51
|
Hinz M, Stein A, Cole T, McDougall B, Westaway M. Parkinson's disease managing reversible neurodegeneration. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2016; 12:763-75. [PMID: 27103805 PMCID: PMC4827589 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s98367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, the Parkinson's disease (PD) symptom course has been classified as an irreversible progressive neurodegenerative disease. This paper documents 29 PD and treatment-induced systemic depletion etiologies which cause and/or exacerbate the seven novel primary relative nutritional deficiencies associated with PD. These reversible relative nutritional deficiencies (RNDs) may facilitate and accelerate irreversible progressive neurodegeneration, while other reversible RNDs may induce previously undocumented reversible pseudo-neurodegeneration that is hiding in plain sight since the symptoms are identical to the symptoms being experienced by the PD patient. Documented herein is a novel nutritional approach for reversible processes management which may slow or halt irreversible progressive neurodegenerative disease and correct reversible RNDs whose symptoms are identical to the patient's PD symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marty Hinz
- Clinical Research, NeuroResearch Clinics, Inc., Cape Coral, FL, USA
| | - Alvin Stein
- Stein Orthopedic Associates, Plantation, FL, USA
| | - Ted Cole
- Cole Center for Healing, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
De Deurwaerdère P, Di Giovanni G. Serotonergic modulation of the activity of mesencephalic dopaminergic systems: Therapeutic implications. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 151:175-236. [PMID: 27013075 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery in the mammalian brain, it has been apparent that serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) interactions play a key role in normal and abnormal behavior. Therefore, disclosure of this interaction could reveal important insights into the pathogenesis of various neuropsychiatric diseases including schizophrenia, depression and drug addiction or neurological conditions such as Parkinson's disease and Tourette's syndrome. Unfortunately, this interaction remains difficult to study for many reasons, including the rich and widespread innervations of 5-HT and DA in the brain, the plethora of 5-HT receptors and the release of co-transmitters by 5-HT and DA neurons. The purpose of this review is to present electrophysiological and biochemical data showing that endogenous 5-HT and pharmacological 5-HT ligands modify the mesencephalic DA systems' activity. 5-HT receptors may control DA neuron activity in a state-dependent and region-dependent manner. 5-HT controls the activity of DA neurons in a phasic and excitatory manner, except for the control exerted by 5-HT2C receptors which appears to also be tonically and/or constitutively inhibitory. The functional interaction between the two monoamines will also be discussed in view of the mechanism of action of antidepressants, antipsychotics, anti-Parkinsonians and drugs of abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe De Deurwaerdère
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5293, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Department of Physiology & Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Malta; Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Roberts P, Spiros A, Geerts H. A Humanized Clinically Calibrated Quantitative Systems Pharmacology Model for Hypokinetic Motor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:6. [PMID: 26869923 PMCID: PMC4735425 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The current treatment of Parkinson’s disease with dopamine-centric approaches such as L-DOPA and dopamine agonists, although very successful, is in need of alternative treatment strategies, both in terms of disease modification and symptom management. Various non-dopaminergic treatment approaches did not result in a clear clinical benefit, despite showing a clear effect in preclinical animal models. In addition, polypharmacy is common, sometimes leading to unintended effects on non-motor cognitive and psychiatric symptoms. To explore novel targets for symptomatic treatment and possible synergistic pharmacodynamic effects between different drugs, we developed a computer-based Quantitative Systems Pharmacology (QSP) platform of the closed cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical basal ganglia loop of the dorsal motor circuit. This mechanism-based simulation platform is based on the known neuro-anatomy and neurophysiology of the basal ganglia and explicitly incorporates domain expertise in a formalized way. The calculated beta/gamma power ratio of the local field potential in the subthalamic nucleus