2.38, r=0.16, p<0.05. A Mann-Whitney test indicated that self-reported improvements in mood (i.e., feeling less depressed and more happy) were greater for women than for men, U=3945, z=-3.07, r=0.20, p<0.001. Length and frequency of dance participation significantly predicted perceived physical benefits [Χ(2) (1,6)=35.463, p <0.001, R(2)=0.16] and social benefits [Χ(2) (1,6)=15.776, p<0.05, R(2)=0.07], but not cognitive benefits. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that participation in partnered dance styles is associated with perceived improvements in physical fitness, cognitive functioning, social functioning, mood, and self-confidence, and that perceived benefits may increase as individuals dance more frequently and over longer periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley D Lakes
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, United States.
| | - Shesha Marvin
- Atomic Ballroom Dance Studio, Irvine, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Sara Arastoo
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, United States
| | - Leo Viray
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, United States
| | - Amanda Orozco
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, United States
| | - Frances Jurnak
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, United States
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Interactive effects of age and multi-gene profile on motor learning and sensorimotor adaptation. Neuropsychologia 2016; 84:222-34. [PMID: 26926580 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The interactive association of age and dopaminergic polymorphisms on cognitive function has been studied extensively. However, there is limited research on whether age interacts with the association between genetic polymorphisms and motor learning. We examined a group of young and older adults' performance in three motor tasks: explicit sequence learning, visuomotor adaptation, and grooved pegboard. We assessed whether individuals' motor learning and performance were associated with their age and genotypes. We selected three genetic polymorphisms: Catechol-O-Methyl Transferase (COMT val158met) and Dopamine D2 Receptor (DRD2 G>T), which are involved with dopaminergic regulation, and Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF val66met) that modulates neuroplasticity and has been shown to interact with dopaminergic genes. Although the underlying mechanisms of the function of these three genotypes are different, the high performance alleles of each have been linked to better learning and performance. We created a composite polygene score based on the Number of High Performance Alleles (NHPA) that each individual carried. We found several associations between genetic profile, motor performance, and sensorimotor adaptation. More importantly, we found that this association varies with age, task type, and engagement of implicit versus explicit learning processes.
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Merom D, Grunseit A, Eramudugolla R, Jefferis B, Mcneill J, Anstey KJ. Cognitive Benefits of Social Dancing and Walking in Old Age: The Dancing Mind Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:26. [PMID: 26941640 PMCID: PMC4761858 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A physically active lifestyle has the potential to prevent cognitive decline and dementia, yet the optimal type of physical activity/exercise remains unclear. Dance is of special interest as it complex sensorimotor rhythmic activity with additional cognitive, social, and affective dimensions. Objectives To determine whether dance benefits executive function more than walking, an activity that is simple and functional. Methods Two-arm randomized controlled trial among community-dwelling older adults. The intervention group received 1 h of ballroom dancing twice weekly over 8 months (~69 sessions) in local community dance studios. The control group received a combination of a home walking program with a pedometer and optional biweekly group-based walking in local community park to facilitate socialization. Main outcomes Executive function tests: processing speed and task shift by the Trail Making Tests, response inhibition by the Stroop Color-Word Test, working memory by the Digit Span Backwards test, immediate and delayed verbal recall by the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, and visuospatial recall by the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test (BVST). Results One hundred and fifteen adults (mean 69.5 years, SD 6.4) completed baseline and delayed baseline (3 weeks apart) before being randomized to either dance (n = 60) or walking (n = 55). Of those randomized, 79 (68%) completed the follow-up measurements (32 weeks from baseline). In the dance group only, “non-completers” had significantly lower baseline scores on all executive function tests than those who completed the full program. Intention-to-treat analyses showed no group effect. In a random effects model including participants who completed all measurements, adjusted for baseline score and covariates (age, education, estimated verbal intelligence, and community), a between-group effect in favor of dance was noted only for BVST total learning (Cohen’s D Effect size 0.29, p = 0.07) and delayed recall (Cohen’s D Effect size = 0.34, p = 0.06). Conclusion The superior potential of dance over walking on executive functions of cognitively healthy and active older adults was not supported. Dance improved one of the cognitive domains (spatial memory) important for learning dance. Controlled trials targeting inactive older adults and of a higher dose may produce stronger effects, particularly for novice dancers. Trial registration Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Register (ACTRN12613000782730).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafna Merom
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University , Penrith, NSW , Australia
| | - Anne Grunseit
- Prevention Research Collaboration, School of Public Health, University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Ranmalee Eramudugolla
- Centre for Research on Aging, Health and Wellbeing, The Australian National University , Canberra, ACT , Australia
| | - Barbara Jefferis
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London , London , UK
| | - Jade Mcneill
- Early Start Research Institute, School of Education, University of Wollongong , Wollongong, NSW , Australia
| | - Kaarin J Anstey
- Centre for Research on Aging, Health and Wellbeing, The Australian National University , Canberra, ACT , Australia
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Montesi L, El Ghoch M, Brodosi L, Calugi S, Marchesini G, Dalle Grave R. Long-term weight loss maintenance for obesity: a multidisciplinary approach. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2016; 9:37-46. [PMID: 27013897 PMCID: PMC4777230 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s89836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term weight management of obesity remains a very difficult task, associated with a high risk of failure and weight regain. However, many people report that they have successfully managed weight loss maintenance in the long term. Several factors have been associated with better weight loss maintenance in long-term observational and randomized studies. A few pertain to the behavioral area (eg, high levels of physical activity, eating a low-calorie, low-fat diet; frequent self-monitoring of weight), a few to the cognitive component (eg, reduced disinhibition, satisfaction with results achieved, confidence in being able to lose weight without professional help), and a few to personality traits (eg, low novelty seeking) and patient-therapist interaction. Trials based on the most recent protocols of lifestyle modification, with a prolonged extended treatment after the weight loss phase, have also shown promising long-term weight loss results. These data should stimulate the adoption of a lifestyle modification-based approach for the management of obesity, featuring a nonphysician lifestyle counselor (also called "lifestyle trainer" or "healthy lifestyle practitioner") as a pivotal component of the multidisciplinary team. The obesity physicians maintain a primary role in engaging patients, in team coordination and supervision, in managing the complications associated with obesity and, in selected cases, in the decision for drug treatment or bariatric surgery, as possible more intensive, add-on interventions to lifestyle treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Montesi
