51
|
Andersen HB, Ialchina R, Pedersen SF, Czaplinska D. Metabolic reprogramming by driver mutation-tumor microenvironment interplay in pancreatic cancer: new therapeutic targets. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:1093-1114. [PMID: 34855109 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-021-10004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest cancers globally with a mortality rate exceeding 95% and very limited therapeutic options. A hallmark of PDAC is its acidic tumor microenvironment, further characterized by excessive fibrosis and depletion of oxygen and nutrients due to poor vascularity. The combination of PDAC driver mutations and adaptation to this hostile environment drives extensive metabolic reprogramming of the cancer cells toward non-canonical metabolic pathways and increases reliance on scavenging mechanisms such as autophagy and macropinocytosis. In addition, the cancer cells benefit from metabolic crosstalk with nonmalignant cells within the tumor microenvironment, including pancreatic stellate cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial and immune cells. Increasing evidence shows that this metabolic rewiring is closely related to chemo- and radioresistance and immunosuppression, causing extensive treatment failure. Indeed, stratification of human PDAC tumors into subtypes based on their metabolic profiles was shown to predict disease outcome. Accordingly, an increasing number of clinical trials target pro-tumorigenic metabolic pathways, either as stand-alone treatment or in conjunction with chemotherapy. In this review, we highlight key findings and potential future directions of pancreatic cancer metabolism research, specifically focusing on novel therapeutic opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Berg Andersen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Renata Ialchina
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stine Falsig Pedersen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Dominika Czaplinska
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Luttman JH, Hoj JP, Lin KH, Lin J, Gu JJ, Rouse C, Nichols AG, MacIver NJ, Wood KC, Pendergast AM. ABL allosteric inhibitors synergize with statins to enhance apoptosis of metastatic lung cancer cells. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109880. [PMID: 34706244 PMCID: PMC8579324 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting mitochondrial metabolism has emerged as a treatment option for cancer patients. The ABL tyrosine kinases promote metastasis, and enhanced ABL signaling is associated with a poor prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma patients. Here we show that ABL kinase allosteric inhibitors impair mitochondrial integrity and decrease oxidative phosphorylation. To identify metabolic vulnerabilities that enhance this phenotype, we utilized a CRISPR/Cas9 loss-of-function screen and identified HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme of the mevalonate pathway and target of statin therapies, as a top-scoring sensitizer to ABL inhibition. Combination treatment with ABL allosteric inhibitors and statins decreases metastatic lung cancer cell survival in vitro in a synergistic manner. Notably, combination therapy in mouse models of lung cancer brain metastasis and therapy resistance impairs metastatic colonization with a concomitant increase in animal survival. Thus, metabolic combination therapy might be effective to decrease metastatic outgrowth, leading to increased survival for lung cancer patients with advanced disease. Metabolic reprogramming in tumors is an adaptation that generates vulnerabilities that can be exploited for developing new therapies. Here Luttman et al. identify synergism between ABL allosteric inhibitors and lipophilic statins to impair metastatic lung cancer cell outgrowth and colonization, leading to increased survival in mouse models of advanced disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Hattaway Luttman
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jacob P Hoj
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kevin H Lin
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jiaxing Lin
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jing Jin Gu
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Clay Rouse
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Amanda G Nichols
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nancie J MacIver
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kris C Wood
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ann Marie Pendergast
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Cargill KR, Hasken WL, Gay CM, Byers LA. Alternative Energy: Breaking Down the Diverse Metabolic Features of Lung Cancers. Front Oncol 2021; 11:757323. [PMID: 34745994 PMCID: PMC8566922 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.757323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer initiation, progression, and relapse. From the initial observation that cancer cells preferentially ferment glucose to lactate, termed the Warburg effect, to emerging evidence indicating that metabolic heterogeneity and mitochondrial metabolism are also important for tumor growth, the complex mechanisms driving cancer metabolism remain vastly unknown. These unique shifts in metabolism must be further investigated in order to identify unique therapeutic targets for individuals afflicted by this aggressive disease. Although novel therapies have been developed to target metabolic vulnerabilities in a variety of cancer models, only limited efficacy has been achieved. In particular, lung cancer metabolism has remained relatively understudied and underutilized for the advancement of therapeutic strategies, however recent evidence suggests that lung cancers have unique metabolic preferences of their own. This review aims to provide an overview of essential metabolic mechanisms and potential therapeutic agents in order to increase evidence of targeted metabolic inhibition for the treatment of lung cancer, where novel therapeutics are desperately needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lauren A. Byers