correlates well (R2 = 0.71) with clinically observed extra-pyramidal symptoms triggered by antipsychotics during schizophrenia treatment (43 drug-dose combinations). When incorporating Parkinsonian (PD) pathology and reported compensatory changes, the computer model suggests a major increase in b/g ratio (corresponding to bradykinesia and rigidity) from a dopamine depletion of 70% onward. The correlation between the outcome of the QSP model and the reported changes in UPDRS III Motor Part for 22 placebo-normalized drug-dose combinations is R2 = 0.84. The model also correctly recapitulates the lack of clinical benefit for perampanel, MK-0567 and flupirtine and offers a hypothesis for the translational disconnect. Finally, using human PET imaging studies with placebo response, the computer model predicts well the placebo response for chronic treatment, but not for acute treatment in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Roberts
- In Silico BiosciencesBerwyn, PA, USA; Washington State UniversityVancouver, WA, USA
| | | | - Hugo Geerts
- In Silico BiosciencesBerwyn, PA, USA; Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Li XZ, Zhang SN, Lu F, Liu SM. Microarray Expression Analysis for the Paradoxical Roles of Acanthopanax senticosus Harms in Treating α-Synucleinopathies. Phytother Res 2015; 30:243-52. [PMID: 26612828 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
α-Synuclein is a key player in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders with Lewy bodies. Our previous studies have also showed that Acanthopanax senticosus harms (AS) could significantly suppress α-synuclein overexpression and toxicity. Identifying the RNAs related to α-synucleinopathies may facilitate understanding the pathogenesis of the diseases and the safe application of AS in the clinic. Microarray expression profiling of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and mRNAs was undertaken in control non-transgenic and human α-synuclein transgenic mice. The effects of AS on central nervous system (CNS) in pathology and physiology were investigated based on the lncRNA/mRNA targets analysis. In total, 341 lncRNAs and 279 mRNAs were differentially expressed by α-synuclein stimulus, among which 29 lncRNAs and 25 mRNAs were involved in the anti-α-synucleinopathies mechanism of AS. However, the levels of 19/29 lncRNAs and 12/25 mRNAs in AS group were similar to those in α-synuclein group, which may cause potential neurotoxicity analogous to α-synuclein. This study demonstrated that some of lncRNAs/mRNAs were involved in α-synuclein related pathophysiology, and AS produced the bidirectional effects on CNS under pathological and physiological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu-zhao Li
- Chinese Medicine Toxicological Laboratory, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China.,Department of Pharmacy, GuiYang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, GuiYang, 550025, China
| | - Shuai-nan Zhang
- Chinese Medicine Toxicological Laboratory, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Fang Lu
- Chinese Medicine Toxicological Laboratory, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Shu-min Liu
- Chinese Medicine Toxicological Laboratory, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China.,Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Sarin H. Pressuromodulation at the cell membrane as the basis for small molecule hormone and peptide regulation of cellular and nuclear function. J Transl Med 2015; 13:372. [PMID: 26610602 PMCID: PMC4660824 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0707-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Building on recent knowledge that the specificity of the biological interactions of small molecule hydrophiles and lipophiles across microvascular and epithelial barriers, and with cells, can be predicted on the basis of their conserved biophysical properties, and the knowledge that biological peptides are cell membrane impermeant, it has been further discussed herein that cellular, and thus, nuclear function, are primarily regulated by small molecule hormone and peptide/factor interactions at the cell membrane (CM) receptors. The means of regulating cellular, and thus, nuclear function, are the various forms of CM Pressuromodulation that exist, which include Direct CM Receptor-Mediated Stabilizing Pressuromodulation, sub-classified as Direct CM Receptor-Mediated Stabilizing Shift Pressuromodulation (Single, Dual or Tri) or Direct CM Receptor-Mediated Stabilizing Shift Pressuromodulation (Single, Dual or Tri) cum External Cationomodulation (≥3+ → 1+); which are with respect to acute CM receptor-stabilizing effects of small biomolecule hormones, growth factors or cytokines, and also include Indirect CM- or CM Receptor-Mediated Pressuromodulation, sub-classified as