- Unit of Metabolic Diseases, S Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, “Alma Mater Studiorum” University, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marwan El Ghoch
- Department of Eating and Weight Disorders, Villa Garda Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Lucia Brodosi
- Unit of Metabolic Diseases, S Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, “Alma Mater Studiorum” University, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Calugi
- Department of Eating and Weight Disorders, Villa Garda Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Giulio Marchesini
- Unit of Metabolic Diseases, S Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, “Alma Mater Studiorum” University, Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: Giulio Marchesini, Unit of Metabolic Diseases, S Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, “Alma Mater Studiorum” University, Via Massarenti, 9, I-40135 Bologna, Italy, Tel +39 05 1214 4889, Fax +39 05 1636 4502, Email
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Psychological Benefits of Nonpharmacological Methods Aimed for Improving Balance in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review. Behav Neurol 2015; 2015:620674. [PMID: 26236107 PMCID: PMC4508472 DOI: 10.1155/2015/620674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a serious condition with a major negative impact on patient's physical and mental health. Postural instability is one of the cardinal difficulties reported by patients to deal with. Neuroanatomical, animal, and clinical studies on nonparkinsonian and parkinsonian subjects suggest an important correlation between the presence of balance dysfunction and multiple mood disorders, such as anxiety, depression, and apathy. Considering that balance dysfunction is a very common symptom in PD, we can presume that by its management we could positively influence patient's state of mind too. This review is an analysis of nonpharmacological methods shown to be effective and successful for improving balance in patients suffering from PD. Strategies such as general exercise, robotic assisted training, Tai Chi, Qi Gong, Yoga, dance (such as tango or ballet), box, virtual reality-based, or neurofeedback-based techniques and so forth can significantly improve the stability in these patients. Beside this physical outcome, many methods have also shown effect on quality of life, depression level, enjoyment, and motivation to continue in practicing the method independently. The purpose of this review is to provide information about practical and creative methods designed to improve balance in PD and highlight their positive impact on patient's psychology.
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Walsh JN, Manor B, Hausdorff J, Novak V, Lipsitz L, Gow B, Macklin EA, Peng CK, Wayne PM. Impact of Short- and Long-term Tai Chi Mind-Body Exercise Training on Cognitive Function in Healthy Adults: Results From a Hybrid Observational Study and Randomized Trial. Glob Adv Health Med 2015; 4:38-48. [PMID: 26331103 PMCID: PMC4533658 DOI: 10.7453/gahmj.2015.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive decline amongst older adults is a significant public health concern. There is growing interest in behavioral interventions, including exercise, for improving cognition. Studies to date suggest tai chi (TC) may be a safe and potentially effective exercise for preserving cognitive function with aging; however, its short-term and potential long-term impact on physically active, healthy adults is unclear. OBJECTIVE To compare differences in cognitive function among long-term TC expert practitioners and age-matched and gender-matched TC-naïve adults and to determine the effects of short-term TC training on measures of cognitive function in healthy, nonsedentary adults. DESIGN A hybrid design including an observational comparison and a 2-arm randomized clinical trial (RCT). PARTICIPANTS Healthy, nonsedentary, TC-naive adults (50 y-79 y) and age-matched and gender-matched long-term TC experts. METHODS A cross-sectional comparison of cognitive function in healthy TC-naïve (n=60) and TC expert (24.5 y ÷ 12 y experience; n=27) adults: TC-naïve adults then completed a 6-month, 2-arm, wait-list randomized clinical trial of TC training. Six measures of cognitive function were assessed for both cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons. RESULTS TC experts exhibited trends towards better scores on all cognitive measures, significantly so for category fluency (P=.01), as well as a composite z score summarizing all 6 cognitive assessments (P=.03). In contrast, random assignment to 6 months of TC training in TC-naïve adults did not significantly improve any measures of cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS In healthy nonsedentary adults, long-term TC training may help preserve cognitive function; however, the effect of short-term TC training in healthy adults remains unclear. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01340365.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn N Walsh
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States (Ms Walsh)
| | - Brad Manor
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States (Dr Manor)
| | - Jeffrey Hausdorff
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel (Dr Hausdorff)
| | - Vera Novak
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States (Dr Novak)
| | - Lewis Lipsitz
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States (Dr Lipsitz)
| | - Brian Gow
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States (Mr Gow)
| | - Eric A Macklin
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States (Dr Macklin)
| | | | - Peter M Wayne
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States (Dr Wayne)
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Effects of music aerobic exercise on depression and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in community dwelling women. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:135893. [PMID: 26075212 PMCID: PMC4446469 DOI: 10.1155/2015/135893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A randomized clinical trial was utilized to compare the improvement of depression and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels between community women with and without music aerobic exercise (MAE) for 12 weeks. The MAE group involved 47 eligible participants, whereas the comparison group had 59 participants. No significant differences were recorded in the demographic characteristics between the participants in the MAE group and the comparison group. Forty-one participants in the MAE group and 26 in the comparison group completed a pre- and posttest. The MAE group displayed significant improvement in depression scores (p = 0.016), decreased depression symptoms in crying (p = 0.03), appetite (p = 0.006), and fatigue (p = 0.011). The BDNF levels of the participants significantly increased after the 12-week MAE (p = 0.042). The parallel comparison group revealed no significant changes in depression scores or BDNF levels. In summary, the 12-week MAE had a significant impact on the enhancement of BDNF levels and improvement of depression symptoms. Middle-aged community women are encouraged to exercise moderately to improve their depression symptoms and BDNF levels.