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
La Montagna M, Shi L, Magee P, Sahoo S, Fassan M, Garofalo M. AMPKα loss promotes KRAS-mediated lung tumorigenesis. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:2673-2689. [PMID: 34040167 PMCID: PMC8408205 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00777-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a critical sensor of energy status that coordinates cell growth with energy balance. In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) the role of AMPKα is controversial and its contribution to lung carcinogenesis is not well-defined. Furthermore, it remains largely unknown whether long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in the regulation of AMPK-mediated pathways. Here, we found that loss of AMPKα in combination with activation of mutant KRASG12D increased lung tumour burden and reduced survival in KrasLSLG12D/+/AMPKαfl/fl mice. In agreement, functional in vitro studies revealed that AMPKα silencing increased growth and migration of NSCLC cells. In addition, we identified an AMPKα-modulated lncRNA, KIMAT1 (ENSG00000228709), which in turn regulates AMPKα activation by stabilizing the lactate dehydrogenase B (LDHB). Collectively, our study indicates that AMPKα loss promotes KRAS-mediated lung tumorigenesis and proposes a novel KRAS/KIMAT1/LDHB/AMPKα axis that could be exploited for therapeutic purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela La Montagna
- grid.5379.80000000121662407Transcriptional Networks in Lung Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, at Manchester and University College London, London, UK
| | - Lei Shi
- grid.5379.80000000121662407Transcriptional Networks in Lung Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, at Manchester and University College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Magee
- grid.5379.80000000121662407Transcriptional Networks in Lung Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, at Manchester and University College London, London, UK
| | - Sudhakar Sahoo
- grid.5379.80000000121662407Computational Biology Support, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Matteo Fassan
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of Medicine, Surgical Pathology & Cytopathology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Michela Garofalo
- grid.5379.80000000121662407Transcriptional Networks in Lung Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, at Manchester and University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Bannoura SF, Uddin MH, Nagasaka M, Fazili F, Al-Hallak MN, Philip PA, El-Rayes B, Azmi AS. Targeting KRAS in pancreatic cancer: new drugs on the horizon. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:819-835. [PMID: 34499267 PMCID: PMC8556325 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-021-09990-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Kirsten Rat Sarcoma (KRAS) is a master oncogene involved in cellular proliferation and survival and is the most commonly mutated oncogene in all cancers. Activating KRAS mutations are present in over 90% of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cases and are implicated in tumor initiation and progression. Although KRAS is a critical oncogene, and therefore an important therapeutic target, its therapeutic inhibition has been very challenging, and only recently specific mutant KRAS inhibitors have been discovered. In this review, we discuss the activation of KRAS signaling and the role of mutant KRAS in PDAC development. KRAS has long been considered undruggable, and many drug discovery efforts which focused on indirect targeting have been unsuccessful. We discuss the various efforts for therapeutic targeting of KRAS. Further, we explore the reasons behind these obstacles, novel successful approaches to target mutant KRAS including G12C mutation as well as the mechanisms of resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahar F Bannoura
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Md Hafiz Uddin
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Misako Nagasaka
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCI Health, Orange, CA, 92868, USA
| | - Farzeen Fazili
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Mohammed Najeeb Al-Hallak
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Philip A Philip
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Bassel El-Rayes
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Asfar S Azmi
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