Indirect 1ary CM-Mediated Shift Pressuromodulation (Perturbomodulation), Indirect 2ary CM Receptor-Mediated Shift Pressuromodulation (Tri or Quad Receptor Internal Pseudo-Cationomodulation: SS 1+), Indirect 3ary CM Receptor-Mediated Shift Pressuromodulation (Single or Dual Receptor Endocytic External Cationomodulation: 2+) or Indirect (Pseudo) 3ary CM Receptor-Mediated Shift Pressuromodulation (Receptor Endocytic Hydroxylocarbonyloetheroylomodulation: 0), which are with respect to sub-acute CM receptor-stabilizing effects of small biomolecules, growth factors or cytokines. As a generalization, all forms of CM pressuromodulation decrease CM and nuclear membrane (NM) compliance (whole cell compliance), due to pressuromodulation of the intracellular microtubule network and increases the exocytosis of pre-synthesized vesicular endogolgi peptides and small molecules as well as nuclear-to-rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins to the CM, with the potential to simultaneously increase the NM-associated chromatin DNA transcription of higher molecular weight protein forms, secretory and CM-destined, mitochondrial and nuclear, including the highest molecular weight nuclear proteins, Ki67 (359 kDa) and Separase (230 kDa), with the latter leading to mitogenesis and cell division; while, in the case of growth factors or cytokines with external cationomodulation capability, CM Receptor External Cationomodulation of CM receptors (≥3+ → 1+) results in cationic extracellular interaction (≥3+) with extracellular matrix heparan sulfates (≥3+ → 1+) concomitant with lamellopodesis and cell migration. It can be surmised that the modulation of cellular, and nuclear, function is mostly a reactive process, governed, primarily, by small molecule hormone and peptide interactions at the cell membrane, with CM receptors and the CM itself. These insights taken together, provide valuable translationally applicable knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Sarin
- Freelance Investigator in Translational Science and Medicine, Charleston, WV, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Di Giovanni G, De Deurwaerdère P. New therapeutic opportunities for 5-HT2C receptor ligands in neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 157:125-62. [PMID: 26617215 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The 5-HT2C receptor (R) displays a widespread distribution in the CNS and is involved in the action of 5-HT in all brain areas. Knowledge of its functional role in the CNS pathophysiology has been impaired for many years due to the lack of drugs capable of discriminating among 5-HT2R subtypes, and to a lesser extent to the 5-HT1B, 5-HT5, 5-HT6 and 5-HT7Rs. The situation has changed since the mid-90s due to the increased availability of new and selective synthesized compounds, the creation of 5-HT2C knock out mice, and the progress made in molecular biology. Many pharmacological classes of drugs including antipsychotics, antidepressants and anxiolytics display affinities toward 5-HT2CRs and new 5-HT2C ligands have been developed for various neuropsychiatric disorders. The 5-HT2CR is presumed to mediate tonic/constitutive and phasic controls on the activity of different central neurobiological networks. Preclinical data illustrate this complexity to a point that pharmaceutical companies developed either agonists or antagonists for the same disease. In order to better comprehend this complexity, this review will briefly describe the molecular pharmacology of 5-HT2CRs, as well as their cellular impacts in general, before addressing its central distribution in the mammalian brain. Thereafter, we review the preclinical efficacy of 5-HT2C ligands in numerous behavioral tests modeling human diseases, highlighting the multiple and competing actions of the 5-HT2CRs in neurobiological networks and monoaminergic systems. Notably, we will focus this evidence in the context of the physiopathology of psychiatric and neurological disorders including Parkinson's disease, levodopa-induced dyskinesia, and epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Department of Physiology & Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta; Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Philippe De Deurwaerdère
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unité Mixte de Recherche 5293) 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Ohno Y, Shimizu S, Tokudome K, Kunisawa N, Sasa M. New insight into the therapeutic role of the serotonergic system in Parkinson's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 134:104-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
58
|
Puig MV, Gulledge AT, Lambe EK, Gonzalez-Burgos G. Editorial: Neuromodulation of executive circuits. Front Neural Circuits 2015; 9:58. [PMID: 26500506 PMCID: PMC4596939 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2015.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Victoria Puig