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Wilbur S, Meyer HB, Baker MR, Smiarowski K, Suarez CA, Ames D, Rubin RT. Dance for Veterans: A complementary health program for veterans with serious mental illness. Arts Health 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/17533015.2015.1019701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Rahal MA, Alonso AC, Andrusaitis FR, Rodrigues TS, Speciali DS, Greve JMDA, Leme LEG. Analysis of static and dynamic balance in healthy elderly practitioners of Tai Chi Chuan versus ballroom dancing. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2015; 70:157-61. [PMID: 26017644 PMCID: PMC4449465 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2015(03)01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether Tai Chi Chuan or ballroom dancing promotes better performance with respect to postural balance, gait, and postural transfer among elderly people. METHODS We evaluated 76 elderly individuals who were divided into two groups: the Tai Chi Chuan Group and the Dance Group. The subjects were tested using the NeuroCom Balance Master¯ force platform system with the following protocols: static balance tests (the Modified Clinical Tests of Sensory Interaction on Balance and Unilateral Stance) and dynamic balance tests (the Walk Across Test and Sit-to-stand Transfer Test). RESULTS In the Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction on Balance, the Tai Chi Chuan Group presented a lower sway velocity on a firm surface with open and closed eyes, as well as on a foam surface with closed eyes. In the Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction on Unilateral Stance, the Tai Chi Chuan Group presented a lower sway velocity with open eyes, whereas the Dance Group presented a lower sway velocity with closed eyes. In the Walk Across Test, the Tai Chi Chuan Group presented faster walking speeds than those of the Dance Group. In the Sit-to-stand Transfer Test, the Tai Chi Chuan Group presented shorter transfer times from the sitting to the standing position, with less sway in the final standing position. CONCLUSION The elderly individuals who practiced Tai Chi Chuan had better bilateral balance with eyes open on both types of surfaces compared with the Dance Group. The Dance Group had better unilateral postural balance with eyes closed. The Tai Chi Chuan Group had faster walking speeds, shorter transfer times, and better postural balance in the final standing position during the Sit-to-stand Test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Antônio Rahal
- Instituto de Ortopedia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Angélica Castilho Alonso
- Movement Studies Laboratory, Instituto de Ortopedia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Felix Ricardo Andrusaitis
- Movement Studies Laboratory, Instituto de Ortopedia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thuam Silva Rodrigues
- Movement Studies Laboratory, Instituto de Ortopedia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Danielli Souza Speciali
- Movement Studies Laboratory, Instituto de Ortopedia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Dhami P, Moreno S, DeSouza JFX. New framework for rehabilitation - fusion of cognitive and physical rehabilitation: the hope for dancing. Front Psychol 2015; 5:1478. [PMID: 25674066 PMCID: PMC4309167 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurorehabilitation programs are commonly employed with the goal to help restore functionality in patients. However, many of these therapies report only having a small impact. In response to the need for more effective and innovative approaches, rehabilitative methods that take advantage of the neuroplastic properties of the brain have been used to aid with both physical and cognitive impairments. Following this path of reasoning, there has been a particular interest in the use of physical exercise as well as musical related activities. Although such therapies demonstrate potential, they also have limitations that may affect their use, calling for further exploration. Here, we propose dance as a potential parallel to physical and music therapies. Dance may be able to aid with both physical and cognitive impairments, particularly due to it combined nature of including both physical and cognitive stimulation. Not only does it incorporate physical and motor skill related activities, but it can also engage various cognitive functions such as perception, emotion, and memory, all while done in an enriched environment. Other more practical benefits, such as promoting adherence due to being enjoyable, are also discussed, along with the current literature on the application of dance as an intervention tool, as well as future directions required to evaluate the potential of dance as an alternative therapy in neurorehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhjot Dhami
- Department of Biology, York UniversityToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sylvain Moreno
- Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest HospitalToronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joseph F. X. DeSouza
- Department of Biology, York UniversityToronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Vision Research, York UniversityToronto, ON, Canada
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Mahoney JR, Dumas K, Holtzer R. Visual-Somatosensory Integration is Linked to Physical Activity Level in Older Adults. Multisens Res 2015; 28:11-29. [PMID: 26152050 PMCID: PMC4830421 DOI: 10.1163/22134808-00002470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Studies examining multisensory integration (MSI) in aging consistently demonstrate greater reaction time (RT) facilitation in old compared to young adults, but often fail to determine the utility of MSI. The aim of the current experiment was to further elucidate the utility of MSI in aging by determining its relationship to physical activity level. 147 non-demented older adults (mean age 77 years; 57% female) participated. Participants were instructed to make speeded responses to visual, somatosensory, and visual-somatosensory (VS) stimuli. Depending on the magnitude of the individuals' RT facilitation, participants were classified into a MSI or NO MSI group. Physical activity was assessed using a validated physical activity scale. As predicted, RTs to VS stimuli were significantly shorter than those elicited to constituent unisensory conditions. Multisensory RT facilitation was a significant predictor of total number of physical activity days per month, with individuals in the NO MSI group reporting greater engagement in physical activities compared to those requiring greater RT facilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette R. Mahoney
- The Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive and Motor Aging, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Kristina Dumas
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Roee Holtzer
- The Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive and Motor Aging, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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Ellis RJ, Duan Z, Wang Y. Quantifying auditory temporal stability in a large database of recorded music. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110452. [PMID: 25469636 PMCID: PMC4254286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
“Moving to the beat” is both one of the most basic and one of the most profound means by which humans (and a few other species) interact with music. Computer algorithms that detect the precise temporal location of beats (i.e., pulses of musical “energy”) in recorded music have important practical applications, such as the creation of playlists with a particular tempo for rehabilitation (e.g., rhythmic gait training), exercise (e.g., jogging), or entertainment (e.g., continuous dance mixes). Although several such algorithms return simple point estimates of an audio file’s temporal structure (e.g., “average tempo”, “time signature”), none has sought to quantify the temporal stability of a series of detected beats. Such a method-a “Balanced Evaluation of Auditory Temporal Stability” (BEATS)–is proposed here, and is illustrated using the Million Song Dataset (a collection of audio features and music metadata for nearly one million audio files). A publically accessible web interface is also presented, which combines the thresholdable statistics of BEATS with queryable metadata terms, fostering potential avenues of research and facilitating the creation of highly personalized music playlists for clinical or recreational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Ellis
- School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhiyan Duan
- School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ye Wang
- School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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75
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Ermutlu N, Yücesir I, Eskikurt G, Temel T, İşoğlu-Alkaç Ü. Brain electrical activities of dancers and fast ball sports athletes are different. Cogn Neurodyn 2014; 9:257-63. [PMID: 25834650 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-014-9320-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise training has been shown not only to influence physical fitness positively but also cognition in healthy and impaired populations. However, some particular exercise types, even though comparable based on physical efforts, have distinct cognitive and sensorimotor features. In this study, the effects of different types of exercise, such as fast ball sports and dance training, on brain electrical activity were investigated. Electroencephalography (EEG) scans were recorded in professional dancer, professional fast ball sports athlete (FBSA) and healthy control volunteer groups consisting of twelve subjects each. In FBSA, power of delta and theta frequency activities of EEG was significantly higher than those of the dancers and the controls. Conversely, dancers had significantly higher amplitudes in alpha and beta bands compared to FBSA and significantly higher amplitudes in the alpha band in comparison with controls. The results suggest that cognitive features of physical training can be reflected in resting brain electrical oscillations. The differences in resting brain electrical oscillations between the dancers and the FBSA can be the result of innate network differences determining the talents and/or plastic changes induced by physical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Numan Ermutlu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Bilim University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ilker Yücesir
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gökçer Eskikurt
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tan Temel
- Department of Music and Performing Arts, The Art and Design Faculty, YTU, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ümmühan İşoğlu-Alkaç
- Fizyoloji AD, İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Temel Tıp Bilimleri Binası, 34390 Istanbul, Turkey
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76
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Noice T, Noice H, Kramer AF. Participatory arts for older adults: a review of benefits and challenges. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2014; 54:741-53. [PMID: 24336875 PMCID: PMC4229893 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnt138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the scientific literature on the enhancement of healthy aging in older adults through active participation in the arts. Methodologies and conclusions are described for studies of dance, expressive writing, music (singing and instrumental), theatre arts, and visual arts including documentation of mental/physical improvements in memory, creativity, problem solving, everyday competence, reaction time, balance/gait, and quality of life. In addition to these gains in measures of successful aging, the article also provides (in a Supplementary Appendix) some selected examples of arts engagement for remedial purposes. Finally, it offers suggestions for expanding inquiry into this underinvestigated corner of aging research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Noice
- Department of Theatre, Elmhurst College, Elmhurst, Illinois.