The Amino Acid-mTORC1 Pathway Mediates APEC TW-XM-Induced Inflammation in bEnd.3 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179245. [PMID: 34502151 PMCID: PMC8431488 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is key to establishing and maintaining homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS); meningitis bacterial infection can disrupt the integrity of BBB by inducing an inflammatory response. The changes in the cerebral uptake of amino acids may contribute to inflammatory response during infection and were accompanied by high expression of amino acid transporters leading to increased amino acid uptake. However, it is unclear whether amino acid uptake is changed and how to affect inflammatory responses in mouse brain microvascular endothelial (bEnd.3) cells in response to Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli TW-XM (APEC XM) infection. Here, we firstly found that APEC XM infection could induce serine (Ser) and glutamate (Glu) transport from extracellular into intracellular in bEnd.3 cells. Meanwhile, we also shown that the expression sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter 2 (SNAT2) for Ser and excitatory amino acid transporter 4 (EAAT4) for Glu was also significantly elevated during infection. Then, in amino acid deficiency or supplementation medium, we found that Ser or Glu transport were involving in increasing SNAT2 or EAAT4 expression, mTORC1 (mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1) activation and inflammation, respectively. Of note, Ser or Glu transport were inhibited after SNAT2 silencing or EAAT4 silencing, resulting in inhibition of mTORC1 pathway activation, and inflammation compared with the APEC XM infection group. Moreover, pEGFP-SNAT2 overexpression and pEGFP-EAAT4 overexpression in bEnd.3 cells all could promote amino acid uptake, activation of the mTORC1 pathway and inflammation during infection. We further found mTORC1 silencing could inhibit inflammation, the expression of SNAT2 and EAAT4, and amino acid uptake. Taken together, our results demonstrated that APEC TW-XM infection can induce Ser or Glu uptake depending on amino acid transporters transportation, and then activate amino acid-mTORC1 pathway to induce inflammation in bEnd.3 cells.
Collapse
|
57
|
Lindsay CR, Garassino MC, Nadal E, Öhrling K, Scheffler M, Mazières J. On target: Rational approaches to KRAS inhibition for treatment of non-small cell lung carcinoma. Lung Cancer 2021; 160:152-165. [PMID: 34417059 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is a leading cause of cancer death. Approximately one-third of patients with NSCLC have a KRAS mutation. KRASG12C, the most common mutation, is found in ~13% of patients. While KRAS was long considered 'undruggable', several novel direct KRASG12C inhibitors have shown encouraging signs of efficacy in phase I/II trials and one of these (sotorasib) has recently been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. This review examines the role of KRAS mutations in NSCLC and the challenges in targeting KRAS. Based on specific KRAS biology, it reports exciting progress, exploring the use of novel direct KRAS inhibitors as monotherapy or in combination with other targeted therapies, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin R Lindsay
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, Manchester and London, UK.
| | | | - Ernest Nadal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Duran i Reynals Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Matthias Scheffler
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology, and Lung Cancer Group, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Julien Mazières
- Service de Pneumologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Hamilton G, Plangger A. Cytotoxic activity of KRAS inhibitors in combination with chemotherapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:1065-1074. [PMID: 34347509 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1965123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION KRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogenic driver in pancreatic, lung, and colon cancer. Recently, KRAS inhibitors in clinical use show promising activity but most responses are partial and drug resistance develops. The use of therapeutics in combination with KRAS inhibitors are expected to improve outcomes. AREAS COVERED This review describes the KRAS G12C mutation-specific inhibitors and the SOS1-targeting inhibitors that reduce the GTP-loading of wildtype and mutated KRAS. Both types of compounds reduce tumor cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. The combinations of the various KRAS inhibitors with downstream signaling effectors, modulators of KRAS-associated metabolic alterations and chemotherapeutics are summarized. EXPERT OPINION The clinical potency of mutated KRAS-specific inhibitors needs to be improved by suitable drug combinations. Inhibition of downstream signaling cascades increases toxicity and other combinations exploited comprise G12C-directed inhibitors with SOS1 inhibitors, glucose/glutamine metabolic modulators, classical chemotherapeutics, and others. The most suitable inhibitor combinations corroborated in preclinical development await clinical verification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Hamilton
- Department Of Vascular Surgery, Medical University Of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adelina Plangger
