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Ianniciello A, Rattigan KM, Helgason GV. The Ins and Outs of Autophagy and Metabolism in Hematopoietic and Leukemic Stem Cells: Food for Thought. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:120. [PMID: 30320108 PMCID: PMC6169402 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovered over fifty years ago, autophagy is a double-edged blade. On one hand, it regulates cellular energy sources by "cannibalization" of its own cellular components, feeding on proteins and other unused cytoplasmic factors. On the other, it is a recycling process that removes dangerous waste from the cytoplasm keeping the cell clean and healthy. Failure of the autophagic machinery is translated in dysfunction of the immune response, in aging, and in the progression of pathologies such as Parkinson disease, diabetes, and cancer. Further investigation identified autophagy with a protective role in specific types of cancer, whereas in other cases it can promote tumorigenesis. Evidence shows that treatment with chemotherapeutics can upregulate autophagy in order to maintain a stable intracellular environment promoting drug resistance and cell survival. Leukemia, a blood derived cancer, represents one of the malignancies in which autophagy is responsible for drug treatment failure. Inhibition of autophagy is becoming a strategic target for leukemic stem cell (LSC) eradication. Interestingly, the latest findings demonstrate that LSCs show higher levels of mitochondrial metabolism compared to normal stem cells. With this review, we aim to explore the links between autophagy and metabolism in the hematopoietic system, with special focus on primitive LSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - G. Vignir Helgason
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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52
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Diedrich JD, Herroon MK, Rajagurubandara E, Podgorski I. The Lipid Side of Bone Marrow Adipocytes: How Tumor Cells Adapt and Survive in Bone. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2018; 16:443-457. [PMID: 29869753 PMCID: PMC6853185 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-018-0453-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Bone marrow adipocytes have emerged in recent years as key contributors to metastatic progression in bone. In this review, we focus specifically on their role as the suppliers of lipids and discuss pro-survival pathways that are closely linked to lipid metabolism, affected by the adipocyte-tumor cell interactions, and likely impacting the ability of the tumor cell to thrive in bone marrow space and evade therapy. RECENT FINDINGS The combined in silico, pre-clinical, and clinical evidence shows that in adipocyte-rich tissues such as bone marrow, tumor cells rely on exogenous lipids for regulation of cellular energetics and adaptation to harsh metabolic conditions of the metastatic niche. Adipocyte-supplied lipids have a potential to alter the cell's metabolic decisions by regulating glycolysis and respiration, fatty acid oxidation, lipid desaturation, and PPAR signaling. The downstream effects of lipid signaling on mitochondrial homeostasis ultimately control life vs. death decisions, providing a mechanism for gaining survival advantage and reduced sensitivity to treatment. There is a need for future research directed towards identifying the key metabolic and signaling pathways that regulate tumor dependence on exogenous lipids and consequently drive the pro-survival behavior in the bone marrow niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Diedrich
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield, Rm 6304, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Mackenzie K Herroon
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield, Rm 6304, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Erandi Rajagurubandara
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield, Rm 6304, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Izabela Podgorski
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield, Rm 6304, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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53
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Gdynia G, Robak T, Kopitz J, Heller A, Grekova S, Duglova K, Laukemper G, Heinzel-Gutenbrunner M, Gutenbrunner C, Roth W, Ho AD, Schirmacher P, Schmitt M, Dreger P, Sellner L. Distinct Activities of Glycolytic Enzymes Identify Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Patients with a more Aggressive Course and Resistance to Chemo-Immunotherapy. EBioMedicine 2018; 32:125-133. [PMID: 29884457 PMCID: PMC6021262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A higher capacity to grow under hypoxic conditions can lead to a more aggressive behavior of tumor cells. Determining tumor activity under hypoxia may identify chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with aggressive clinical course and predict response to chemo-immunotherapy (CIT). A metabolic score was generated by determining pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase, key enzymes of glycolysis, ex vivo in primary CLL samples under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. This score was further correlated with clinical endpoints and response to CIT in 96 CLL patients. 