| | - Helga Noice
- Department of Psychology, Elmhurst College, Elmhurst, Illinois
| | - Arthur F Kramer
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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77
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Coubard OA, Ferrufino L, Nonaka T, Zelada O, Bril B, Dietrich G. One month of contemporary dance modulates fractal posture in aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:17. [PMID: 24611047 PMCID: PMC3933810 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the human aging of postural control and how physical or motor activity improves balance and gait is challenging for both clinicians and researchers. Previous studies have evidenced that physical and sporting activity focusing on cardiovascular and strength conditioning help older adults develop their balance and gait and/or decrease their frequency of falls. Motor activity based on motor-skill learning has also been put forward as an alternative to develop balance and/or prevent falls in aging. Specifically dance has been advocated as a promising program to boost motor control. In this study, we examined the effects of contemporary dance (CD) on postural control of older adults. Upright stance posturography was performed in 38 participants aged 54-89 years before and after the intervention period, during which one half of the randomly assigned participants was trained to CD and the other half was not trained at all (no dance, ND). CD training lasted 4 weeks, 3 times a week. We performed classical statistic scores of postural signal and dynamic analyses, namely signal diffusion analysis (SDA), recurrence quantification analysis (RQA), and detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA). CD modulated postural control in older trainees, as revealed in the eyes closed condition by a decrease in fractal dimension and an increase in DFA alpha component in the mediolateral plane. The ND group showed an increase in length and mean velocity of postural signal, and the eyes open a decrease in RQA maximal diagonal line in the anteroposterior plane and an increase in DFA alpha component in the mediolateral plane. No change was found in SDA in either group. We suggest that such a massed practice of CD reduced the quantity of exchange between the subject and the environment by increasing their postural confidence. Since CD has low-physical but high-motor impact, we conclude that it may be recommended as a useful program to rehabilitate posture in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lena Ferrufino
- The Neuropsychological Laboratory, CNS-FedParis, France
- Groupe de Recherche Apprentissage et Contexte, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences SocialesParis, France
| | - Tetsushi Nonaka
- Research Institute of Health and Welfare, Kibi International UniversityTakahashi, Okayama, Japan
| | - Oscar Zelada
- Facultad de Medicina Dr. Aurelio Melean, Universidad Mayor de San SimonCochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Blandine Bril
- Groupe de Recherche Apprentissage et Contexte, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences SocialesParis, France
- Techniques et Enjeux du Corps, Université Paris DescartesParis, France
| | - Gilles Dietrich
- Groupe de Recherche Apprentissage et Contexte, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences SocialesParis, France
- Techniques et Enjeux du Corps, Université Paris DescartesParis, France
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78
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Wayne PM, Walsh JN, Taylor-Piliae RE, Wells RE, Papp KV, Donovan NJ, Yeh GY. Effect of tai chi on cognitive performance in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc 2014; 62:25-39. [PMID: 24383523 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.12611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To summarize and critically evaluate research on the effects of Tai Chi on cognitive function in older adults. DESIGN Systematic review with meta-analysis. SETTING Community and residential care. PARTICIPANTS Individuals aged 60 and older (with the exception of one study) with and without cognitive impairment. MEASUREMENTS Cognitive ability using a variety of neuropsychological testing. RESULTS Twenty eligible studies with a total of 2,553 participants were identified that met inclusion criteria for the systematic review; 11 of the 20 eligible studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs), one was a prospective nonrandomized controlled study, four were prospective noncontrolled observational studies, and four were cross-sectional studies. Overall quality of RCTs was modest, with three of 11 trials categorized as high risk of bias. Meta-analyses of outcomes related to executive function in RCTs of cognitively healthy adults indicated a large effect size when Tai Chi participants were compared with nonintervention controls (Hedges' g = 0.90; P = .04) and a moderate effect size when compared with exercise controls (Hedges' g = 0.51; P = .003). Meta-analyses of outcomes related to global cognitive function in RCTs of cognitively impaired adults, ranging from mild cognitive impairment to dementia, showed smaller but statistically significant effects when Tai Chi was compared with nonintervention controls (Hedges' g = 0.35; P = .004) and other active interventions (Hedges' g = 0.30; P = .002). Findings from nonrandomized studies add further evidence that Tai Chi may positively affect these and other domains of cognitive function. CONCLUSION Tai Chi shows potential to enhance cognitive function in older adults, particularly in the realm of executive functioning and in individuals without significant impairment. Larger and methodologically sound trials with longer follow-up periods are needed before more-definitive conclusions can be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Wayne
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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79
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Mangeri F, Montesi L, Forlani G, Grave RD, Marchesini G. A standard ballroom and Latin dance program to improve fitness and adherence to physical activity in individuals with type 2 diabetes and in obesity. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2014; 6:74. [PMID: 25045404 PMCID: PMC4082296 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-6-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the effectiveness of a dance program to improve fitness and adherence to physical activity in subjects with type 2 diabetes and obesity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Following a motivational interviewing session, 100 subjects with diabetes and/or obesity were enrolled either in a dance program (DP, n = 42) or in a self-selected physical activity program (SSP, n = 58), according to their preferences. Outcome measures were reduced BMI/waist circumference, improved metabolic control in type 2 diabetes (-0.3% reduction of HbA1c) and improved fitness (activity expenditure >10 MET-hour/week; 10% increase in 6-min walk test (6MWT)). Target achievement was tested at 3 and 6 months, after adjustment for baseline data (propensity score). RESULTS Attrition was lower in DP. Both programs significantly decreased body weight (on average, -2.6 kg; P < 0.001) and waist circumference (DP, -3.2 cm; SSP, -2.2; P < 0.01) at 3 months, and the results were maintained at 6 months. In DP, the activity-related energy expenditure averaged 13.5 ± 1.8 MET-hour/week in the first three months and 14.1 ± 3.0 in the second three-month period. In SSP, activity energy expenditure was higher but highly variable in the first three-month period (16.5 ± 13.9 MET-hour/week), and decreased in the following three months (14.2 ± 12.3; P vs. first period < 0.001). At three months, no differences in target achievement were observed between groups. After six months the odds to attain the MET, 6MWT and A1c targets were all significantly associated with DP. CONCLUSION Dance may be an effective strategy to implement physical activity in motivated subjects with type 2 diabetes or obesity (Clinical trial reg. no.NCT02021890, clinicaltrials.gov).