- Department Of Vascular Surgery, Medical University Of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Kerk SA, Papagiannakopoulos T, Shah YM, Lyssiotis CA. Metabolic networks in mutant KRAS-driven tumours: tissue specificities and the microenvironment. Nat Rev Cancer 2021; 21:510-525. [PMID: 34244683 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-021-00375-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic mutations in KRAS drive common metabolic programmes that facilitate tumour survival, growth and immune evasion in colorectal carcinoma, non-small-cell lung cancer and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. However, the impacts of mutant KRAS signalling on malignant cell programmes and tumour properties are also dictated by tumour suppressor losses and physiological features specific to the cell and tissue of origin. Here we review convergent and disparate metabolic networks regulated by oncogenic mutant KRAS in colon, lung and pancreas tumours, with an emphasis on co-occurring mutations and the role of the tumour microenvironment. Furthermore, we explore how these networks can be exploited for therapeutic gain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Kerk
- Doctoral Program in Cancer Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thales Papagiannakopoulos
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yatrik M Shah
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Costas A Lyssiotis
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Huang P, Zhu S, Liang X, Zhang Q, Luo X, Liu C, Song L. Regulatory Mechanisms of LncRNAs in Cancer Glycolysis: Facts and Perspectives. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:5317-5336. [PMID: 34262341 PMCID: PMC8275123 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s314502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells exhibit distinct metabolic characteristics that employ glycolysis to provide energy and intermediary metabolites. This aberrant metabolic phenotype favors cancer progression. LncRNAs are transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides that do not encode proteins. LncRNAs contribute to cancer progression and therapeutic resistance and affect aerobic glycolysis via multiple mechanisms, including modulating glycolytic transporters and enzymes. Further, dysregulated signaling pathways are vital for glycolysis. In this review, we highlight regulatory mechanisms for lncRNAs in aerobic glycolysis that provide novel insights into cancer development. Moreover, a comprehensive understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of lncRNAs in aerobic glycolysis can provide new strategies for clinical cancer management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Huang
- Reproductive & Women-Children Hospital, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaomi Zhu
- Reproductive & Women-Children Hospital, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Liang
- Reproductive & Women-Children Hospital, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinxiu Zhang
- Reproductive & Women-Children Hospital, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Luo
- Reproductive & Women-Children Hospital, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Liu
- Reproductive & Women-Children Hospital, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Linjiang Song
- Reproductive & Women-Children Hospital, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Clinicopathological Significance of Syndecan-1 in Cholangiocarcinoma: A Study Based on Immunohistochemistry and Public Sequencing Data. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10132745. [PMID: 34206469 PMCID: PMC8269152 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10132745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Syndecan-1 (CD138; SDC1) is a heparan sulfate proteoglycan that has been attributed a key role in cancer progression in ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. We therefore aimed to investigate the role of syndecan-1 in cholangiocarcinoma. Methods: We analyzed syndecan-1 expression in a large, clinicopathologically well-characterized collective of 154 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, 221 extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas, and 95 gallbladder carcinomas as well as respective normal tissues and precursor lesions by immunohistochemistry with digital image analysis and correlated with recurrence-free survival and prognostic markers. Furthermore, we conducted an analysis of cancer genes in the cholangiocarcinoma cohort of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Results: During cholangiocarcinogenesis, syndecan-1-expression decreased when compared to normal bile ducts and biliary intraepithelial neoplasia; however, syndecan-1 levels were found to be elevated in lymph node metastases. In the TCGA cohort, high mRNA SDC1 levels were associated with poor prognosis in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. However, in our large cohort, the immunohistochemical syndecan-1 expression did not significantly correlate with recurrence-free survival. Conclusions: Syndecan-1 was found to be downregulated during cholangiocarcinogenesis, yet we could not show significant effects on prognosis on protein level. Further analyses are needed to further depict its specific role.