45 patients were classified as metabolic high risk (HR), 51 as low risk (LR). Treatment-free survival (TFS) was significantly shorter in HR patients (median 394 vs 723 days, p = .021). 15 HR patients and 14 LR patients received CIT after sample acquisition. HR patients had a significantly shorter progression-free survival after treatment compared to LR patients (median 216 days vs not reached, p = .008). Multivariate analysis evaluating age, IGHV, TP53 deletion or mutation and 11q22–23 deletion besides the capacity of tumor cells to grow under severe hypoxic conditions identified the metabolic profile as the strongest independent risk factor for shorter TFS (hazard ratio 2.37, p = .011). The metabolic risk can provide prognostic and predictive information complementary to genetic biomarkers and identify patients who might benefit from alternative treatment approaches. The activity of distinct glycolytic enzymes can identify CLL patients with resistance to chemo-immunotherapy The activity of distinct glycolytic enzymes can identify CLL patients who may benefit from specific pathway inhibitors We provide a tool for the evaluation of specific glycolytic enzymes in primary CLL cells for clinical diagnostics
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Gdynia
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tadeusz Robak
- Medical University of Lodz, Copernicus Memorial Hospital, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jürgen Kopitz
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anette Heller
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Svetlana Grekova
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katarina Duglova
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gloria Laukemper
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Wilfried Roth
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Anthony D Ho
- Department of Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schirmacher
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Department of Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Dreger
- Department of Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Leopold Sellner
- Department of Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.
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54
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Tong WW, Tong GH, Liu Y. Cancer stem cells and hypoxia-inducible factors (Review). Int J Oncol 2018; 53:469-476. [PMID: 29845228 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), also known as tumor-initiating cells, are a subpopulation of tumor cells that exhibit properties similar to those of normal stem cells. Oxygen is an important regulator of cellular metabolism; hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) mediate metabolic switches in cells in hypoxic environments. Hypoxia clearly has the potential to exert a significant effect on the maintenance and evolution of CSCs. Both HIF‑1α and HIF‑2α may contribute to the regulation of cellular adaptation to hypoxia and resistance to cancer therapies. This review provides an overview of the roles of HIFs in CSCs. HIF‑1α and HIF‑2α have significant prognostic and predictive value in the clinic and the concept of personalized medicine should be applied in designing clinical trials for HIF inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Tong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Hui Tong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
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Simioni C, Martelli AM, Zauli G, Vitale M, McCubrey JA, Capitani S, Neri LM. Targeting the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling pathway in B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia: An update. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6440-6454. [PMID: 29667769 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite considerable progress in treatment protocols, B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) displays a poor prognosis in about 15-20% of pediatric cases and about 60% of adult patients. In addition, life-long irreversible late effects from chemo- and radiation therapy, including secondary malignancies, are a growing problem for leukemia survivors. Targeted therapy holds promising perspectives for cancer treatment as it may be more effective and have fewer side effects than conventional therapies. The phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is a key regulatory cascade which controls proliferation, survival and drug-resistance of cancer cells, and it is frequently upregulated in the different subtypes of B-ALL, where it plays important roles in the pathophysiology, maintenance and progression of the disease. Moreover, activation of this signaling cascade portends a poorer prognosis in both pediatric and adult B-ALL patients. Promising preclinical data on PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors have documented their anticancer activity in B-ALL and some of these novel drugs have entered clinical trials as they could lead to a longer event-free survival and reduce therapy-associated toxicity for patients with B-ALL. This review highlights the current status of PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors in B-ALL, with an emphasis on emerging evidence of the superior efficacy of synergistic combinations involving the use of traditional chemotherapeutics or other novel, targeted agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Simioni