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Affiliation(s)
- Felice Mangeri
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetology, General Hospital, Gavardo, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luca Montesi
- Unit of Metabolic Diseases and Clinical Dietetics, “Alma Mater Studiorum” University of Bologna, Policlinico S. Orsola, Via Massarenti, 9 I-40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gabriele Forlani
- Unit of Metabolic Diseases and Clinical Dietetics, “Alma Mater Studiorum” University of Bologna, Policlinico S. Orsola, Via Massarenti, 9 I-40138, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Giulio Marchesini
- Unit of Metabolic Diseases and Clinical Dietetics, “Alma Mater Studiorum” University of Bologna, Policlinico S. Orsola, Via Massarenti, 9 I-40138, Bologna, Italy
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80
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Fritz TH, Halfpaap J, Grahl S, Kirkland A, Villringer A. Musical feedback during exercise machine workout enhances mood. Front Psychol 2013; 4:921. [PMID: 24368905 PMCID: PMC3857889 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Music making has a number of beneficial effects for motor tasks compared to passive music listening. Given that recent research suggests that high energy musical activities elevate positive affect more strongly than low energy musical activities, we here investigated a recent method that combined music making with systematically increasing physiological arousal by exercise machine workout. We compared mood and anxiety after two exercise conditions on non-cyclical exercise machines, one with passive music listening and the other with musical feedback (where participants could make music with the exercise machines). The results showed that agency during exercise machine workout (an activity we previously labeled jymmin - a cross between jammin and gym) had an enhancing effect on mood compared to workout with passive music listening. Furthermore, the order in which the conditions were presented mediated the effect of musical agency for this subscale when participants first listened passively, the difference in mood between the two conditions was greater, suggesting that a stronger increase in hormone levels (e.g., endorphins) during the active condition may have caused the observed effect. Given an enhanced mood after training with musical feedback compared to passively listening to the same type of music during workout, the results suggest that exercise machine workout with musical feedback (jymmin) makes the act of exercise machine training more desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Fritz
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Science Leipzig, Germany ; Institute for Psychoacoustics and Electronic Music Gent, Belgium ; Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johanna Halfpaap
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Science Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sophia Grahl
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Science Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ambika Kirkland
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Science Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Science Leipzig, Germany
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81
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Kattenstroth JC, Kalisch T, Holt S, Tegenthoff M, Dinse HR. Six months of dance intervention enhances postural, sensorimotor, and cognitive performance in elderly without affecting cardio-respiratory functions. Front Aging Neurosci 2013; 5:5. [PMID: 23447455 PMCID: PMC3581819 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2013.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
During aging, sensorimotor, cognitive and physical performance decline, but can improve by training and exercise indicating that age-related changes are treatable. Dancing is increasingly used as an intervention because it combines many diverse features making it a promising neuroplasticity-inducing tool. We here investigated the effects of a 6-month dance class (1 h/week) on a group of healthy elderly individuals compared to a matched control group (CG). We performed a broad assessment covering cognition, intelligence, attention, reaction time, motor, tactile, and postural performance, as well as subjective well-being and cardio-respiratory performance. After 6 months, in the CG no changes, or further degradation of performance was found. In the dance group, beneficial effects were found for dance-related parameters such as posture and reaction times, but also for cognitive, tactile, motor performance, and subjective well-being. These effects developed without alterations in the cardio-respiratory performance. Correlation of baseline performance with the improvement following intervention revealed that those individuals, who benefitted most from the intervention, were those who showed the lowest performance prior to the intervention. Our findings corroborate previous observations that dancing evokes widespread positive effects. The pre-post design used in the present study implies that the efficacy of dance is most likely not based on a selection bias of particularly gifted individuals. The lack of changes of cardio-respiratory fitness indicates that even moderate levels of physical activity can in combination with rich sensorimotor, cognitive, social, and emotional challenges act to ameliorate a wide spectrum of age-related decline.