Collapse
|
62
|
Montemagno C, Cassim S, De Leiris N, Durivault J, Faraggi M, Pagès G. Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: The Dawn of the Era of Nuclear Medicine? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6413. [PMID: 34203923 PMCID: PMC8232627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), accounting for 90-95% of all pancreatic tumors, is a highly devastating disease associated with poor prognosis. The lack of accurate diagnostic tests and failure of conventional therapies contribute to this pejorative issue. Over the last decade, the advent of theranostics in nuclear medicine has opened great opportunities for the diagnosis and treatment of several solid tumors. Several radiotracers dedicated to PDAC imaging or internal vectorized radiotherapy have been developed and some of them are currently under clinical consideration. The functional information provided by Positron Emission Tomography (PET) or Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) could indeed provide an additive diagnostic value and thus help in the selection of patients for targeted therapies. Moreover, the therapeutic potential of β-- and α-emitter-radiolabeled agents could also overcome the resistance to conventional therapies. This review summarizes the current knowledge concerning the recent developments in the nuclear medicine field for the management of PDAC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Montemagno
- Département de Biologie Médicale, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 98000 Monaco, Monaco; (S.C.); (J.D.); (G.P.)
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, CNRS UMR 7284 and IN-SERM U1081, Université Cote d’Azur, 06200 Nice, France
- LIA ROPSE, Laboratoire International Associé Université Côte d’Azur—Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 98000 Monaco, Monaco
| | - Shamir Cassim
- Département de Biologie Médicale, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 98000 Monaco, Monaco; (S.C.); (J.D.); (G.P.)
- LIA ROPSE, Laboratoire International Associé Université Côte d’Azur—Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 98000 Monaco, Monaco
| | - Nicolas De Leiris
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, 38000 Grenoble, France;
- Laboratoire Radiopharmaceutiques Biocliniques, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CHU Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jérôme Durivault
- Département de Biologie Médicale, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 98000 Monaco, Monaco; (S.C.); (J.D.); (G.P.)
- LIA ROPSE, Laboratoire International Associé Université Côte d’Azur—Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 98000 Monaco, Monaco
| | - Marc Faraggi
- Centre Hospitalier Princesse Grace, Nuclear Medicine Department, 98000 Monaco, Monaco;
| | - Gilles Pagès
- Département de Biologie Médicale, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 98000 Monaco, Monaco; (S.C.); (J.D.); (G.P.)
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, CNRS UMR 7284 and IN-SERM U1081, Université Cote d’Azur, 06200 Nice, France
- LIA ROPSE, Laboratoire International Associé Université Côte d’Azur—Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 98000 Monaco, Monaco
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Hussein NA, Malla S, Pasternak MA, Terrero D, Brown NG, Ashby CR, Assaraf YG, Chen ZS, Tiwari AK. The role of endolysosomal trafficking in anticancer drug resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2021; 57:100769. [PMID: 34217999 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2021.100769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) remains a major obstacle towards curative treatment of cancer. Despite considerable progress in delineating the basis of intrinsic and acquired MDR, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Emerging evidences suggest that dysregulation in endolysosomal compartments is involved in mediating MDR through multiple mechanisms, such as alterations in endosomes, lysosomes and autophagosomes, that traffic and biodegrade the molecular cargo through macropinocytosis, autophagy and endocytosis. For example, altered lysosomal pH, in combination with transcription factor EB (TFEB)-mediated lysosomal biogenesis, increases the sequestration of hydrophobic anti-cancer drugs that are weak bases, thereby producing an insufficient and off-target accumulation of anti-cancer drugs in MDR cancer cells. Thus, the use of well-tolerated, alkalinizing compounds that selectively block Vacuolar H⁺-ATPase (V-ATPase) may be an important strategy to overcome MDR in cancer cells and increase chemotherapeutic efficacy. Other mechanisms of endolysosomal-mediated drug resistance include increases in the expression of lysosomal proteases and cathepsins that are involved in mediating carcinogenesis and chemoresistance. Therefore, blocking the trafficking and maturation of lysosomal proteases or direct inhibition of cathepsin activity in the cytosol may represent novel therapeutic modalities to overcome MDR. Furthermore, endolysosomal compartments involved in catabolic pathways, such as macropinocytosis and autophagy, are also shown to be involved in the development of MDR. Here, we review the role of endolysosomal trafficking in MDR development and discuss how targeting endolysosomal pathways could emerge as a new therapeutic strategy to overcome chemoresistance in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noor A Hussein
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, 43614, OH, USA
| | - Saloni Malla
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, 43614, OH, USA
| | - Mariah A Pasternak
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, 43614, OH, USA
| | - David Terrero
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, 43614, OH, USA
| | - Noah G Brown
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, 43614, OH, USA
| | - Charles R Ashby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA.