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto M Martelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marco Vitale
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.,CoreLab, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Silvano Capitani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca M Neri
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Drobna M, Szarzyńska-Zawadzka B, Dawidowska M. T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia from miRNA perspective: Basic concepts, experimental approaches, and potential biomarkers. Blood Rev 2018; 32:457-472. [PMID: 29703513 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a rare, aggressive and heterogeneous malignancy originating from T-cell precursors. The mechanisms of T-ALL pathogenesis related to non-protein coding part of the genome are currently intensively studied. miRNAs are short, non-coding molecules acting as negative regulators of gene expression which shape phenotype of cells in a complex and context-specific manner. miRNAs may act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors; several miRNAs have been related to drug resistance and treatment response in various malignancies. Here we present the review of the state-of-the-art knowledge on the role of miRNAs in T-ALL pathogenesis, with detailed overview of the studies reporting on miRNAs with oncogenic and tumor suppressor potential. We discuss whether miRNAs might be considered candidate biomarkers of prognosis in T-ALL and leukemia subtype-specific markers. We also describe experimental approaches and a typical workflow applied in research on the involvement of miRNAs in oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Drobna
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
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Significance of Frequencies, Compositions, and/or Antileukemic Activity of (DC-stimulated) Invariant NKT, NK and CIK Cells on the Outcome of Patients With AML, ALL and CLL. J Immunother 2018; 40:224-248. [PMID: 28557814 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT)/natural killer (NK)/cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are important for immune surveillance. (I) Novel combinations of antibody 6B11 (targeting the Vα24-Jα18-invariant T-cell receptor) with CD4/CD8/CD1d/Vα24 for iNKT subset detection and "T/NK cell-like"-iNKT subsets were defined. Compared with healthy peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNC) (significantly) lower proportions of iNKT cells (6B11/6B11CD3/6B11CD161), NK cells (CD3CD56/CD3CD161), and CIK cells (CD3CD56/CD3CD161) were found in peripheral blood MNC from acute myeloid (AML)/acute myeloid, lymphoid (ALL)/chronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL) patients in acute disease stages. Subtyping of iNKT cells revealed (significantly) higher proportions of CD3 T cells and CD161 NK cells in AML/ALL/CLL expressing 6B11 compared with healthy MNC. Prognostic evaluations showed higher proportions of iNKT/NK/CIK cells in favorable AML subgroups (younger age, primary, no extramedullary disease, achievement/maintenance of complete remission) or adult ALL and CLL patients. (II) iNKT/NK/CIK cell frequencies increased after (vs. before) mixed lymphocyte cultures of T-cell-enriched immune reactive cells stimulated with MNC/whole blood with or without pretreatment with "cocktails" (dendritic cells generating methods/kits inducing blasts' conversion to leukemia-derived dendritic cells from AML patients). Individual "cocktails" leading to "highest" iNKT cell frequencies could be defined. Antileukemic blast lytic activity correlated significantly with frequencies of iNKT/NK/CIK cells. In summary healthy MNC show significantly more iNKT/NK/CIK cells compared with AML/ALL/CLL MNC, a shift in the iNKT cell composition is seen in healthy versus leukemic samples and iNKT/NK/CIK cell-proportions in AML/ALL/CLL MNC samples correlate with prognosis. "Cocktail"-treated AML blasts lead to higher iNKT/NK/CIK cell frequencies and samples with antileukemic activity show significantly higher frequencies of iNKT/NK/CIK cells. Proportions of iNKT/NK/CIK cells should regularly be evaluated in AML/ALL/CLL diagnosis panels for quantitative/prognostic estimation of individual patients' antileukemic potential and their role in dendritic cells/leukemia-derived dendritic cells triggered immune surveillance.