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82
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Buschler A, Manahan-Vaughan D. Brief environmental enrichment elicits metaplasticity of hippocampal synaptic potentiation in vivo. Front Behav Neurosci 2012; 6:85. [PMID: 23248592 PMCID: PMC3522088 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2012.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term environmental enrichment (EE) elicits enduring effects on the adult brain, including altered synaptic plasticity. Synaptic plasticity may underlie memory formation and includes robust (>24 h) and weak (<2 h) forms of long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). Most studies of the effect of EE on synaptic efficacy have examined the consequences of very prolonged EE-exposure. It is unclear whether brief exposure to EE can alter synaptic plasticity. Clarifying this issue could help develop strategies to address cognitive deficits arising from neglect in children or adults. We assessed whether short-term EE elicits alterations in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and if social context may play a role. Adult mice were exposed to EE for 14 consecutive days. We found that robust late-LTP (>24 h) and short-term depression (<2 h) at Schaffer-collateral-CA1 synapses in freely behaving mice were unaltered, whereas early-LTP (E-LTP, <2 h) was significantly enhanced by EE. Effects were transient: E-LTP returned to control levels 1 week after cessation of EE. Six weeks later, animals were re-exposed to EE for 14 days. Under these conditions, E-LTP was facilitated into L-LTP (>24 h), suggesting that metaplasticity was induced during the first EE experience and that EE-mediated modifications are cumulative. Effects were absent in mice that underwent solitary enrichment or were group-housed without EE. These data suggest that EE in naïve animals strengthens E-LTP, and also promotes L-LTP in animals that underwent EE in the past. This indicates that brief exposure to EE, particularly under social conditions can elicit lasting positive effects on synaptic strength that may have beneficial consequences for cognition that depends on synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Buschler
- Department of Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum Bochum, Germany ; International Graduate School for Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum Bochum, Germany
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83
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Olsson CJ. Dancing combines the essence for successful aging. Front Neurosci 2012; 6:155. [PMID: 23087611 PMCID: PMC3468894 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2012.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C-J Olsson
- Ageing and Living Conditions Programme, Centre for Population Studies, Umeå University Umeå, Sweden ; Umeå Centre for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University Umeå, Sweden
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84
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Johansson BB. Multisensory stimulation in stroke rehabilitation. Front Hum Neurosci 2012; 6:60. [PMID: 22509159 PMCID: PMC3321650 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain has a large capacity for automatic simultaneous processing and integration of sensory information. Combining information from different sensory modalities facilitates our ability to detect, discriminate, and recognize sensory stimuli, and learning is often optimal in a multisensory environment. Currently used multisensory stimulation methods in stroke rehabilitation include motor imagery, action observation, training with a mirror or in a virtual environment, and various kinds of music therapy. Non-invasive brain stimulation has showed promising preliminary results in aphasia and neglect. Patient heterogeneity and the interaction of age, gender, genes, and environment are discussed. Randomized controlled longitudinal trials starting earlier post-stroke are needed. The advance in brain network science and neuroimaging enabling longitudinal studies of structural and functional networks are likely to have an important impact on patient selection for specific interventions in future stroke rehabilitation. It is proposed that we should pay more attention to age, gender, and laterality in clinical studies.
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85
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Kalisch T, Kattenstroth JC, Kowalewski R, Tegenthoff M, Dinse HR. Cognitive and tactile factors affecting human haptic performance in later life. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30420. [PMID: 22291952 PMCID: PMC3264587 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vision and haptics are the key modalities by which humans perceive objects and interact with their environment in a target-oriented manner. Both modalities share higher-order neural resources and the mechanisms required for object exploration. Compared to vision, the understanding of haptic information processing is still rudimentary. Although it is known that haptic performance, similar to many other skills, decreases in old age, the underlying mechanisms are not clear. It is yet to be determined to what extent this decrease is related to the age-related loss of tactile acuity or cognitive capacity. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We investigated the haptic performance of 81 older adults by means of a cross-modal object recognition test. Additionally, we assessed the subjects' tactile acuity with an apparatus-based two-point discrimination paradigm, and their cognitive performance by means of the non-verbal Raven-Standard-Progressive matrices test. As expected, there was a significant age-related decline in performance on all 3 tests. With the exception of tactile acuity, this decline was found to be more distinct in female subjects. Correlation analyses revealed a strong relationship between haptic and cognitive performance for all subjects. Tactile performance, on the contrary, was only significantly correlated with male subjects' haptic performance. CONCLUSIONS Haptic object recognition is a demanding task in old age, especially when it comes to the exploration of complex, unfamiliar objects. Our data support a disproportionately higher impact of cognition on haptic performance as compared to the impact of tactile acuity. Our findings are in agreement with studies reporting an increase in co-variation between individual sensory performance and general cognitive functioning in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Kalisch
- Department of Neurology, BG-Kliniken Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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86
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Zhang Z, Francisco EM, Holden JK, Dennis RG, Tommerdahl M. Somatosensory information processing in the aging population. Front Aging Neurosci 2011; 3:18. [PMID: 22163221 PMCID: PMC3233724 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2011.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While it is well known that skin physiology – and consequently sensitivity to peripheral stimuli – degrades with age, what is less appreciated is that centrally mediated mechanisms allow for maintenance of the same degree of functionality in processing these peripheral inputs and interacting with the external environment. In order to demonstrate this concept, we obtained observations of processing speed, sensitivity (thresholds), discriminative capacity, and adaptation metrics on subjects ranging in age from 18 to 70. The results indicate that although reaction speed and sensory thresholds change with age, discriminative capacity, and adaptation metrics do not. The significance of these findings is that similar metrics of adaptation have been demonstrated to change significantly when the central nervous system (CNS) is compromised. Such compromise has been demonstrated in subject populations with autism, chronic pain, acute NMDA receptor block, concussion, and with tactile–thermal interactions. If the metric of adaptation parallels cortical plasticity, the results of the current study suggest that the CNS in the aging population is still capable of plastic changes, and this cortical plasticity could be the mechanism that compensates for the degradations that are known to naturally occur with age. Thus, these quantitative measures – since they can be obtained efficiently and objectively, and appear to deviate from normative values significantly with systemic cortical alterations – could be useful indicators of cerebral cortical health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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87
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Kim SH, Kim M, Ahn YB, Lim HK, Kang SG, Cho JH, Park SJ, Song SW. Effect of dance exercise on cognitive function in elderly patients with metabolic syndrome: a pilot study. J Sports Sci Med 2011; 10:671-678. [PMID: 24149557 PMCID: PMC3761497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment. The purpose of this prospective pilot study was to examine the effects of dance exercise on cognitive function in elderly patients with metabolic syndrome. The participants included 38 elderly metabolic syndrome patients with normal cognitive function (26 exercise group and 12 control group). The exercise group performed dance exercise twice a week for 6 months. Cognitive function was assessed in all participants using the Korean version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's disease (CERAD-K). Repeated-measures ANCOVA was used to assess the effect of dance exercise on cognitive function and cardiometabolic risk factors. Compared with the control group, the exercise group significantly improved in verbal fluency (p = 0.048), word list delayed recall (p = 0.038), word list recognition (p = 0.007), and total CERAD-K score (p = 0.037). However, no significance difference was found in body mass index, blood pressure, waist circumference, fasting plasma glucose, triglyceride, and HDL cholesterol between groups over the 6-month period. In the present study, six months of dance exercise improved cognitive function in older adults with metabolic syndrome. Thus, dance exercise may reduce the risk for cognitive disorders in elderly people with metabolic syndrome. Key pointsMetabolic syndrome (MS) is associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment.Aerobic exercise improves cognitive function in elderly people and contributes to the prevention of degenerative neurological disease and brain damage. Dance sport is a form of aerobic exercise that has the additional benefits of stimulating the emotions, promoting social interaction, and exposing subjects to acoustic stimulation and music.In the present study, dance exercise for a 6-month period improved cognitive function in older adults with MS. In particular, positive effects were observed in verbal fluency, word list delayed recall, word list recognition, and the total CERAD-K score.Our data suggest that the implementation of dance exercise programs may be an effective means of prevention and treatment of cognitive disorders.