| | - Amit K Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, 43614, OH, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, 43614, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Liu W, Zhang X, Xu H, Li S, Lau HCH, Chen Q, Zhang B, Zhao L, Chen H, Sung JJY, Yu J. Microbial Community Heterogeneity Within Colorectal Neoplasia and its Correlation With Colorectal Carcinogenesis. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:2395-2408. [PMID: 33581124 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Gut microbial dysbiosis has pivotal involvement in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the intratumoral microbiota and its association with CRC progression remain elusive. We aimed to determine the microbial community architecture within a neoplasia (CRC or adenoma) and its contribution to colorectal carcinogenesis. METHODS We collected 436 tissue biopsies from patients with CRC (n = 36) or adenoma (n = 32) (2-6 biopsies from a neoplasia plus 2-5 biopsies from adjacent normal tissues per individual). Microbial profiling was performed using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing with subsequent investigation of microbiota diversities and heterogeneity. The correlation between microbial dysbiosis and host genetic alterations (KRAS mutation and microsatellite instability) in all neoplasia biopsies was also analyzed. RESULTS We discovered that intra-neoplasia microbial communities are heterogeneous. Abundances of some CRC-associated pathobionts (eg, Fusobacterium, Bacteroides, Parvimonas, and Prevotella) were found to be highly varied within a single neoplasia. Correlation of such heterogeneity with CRC development revealed alterations in microbial communities involving microbes with high intra-neoplasia variation in abundance. Moreover, we found that the intra-neoplasia variation in abundance of individual microbes changed along the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. We further determined that there was a significant difference in intra-neoplasia microbiota between biopsies with and without KRAS mutation (P < .001) or microsatellite instability (P < .001), and illustrated the association of intratumoral microbial heterogeneity with genetic alteration. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that intra-neoplasia microbiota is heterogeneous and correlated with colorectal carcinogenesis. Our findings provide new insights on the contribution of gut microbiota heterogeneity to CRC progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weixin Liu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Hongzhi Xu
- Institute for Microbial Ecology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shengmian Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Harry Cheuk-Hay Lau
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Qiongyun Chen
- Institute for Microbial Ecology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Liuyang Zhao
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Huarong Chen
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Joseph Jao-Yiu Sung
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Zhang X, Chen Q, Liu Q, Wang Y, Wang F, Zhao Z, Zhao G, Lau WY, Gao Y, Liu R. Development and validation of glycolysis-related prognostic score for prediction of prognosis and chemosensitivity of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:5615-5627. [PMID: 33942483 PMCID: PMC8184720 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal malignancy with aggressive biological behaviour. Its rapid proliferation and tumour growth require reprogramming of glucose metabolism or the Warburg effect. However, the association between glycolysis-related genes with clinical features and prognosis of PDAC is still unknown. Here, we used the meta-analysis to correlate the hazard ratios (HR) of 106 glycolysis genes from MSigDB by the cox proportional hazards regression analysis in 6 clinical data sets of PDAC patients to form a training cohort, and a single group of PDAC patients from the TCGA, ICGC, Arrayexpress and GEO databases to form the validation cohort. Then, a glycolysis-related prognosis (GRP) score based on 29 glycolysis prognostic genes was established in 757 PDAC patients from the training composite cohort and validated in 267 ICGC-CA validation cohort (all P < .05). In addition, including PADC, the prognostic value was also confirmed in other 7 out of 30 pan-cancer cohorts. The GRP score was significantly related to specific metabolism pathways, immune genes and immune cells in the patients with PADC (all P < .05). Finally, by combining with immune cells, the GRP score also well-predicted the chemosensitivity of patients with PADC in the TCGA cohort (AUC = 0.709). In conclusion, this study developed a GRP score for patients with PDAC in predicting prognosis and chemosensitivity for PDAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu‐Ping Zhang
- Faculty of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryChinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Qinjunjie Chen
- Department of Hepatic Surgery IVThe Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalSecond Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qu Liu
- Faculty of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryChinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Yang Wang
- Faculty of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryChinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Fei Wang