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58
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Baharaghdam S, Yousefi M, Movasaghpour A, Solali S, Talebi M, Ahani-Nahayati M, Lotfimehr H, Shamsasanjan K. Effects of Hypoxia on Biology of Human Leukemia T-cell Line (MOLT-4 cells) Co-cultured with Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 2018; 10:62-68. [PMID: 29849981 PMCID: PMC5960061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most significant problems in the treatment of leukemia is the expansion of resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. Therefore, assessing the drug resistance and especially the drug resistance genes of leukemic cells is important in any treatment. The impact of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) and hypoxic condition have been observed in the biological performance of majority of leukemic cells. METHODS MOLT-4 cells were co-cultured with MSCs in the hypoxic condition induced by Cobalt Chloride (CoCl2) for 6 and 24 hr. Then, apoptosis of cells was analyzed using annexin-V/PI staining and expression of the drug resistance genes including MDR1, MRP, and BCRP along with apoptotic and anti-apoptotic genes, including BAX and BCL2, was evaluated by real-time PCR. RESULTS The hypoxic condition for MOLT-4 cells co-cultured with MSCs could significantly increase the expression of MDR1 and BCRP genes (p<0.05) which are involved in drug resistance. Also, the results indicated that this condition significantly increases the expression of BCL2 (p<0.05) and reduces the apoptosis in MOLT-4 cells co-cultured with MSCs in the hypoxic condition. CONCLUSION These effects can demonstrate the important role of hypoxia and MSCs on the biological behavior of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) cells that may lead to particular treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Baharaghdam
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran, Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,Corresponding authors: Mehdi Yousefi, Ph.D., Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Movasaghpour
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Solali
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Talebi
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Milad Ahani-Nahayati
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Lotfimehr
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Karim Shamsasanjan
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,Karim Shamsasanjan, Ph.D., Department of Immunology-Hematology and Transfer Medicine Division, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Tel: +98 41 33364665 Fax: +98 41 33364665 E-mail:,
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Ma M, Hua S, Li G, Wang S, Cheng X, He S, Wu P, Chen X. Prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 3 and asparaginyl hydroxylase factor inhibiting HIF-1 levels are predictive of tumoral behavior and prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:12983-13002. [PMID: 28099905 PMCID: PMC5355071 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are key regulators in oxygen homeostasis. Their stabilization and activity are regulated by prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD)-1, -2, -3 and factor inhibiting HIF (FIH). This study investigated the relation between these oxygen sensors and the clinical behaviors and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Tissue microarray and RT-PCR analysis of tumor tissues and adjacent non-tumor liver tissues revealed that mRNA and protein levels of both PHD3 and FIH were lower within tumors. The lower expression of PHD3 in tumor was associated with larger tumor size, incomplete tumor encapsulation, vascular invasion and higher Ki-67 LI (p < 0.05). The lower expression of FIH in tumor was associated with incomplete tumor encapsulation, vascular invasion, as well as higher TNM stage, BCLC stage, microvascular density and Ki-67 LI (p < 0.05). Patients with reduced expression of PHD3 or FIH had markedly shorter disease-free survival (DFS), lower overall survival (OS), or higher recurrence (p < 0.05), especially early recurrence. Patients with simultaneously reduced expression of PHD3 and FIH exhibited the least chance of forming tumor encapsulation, highest TNM stage (p < 0.0083), lowest OS and highest recurrence rate (p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis indicated that a lower expression of FIH independently predicted a poor prognosis in HCC. These findings indicate that downregulation of PHD3 and FIH in HCC is associated with more aggressive tumor behavior and a poor prognosis. PHD3 and FIH may be potential therapeutic targets for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Ma
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province for the Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Public Health, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Shuyao Hua
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Surgery, Liyuan Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430077, China
| | - Sumei Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xue Cheng
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Songqing He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China.,Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine in Liver Injury and Repair, Guilin 541001, China
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province for the Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Public Health, Wuhan 430030, China
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Mastrangelo D, Pelosi E, Castelli G, Lo-Coco F, Testa U. Mechanisms of anti-cancer effects of ascorbate: Cytotoxic activity and epigenetic modulation. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2017; 69:57-64. [PMID: 28954710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin C (Vit C or Ascorbate) is essential for many fundamental biochemical processes. Vit C is an essential nutrient with redox functions at normal physiologic concentrations. The main physiologic function of this vitamin is related to its capacity to act as a co-factor for a large family of enzymes, collectively known as Fe and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases. It also modulates epigenetic gene expression through the control of TET enzymes activity. Vit C also has several biological properties allowing to restore the deregulated epigenetic response observed in many tumors. High-dose Vit C has been investigated as a treatment for cancer patients since the 1969. Pharmacologic ascorbate acts as a pro-drug for hydrogen peroxide formation (H2O2) and, through this mechanism, kills cancer cells. To achieve high in vivo concentrations, Ascorbate must be injected by i.v. route. Initial clinical studies of Ascorbate cancer treatment have provided encouraging results, not confirmed in subsequent studies. Recent clinical studies using i.v. injection of high-dose Ascorbate have renewed the interest in the field, showing that significant anti-tumor activity. Pre-clinical studies have led to identify tumors sensitive to Ascorbate that could potentially benefit from this treatment either through an epigenetic modulator effect or through tumor killing by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Mastrangelo