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88
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Laudate TM, Neargarder S, Dunne TE, Sullivan KD, Joshi P, Gilmore GC, Riedel TM, Cronin-Golomb A. Bingo! Externally supported performance intervention for deficient visual search in normal aging, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2011; 19:102-21. [PMID: 22066941 PMCID: PMC3275685 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2011.621930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
External support may improve task performance regardless of an individual's ability to compensate for cognitive deficits through internally generated mechanisms. We investigated if performance of a complex, familiar visual search task (the game of bingo) could be enhanced in groups with suboptimal vision by providing external support through manipulation of task stimuli. Participants were 19 younger adults, 14 individuals with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD), 13 AD-matched healthy adults, 17 non-demented individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD), and 20 PD-matched healthy adults. We varied stimulus contrast, size, and visual complexity during game play. The externally supported performance interventions of increased stimulus size and decreased complexity resulted in improvements in performance by all groups. AD also obtained benefit from increasing contrast, presumably by compensating for their contrast sensitivity deficit. The general finding of improved performance across healthy and afflicted groups suggests the value of visual support as an easy-to-apply intervention to enhance cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandy Neargarder
- Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215 USA
- Department of Psychology, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA, 02325 USA
| | - Tracy E. Dunne
- Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215 USA
| | | | - Pallavi Joshi
- Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215 USA
| | - Grover C. Gilmore
- Department of Psychology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106 USA
| | - Tatiana M. Riedel
- Department of Psychology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106 USA
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89
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Heiberger L, Maurer C, Amtage F, Mendez-Balbuena I, Schulte-Mönting J, Hepp-Reymond MC, Kristeva R. Impact of a weekly dance class on the functional mobility and on the quality of life of individuals with Parkinson's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2011; 3:14. [PMID: 22013420 PMCID: PMC3189543 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2011.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) mainly suffer from motor impairments which increase the risk of falls and lead to a decline of quality of life. Several studies investigated the long-term effect of dance for people with PD. The aims of the present study were to investigate (i) the short-term effects of dance (i.e., the effect immediately after the dance class) on motor control in individuals with PD and (ii) the long-term effects of 8 months of participation in the weekly dance class on the quality of life of the PD patients and their caregivers. The dance lessons took place in a ballet studio and were led by a professional dancer. Eleven people with moderate to severe PD (58–85 years old) were subjected to a motor and quality of life assessments. With respect to the motor assessments the unified Parkinson disease rating scale III (UPDRS III), the timed up and go test (TUG), and the Semitandem test (SeTa) before and after the dance class were used. With respect to the quality of life and well-being we applied quality of life scale (QOLS) as well as the Westheimer questionnaire. Additionally, we asked the caregivers to fill out the Questionnaire for caregivers. We found a significant beneficial short-term effect for the total score of the UPDRS motor score. The strongest improvements were in rigidity scores followed by significant improvements in hand movements, finger taps, and facial expression. No significant changes were found for TUG and for SeTa. The results of the questionnaires showed positive effects of the dance class on social life, health, body-feeling and mobility, and on everyday life competences of the PD patients. Beneficial effect was also found for the caregivers. The findings demonstrate that dance has beneficial effect on the functional mobility of individuals with PD. Further, dance improves the quality of life of the patients and their caregivers. Dance may lead to better therapeutic strategies as it is engaging and enjoyable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Heiberger
- Cortical Motor Control Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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90
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Kattenstroth JC, Kalisch T, Kolankowska I, Dinse HR. Balance, sensorimotor, and cognitive performance in long-year expert senior ballroom dancers. J Aging Res 2011; 2011:176709. [PMID: 21961064 PMCID: PMC3179891 DOI: 10.4061/2011/176709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical fitness is considered a major factor contributing to the maintenance of independent living and everyday competence. In line with this notion, it has been shown that several years of amateur dancing experience can exert beneficial effects not only on balance and posture but also on tactile, motor, and cognitive functions in older people. This raises the question of whether an even more extensive schedule of dancing, including competitive tournaments, would further enhance these positive effects. We therefore assessed posture, balance, and reaction times, as well as motor, tactile, and cognitive performance in older expert ballroom dancers with several years of competitive experience. We found substantially better performance in the expert group than in the controls in terms of expertise-related domains like posture, balance, and reaction times. However, there was no generalization of positive effects to those domains that were found to be improved in amateur dancers, such as tactile and cognitive performance, suggesting that there might be an optimal range of intervention intensity to maintain health and independence throughout the human lifespan.