- Faculty of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryChinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Zhi‐Ming Zhao
- Faculty of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryChinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Guo‐Dong Zhao
- Faculty of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryChinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Wan Yee Lau
- Faculty of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryChinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General HospitalBeijingChina
- Faculty of MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Yu‐Zhen Gao
- Department of Clinical LaboratorySir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Rong Liu
- Faculty of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryChinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General HospitalBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Kandasamy P, Zlobec I, Nydegger DT, Pujol-Giménez J, Bhardwaj R, Shirasawa S, Tsunoda T, Hediger MA. Oncogenic KRAS mutations enhance amino acid uptake by colorectal cancer cells via the hippo signaling effector YAP1. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:2782-2800. [PMID: 34003553 PMCID: PMC8486573 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic KRAS mutations develop unique metabolic dependencies on nutrients to support tumor metabolism and cell proliferation. In particular, KRAS mutant cancer cells exploit amino acids (AAs) such as glutamine and leucine, to accelerate energy metabolism, redox balance through glutathione synthesis and macromolecule biosynthesis. However, the identities of the amino acid transporters (AATs) that are prominently upregulated in KRAS mutant cancer cells, and the mechanism regulating their expression have not yet been systematically investigated. Here, we report that the majority of the KRAS mutant colorectal cancer (CRC) cells upregulate selected AATs (SLC7A5/LAT1, SLC38A2/SNAT2, and SLC1A5/ASCT2), which correlates with enhanced uptake of AAs such as glutamine and leucine. Consistently, knockdown of oncogenic KRAS downregulated the expression of AATs, thereby decreasing the levels of amino acids taken up by CRC cells. Moreover, overexpression of mutant KRAS upregulated the expression of AATs (SLC7A5/LAT1, SLC38A2/SNAT2, and SLC1A5/ASCT2) in KRAS wild-type CRC cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts. In addition, we show that the YAP1 (Yes-associated protein 1) transcriptional coactivator accounts for increased expression of AATs and mTOR activation in KRAS mutant CRC cells. Specific knockdown of AATs by shRNAs or pharmacological blockage of AATs effectively inhibited AA uptake, mTOR activation, and cell proliferation. Collectively, we conclude that oncogenic KRAS mutations enhance the expression of AATs via the hippo effector YAP1, leading to mTOR activation and CRC cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Palanivel Kandasamy
- Membrane Transport Discovery Lab, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, University of Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Inti Zlobec
- Translational Research Unit (TRU), Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Damian T Nydegger
- Membrane Transport Discovery Lab, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, University of Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jonai Pujol-Giménez
- Membrane Transport Discovery Lab, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, University of Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rajesh Bhardwaj
- Membrane Transport Discovery Lab, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, University of Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Senji Shirasawa
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Tsunoda
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Japan
| | - Matthias A Hediger
- Membrane Transport Discovery Lab, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, University of Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Muyinda IJ, Park JG, Jang EJ, Yoo BC. KRAS, A Prime Mediator in Pancreatic Lipid Synthesis through Extra Mitochondrial Glutamine and Citrate Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5070. [PMID: 34064761 PMCID: PMC8150642 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS)-driven pancreatic cancer is very lethal, with a five-year survival rate of <9%, irrespective of therapeutic advances. Different treatment modalities including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy demonstrated only marginal efficacies because of pancreatic tumor specificities. Surgery at the early stage of the disease remains the only curative option, although only in 20% of patients with early stage disease. Clinical trials targeting the main oncogenic driver, KRAS, have largely been unsuccessful. Recently, global metabolic reprogramming has been identified in patients with pancreatic cancer and oncogenic KRAS mouse models. The newly reprogrammed metabolic pathways and oncometabolites affect the tumorigenic environment. The development of methods modulating metabolic reprogramming in pancreatic cancer cells might constitute a new approach to its therapy. In this review, we describe the major metabolic pathways providing acetyl-CoA and NADPH essential to sustain lipid synthesis and cell proliferation in pancreatic cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac James Muyinda
- Department of Translational Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si 10408, Korea; (I.J.M.); (E.-J.J.)