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute Barcelona, Spain
| | - Allan T Gulledge
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Evelyn K Lambe
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Guillermo Gonzalez-Burgos
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Petri D, de Souza Silva M, Chao OH, Schnitzler A, Huston J. Serotonergic interaction between medial prefrontal cortex and mesotelencephalic DA system underlies cognitive and affective deficits in hemiparkinsonian rats. Neuroscience 2015; 307:51-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
60
|
Iderberg H, McCreary A, Varney M, Kleven M, Koek W, Bardin L, Depoortère R, Cenci M, Newman-Tancredi A. NLX-112, a novel 5-HT 1A receptor agonist for the treatment of l -DOPA-induced dyskinesia: Behavioral and neurochemical profile in rat. Exp Neurol 2015; 271:335-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
61
|
Iderberg H, McCreary A, Varney M, Cenci M, Newman-Tancredi A. Activity of serotonin 5-HT1A receptor ‘biased agonists’ in rat models of Parkinson's disease and l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Neuropharmacology 2015; 93:52-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
62
|
Joutsa J, Johansson J, Seppänen M, Noponen T, Kaasinen V. Dorsal-to-Ventral Shift in Midbrain Dopaminergic Projections and Increased Thalamic/Raphe Serotonergic Function in Early Parkinson Disease. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:1036-41. [PMID: 25952735 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.153734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Loss of nigrostriatal neurons leading to dopamine depletion in the dorsal striatum is the pathologic hallmark of Parkinson disease contributing to the primary motor symptoms of the disease. However, Parkinson pathology is more widespread in the brain, affecting also other dopaminergic pathways and neurotransmitter systems, but these changes are less well characterized. This study aimed to investigate the mesencephalic striatal and extrastriatal dopaminergic projections together with extrastriatal serotonin transporter binding in Parkinson disease. METHODS Two hundred sixteen patients with Parkinson disease and 204 control patients (patients without neurodegenerative parkinsonism syndromes and normal SPECT imaging) were investigated with SPECT using the dopamine/serotonin transporter ligand (123)I-N-ω-fluoropropyl-2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyl)nortropane ((123)I-FP-CIT) in the clinical setting. The group differences and midbrain correlations were analyzed voxel by voxel over the entire brain. RESULTS We found that Parkinson patients had lower (123)I-FP-CIT uptake in the striatum and ventral midbrain but higher uptake in the thalamus and raphe nuclei than control patients. In patients with Parkinson disease, the correlation of the midbrain tracer uptake was shifted from the putamen to widespread corticolimbic areas. All findings were highly significant at the voxel level familywise error-corrected P value of less than 0.05. CONCLUSION Our findings show that Parkinson disease is associated not only with the degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine neurotransmission, but also with a parallel shift toward mesolimbic and mesocortical function. Furthermore, Parkinson disease patients seem to have upregulation of brain serotonin transporter function at the early phase of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juho Joutsa
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland; and
| | - Jarkko Johansson
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marko Seppänen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tommi Noponen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Valtteri Kaasinen
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Mosharov EV, Borgkvist A, Sulzer D. Presynaptic effects of levodopa and their possible role in dyskinesia. Mov Disord 2014; 30:45-53. [PMID: 25450307 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Levodopa replacement therapy has long provided the most effective treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD). We review how this dopamine (DA) precursor enhances dopaminergic transmission by providing a greater sphere of neurotransmitter influence as a result of the confluence of increased quantal size and decreased DA reuptake, as well as loading DA as a false transmitter into surviving serotonin neuron synaptic vesicles. We further review literature on how presynaptic dysregulation of DA release after l-dopa might trigger dyskinesias in PD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene V Mosharov
- Departments of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|