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Polo Scientifico San Miniato, Siena, Italy
| | - Elvira Pelosi
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Germana Castelli
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Lo-Coco
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Santa Lucia Foundation, I.R.C.C.S., Via del Fosso di Fiorano, Rome, Italy
| | - Ugo Testa
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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Hsu YC, Chiu YC, Lin CC, Kuo YY, Hou HA, Tzeng YS, Kao CJ, Chuang PH, Tseng MH, Hsiao TH, Chou WC, Tien HF. The distinct biological implications of Asxl1 mutation and its roles in leukemogenesis revealed by a knock-in mouse model. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:139. [PMID: 28697759 PMCID: PMC5504705 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0508-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Additional sex combs-like 1 (ASXL1) is frequently mutated in myeloid malignancies. Recent studies showed that hematopoietic-specific deletion of Asxl1 or overexpression of mutant ASXL1 resulted in myelodysplasia-like disease in mice. However, actual effects of a “physiological” dose of mutant ASXL1 remain unexplored. Methods We established a knock-in mouse model bearing the most frequent Asxl1 mutation and studied its pathophysiological effects on mouse hematopoietic system. Results Heterozygotes (Asxl1tm/+) marrow cells had higher in vitro proliferation capacities as shown by more colonies in cobblestone-area forming assays and by serial re-plating assays. On the other hand, donor hematopoietic cells from Asxl1tm/+ mice declined faster in recipients during transplantation assays, suggesting compromised long-term in vivo repopulation abilities. There were no obvious blood diseases in mutant mice throughout their life-span, indicating Asxl1 mutation alone was not sufficient for leukemogenesis. However, this mutation facilitated engraftment of bone marrow cell overexpressing MN1. Analyses of global gene expression profiles of ASXL1-mutated versus wild-type human leukemia cells as well as heterozygote versus wild-type mouse marrow precursor cells, with or without MN1 overexpression, highlighted the association of in vivo Asxl1 mutation to the expression of hypoxia, multipotent progenitors, hematopoietic stem cells, KRAS, and MEK gene sets. ChIP-Seq analysis revealed global patterns of Asxl1 mutation-modulated H3K27 tri-methylation in hematopoietic precursors. Conclusions We proposed the first Asxl1 mutation knock-in mouse model and showed mutated Asxl1 lowered the threshold of MN1-driven engraftment and exhibited distinct biological functions on physiological and malignant hematopoiesis, although it was insufficient to lead to blood malignancies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13045-017-0508-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Chwen Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chiao Chiu
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chin Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Chung-Shan S Rd, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Yeh Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-An Hou
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Chung-Shan S Rd, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shiuan Tzeng
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chein-Jun Kao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Chung-Shan S Rd, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan
| | - Po-Han Chuang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Chung-Shan S Rd, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hsuan Tseng
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Chung-Shan S Rd, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hung Hsiao
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chien Chou
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Chung-Shan S Rd, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan. .,Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Chung-Shan S Rd, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan.
| | - Hwei-Fang Tien
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Chung-Shan S Rd, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan.
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Abstract
The rising incidence of metabolic diseases worldwide has prompted renewed interest in the study of intermediary metabolism and cellular bioenergetics. The application of modern biochemical methods for quantitating fuel substrate metabolism with advanced mouse genetic approaches has greatly increased understanding of the mechanisms that integrate energy metabolism in the whole organism. Examination of the intermediary metabolism of skeletal cells has been sparked by a series of unanticipated observations in genetically modified mice that suggest the existence of novel endocrine pathways through which bone cells communicate their energy status to other centers of metabolic control. The recognition of this expanded role of the skeleton has in turn led to new lines of inquiry directed at defining the fuel requirements and bioenergetic properties of bone cells. This article provides a comprehensive review of historical and contemporary studies on the metabolic properties of bone cells and the mechanisms that control energy substrate utilization and bioenergetics. Special attention is devoted to identifying gaps in our current understanding of this new area of skeletal biology that will require additional research to better define the physiological significance of skeletal cell bioenergetics in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Riddle
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and The Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Thomas L Clemens
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and The Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
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