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91
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Coubard OA, Duretz S, Lefebvre V, Lapalus P, Ferrufino L. Practice of contemporary dance improves cognitive flexibility in aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2011; 3:13. [PMID: 21960971 PMCID: PMC3176453 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2011.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As society ages and frequency of dementia increases exponentially, counteracting cognitive aging decline is a challenging issue for countries of the developed world. Previous studies have suggested that physical fitness based on cardiovascular and strength training helps to improve attentional control in normal aging. However, how motor activity based on motor-skill learning can also benefit attentional control with age has been hitherto a neglected issue. This study examined the impact of contemporary dance (CD) improvisation on attentional control of older adults, as compared to two other motor training programs, fall prevention and Tai Chi Chuan. Participants performed setting, suppressing, and switching attention tasks before and after 5.7-month training in either CD or fall prevention or Tai Chi Chuan. Results indicated that CD improved switching but not setting or suppressing attention. In contrast, neither fall prevention nor Tai Chi Chuan showed any effect. We suggest that CD improvisation works as a training for change, inducing plasticity in flexible attention.
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92
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Foster PP, Rosenblatt KP, Kuljiš RO. Exercise-induced cognitive plasticity, implications for mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Front Neurol 2011; 2:28. [PMID: 21602910 PMCID: PMC3092070 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2011.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lifestyle factors such as intellectual stimulation, cognitive and social engagement, nutrition, and various types of exercise appear to reduce the risk for common age-associated disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia. In fact, many studies have suggested that promoting physical activity can have a protective effect against cognitive deterioration later in life. Slowing or a deterioration of walking speed is associated with a poor performance in tests assessing psychomotor speed and verbal fluency in elderly individuals. Fitness training influences a wide range of cognitive processes, and the largest positive impact observed is for executive (a.k.a. frontal lobe) functions. Studies show that exercise improves additional cognitive functions such as tasks mediated by the hippocampus, and result in major changes in plasticity in the hippocampus. Interestingly, this exercise-induced plasticity is also pronounced in APOE ε4 carriers who express a risk factor for late-onset AD that may modulate the effect of treatments. Based on AD staging by Braak and Braak (1991) and Braak et al. (1993) we propose that the effects of exercise occur in two temporo-spatial continua of events. The “inward” continuum from isocortex (neocortex) to entorhinal cortex/hippocampus for amyloidosis and a reciprocal “outward” continuum for neurofibrillary alterations. The exercise-induced hypertrophy of the hippocampus at the core of these continua is evaluated in terms of potential for prevention to stave off neuronal degeneration. Exercise-induced production of growth factors such as the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been shown to enhance neurogenesis and to play a key role in positive cognitive effects. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) may mediate the exercise-induced response to exercise on BDNF, neurogenesis, and cognitive performance. It is also postulated to regulate brain amyloid β (Aβ) levels by increased clearance via the choroid plexus. Growth factors, specifically fibroblast growth factor and IGF-1 receptors and/or their downstream signaling pathways may interact with the Klotho gene which functions as an aging suppressor gene. Neurons may not be the only cells affected by exercise. Glia (astrocytes and microglia), neurovascular units and the Fourth Element may also be affected in a differential fashion by the AD process. Analyses of these factors, as suggested by the multi-dimensional matrix approach, are needed to improve our understanding of this complex multi-factorial process, which is increasingly relevant to conquering the escalating and intersecting world-wide epidemics of dementia, diabetes, and sarcopenia that threaten the global healthcare system. Physical activity and interventions aimed at enhancing and/or mimicking the effects of exercise are likely to play a significant role in mitigating these epidemics, together with the embryonic efforts to develop cognitive rehabilitation for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip P Foster
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, TX, USA
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93
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Kalisch T, Richter J, Lenz M, Kattenstroth JC, Kolankowska I, Tegenthoff M, Dinse HR. Questionnaire-based evaluation of everyday competence in older adults. Clin Interv Aging 2011; 6:37-46. [PMID: 21472090 PMCID: PMC3066251 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s15433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gerontological research aims at understanding factors that are crucial for mediating "successful aging". This term denotes the absence of significant disease and disabilities, maintenance of high levels of physical and cognitive function, and preservation of social and productive activities. Preservation of an active lifestyle is considered an effective means through which everyday competence can be attained. In this context, it is crucial to obtain ratings of modern day older adults' everyday competence by means of appropriate assessments. Here, we introduce the Everyday Competence Questionnaire (ECQ), designed to assess healthy older adults' everyday competence. METHODS The ECQ includes 17 items, covering housekeeping, leisure activities, sports, daily routines, manual skills, subjective well-being, and general linguistic usage. The ECQ was administered to a population of 158 healthy subjects aged 60-91 years, who were divided into groups on the basis of their physical activity. These groups were community-dwelling subjects, those living independently and having a sedentary lifestyle, those living independently but characterized by a general lifestyle without any noteworthy physical activity, and those living independently and exercising regularly. Age, gender, and education levels were balanced between the groups. RESULTS Using the ECQ, we could identify and distinguish different everyday competence levels between the groups tested: Subjects characterized by an active lifestyle outperformed all other groups. Subjects characterized by a general lifestyle showed higher everyday competence than those with a sedentary lifestyle or subjects who needed care. Furthermore, the ECQ data showed a significant positive correlation between individual physical activity and everyday competence. CONCLUSION The ECQ is a novel tool for the questionnaire-based evaluation of everyday competence among healthy subjects. By including leisure activities, it considers the changed living conditions of modern-day older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Kalisch
- Department of Neurology, BG-Kliniken Bergmannsheil, Bochum, Germany.
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94
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Diamond A. Biological and social influences on cognitive control processes dependent on prefrontal cortex. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2011; 189:319-39. [PMID: 21489397 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53884-0.00032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive control functions ("executive functions" [EFs] such as attentional control, self-regulation, working memory, and inhibition) that depend on prefrontal cortex (PFC) are critical for success in school and in life. Many children begin school lacking needed EF skills. Disturbances in EFs occur in many mental health disorders, such as ADHD and depression. This chapter addresses modulation of EFs by biology (genes and neurochemistry) and the environment (including school programs) with implications for clinical disorders and for education. Unusual properties of the prefrontal dopamine system contribute to PFC's vulnerability to environmental and genetic variations that have little effect elsewhere. EFs depend on a late-maturing brain region (PFC), yet they can be improved even in infants and preschoolers, without specialists or fancy equipment. Research shows that activities often squeezed out of school curricula (play, physical education, and the arts) rather than detracting from academic achievement help improve EFs and enhance academic outcomes. Such practices may also head off problems before they lead to diagnoses of EF impairments, including ADHD. Many issues are not simply education issues or health issues; they are both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Diamond
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia and Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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