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Brodziak A, Wolińska A, Kołat E, Różyk-Myrta A. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of cognitive impairment in the elderly. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:585-97. [PMID: 25708246 PMCID: PMC4349161 DOI: 10.12659/msm.892542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to present the available and verified methods of prevention of cognitive decline in healthy older adults and to review clinical trials of therapies to improve impaired cognitive performance. We discuss data about the actual possibility of pharmacological treatment, usefulness of physical exercises, and effectiveness of different cognitive training methods. In a separate chapter we discuss why older people cope much better in life challenges then it would appear from the measurements made by use of neuro-psychological tests. We also discuss the so-called issue of transfers, ie, the question of how certain cognitive characteristics, improved through cognitive training, are transferred to other mental skills. We distinguish between simple and sophisticated (usually computerized) forms of cognitive training and pay particular attention to methods that are simple and easy to use. In particular, we discuss the so-called “learning therapy”, which amounts to “reading aloud and simple arithmetic calculations”, the method based on “switching between words and imagination”, and also the method consisting of personal counseling, support, and assistance in learning, especially in the form of home visits. In the final chapter we formulate practical advice, not only for individuals who want to undertake the preventing or correction activities alone with eventual help of medical professionals, but also for the members of health institutions that wish to implement preventive and therapeutic actions directed to a chosen population. We also discuss the indications and rationale for further research and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Brodziak
- Independent Researcher, Institute of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | | | - Estera Kołat
- Institute of Nursing, University of Applied Sciences, Nysa, Poland
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Stuchlik A, Sumiyoshi T. Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders: convergence of preclinical and clinical evidence. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:444. [PMID: 25566009 PMCID: PMC4275052 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ales Stuchlik
- Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Tomiki Sumiyoshi
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Center Hospital , Tokyo , Japan
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Sheardova K, Laczó J, Vyhnalek M, Andel R, Mokrisova I, Vlcek K, Amlerova J, Hort J. Famous landmark identification in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105623. [PMID: 25144755 PMCID: PMC4140812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of famous landmarks (FLI), famous faces (FFI) and recognition of facial emotions (FER) is affected early in the course of Alzheimer's disease (AD). FFI, FER and FLI may represent domain specific tasks relying on activation of distinct regions of the medial temporal lobe, which are affected successively during the course of AD. However, the data on FFI and FER in MCI are controversial and FLI domain remains almost unexplored. OBJECTIVES To determine whether and how are these three specific domains impaired in head to head comparison of patients with amnestic MCI (aMCI) single domain (SD-aMCI) and multiple domain (MD-aMCI). We propose that FLI might be most reliable in differentiating SD-aMCI, which is considered to be an earlier stage of AD pathology spread out, from the controls. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 114 patients, 13 with single domain (SD-aMCI) and 30 with multiple domains (MD-aMCI), 29 with mild AD and 42 controls underwent standard neurological and neuropsychological evaluations as well as tests of FLI, FER and FFI. RESULTS Compared to the control group, AD subjects performed worse on FFI (p = 0.020), FER (p<0.001) and FLI (p<0.001), MD-aMCI group had significantly worse scores only on FLI (p = 0.002) and approached statistical significance on FER (0.053). SD-aMCI group performed significantly worse only on FLI (p = 0.028) compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Patients with SD-aMCI had an isolated impairment restricted to FLI, while patients with MD-aMCI showed impairment in FLI as well as in FER. Patients with mild dementia due to AD have more extensive impairment of higher visual perception. The results suggest that FLI testing may contribute to identification of patients at risk of AD. We hypothesize that clinical examination of all three domains might reflect the spread of the disease from transentorhinal cortex, over amygdala to fusiform gyrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Sheardova
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Laczó
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Memory Clinic, Department of Neurology, Charles University in Prague, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Vyhnalek
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Memory Clinic, Department of Neurology, Charles University in Prague, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ross Andel
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ivana Mokrisova
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Memory Clinic, Department of Neurology, Charles University in Prague, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Vlcek
- Memory Clinic, Department of Neurology, Charles University in Prague, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Amlerova
- Memory Clinic, Department of Neurology, Charles University in Prague, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Hort
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Memory Clinic, Department of Neurology, Charles University in Prague, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
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