- Uganda Cancer Institute, Mulago-Kampala 3935, Uganda
| | - Jae-Gwang Park
- Department of Translational Science, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si 10408, Korea;
| | - Eun-Jung Jang
- Department of Translational Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si 10408, Korea; (I.J.M.); (E.-J.J.)
| | - Byong-Chul Yoo
- Department of Translational Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si 10408, Korea; (I.J.M.); (E.-J.J.)
- Department of Translational Science, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si 10408, Korea;
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Wang C, Luo D. The metabolic adaptation mechanism of metastatic organotropism. Exp Hematol Oncol 2021; 10:30. [PMID: 33926551 PMCID: PMC8082854 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-021-00223-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a complex multistep cascade of cancer cell extravasation and invasion, in which metabolism plays an important role. Recently, a metabolic adaptation mechanism of cancer metastasis has been proposed as an emerging model of the interaction between cancer cells and the host microenvironment, revealing a deep and extensive relationship between cancer metabolism and cancer metastasis. However, research on how the host microenvironment affects cancer metabolism is mostly limited to the impact of the local tumour microenvironment at the primary site. There are few studies on how differences between the primary and secondary microenvironments promote metabolic changes during cancer progression or how secondary microenvironments affect cancer cell metastasis preference. Hence, we discuss how cancer cells adapt to and colonize in the metabolic microenvironments of different metastatic sites to establish a metastatic organotropism phenotype. The mechanism is expected to accelerate the research of cancer metabolism in the secondary microenvironment, and provides theoretical support for the generation of innovative therapeutic targets for clinical metastatic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Daya Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Interplay between Metabolism Reprogramming and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Cancer Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081973. [PMID: 33923958 PMCID: PMC8072988 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Tumor cells display important plasticity potential. Notably, tumor cells have the ability to change toward immature cells called cancer stem cells under the influence of the tumor environment. Importantly, cancer stem cells are a small subset of relatively quiescent cells that, unlike rapidly dividing differentiated tumor cells, escape standard chemotherapies, causing relapse or recurrence of cancer. Interestingly, these cells adopt a specific metabolism. Most often, they mainly rely on glucose uptake and metabolism to sustain their energy needs. This metabolic reprogramming is set off by environmental factors such as pro-inflammatory signals or catecholamine hormones (epinephrine, norepinephrine). A better understanding of this process could provide opportunities to kill cancer stem cells. Indeed, it would become possible to develop drugs that act specifically on metabolic pathways used by these cells. These new drugs could be used to strengthen the effects of current chemotherapies and overcome cancers with poor prognoses. Abstract Tumor cells display important plasticity potential, which contributes to intratumoral heterogeneity. Notably, tumor cells have the ability to retrodifferentiate toward immature states under the influence of their microenvironment. Importantly, this phenotypical conversion is paralleled by a metabolic rewiring, and according to the metabostemness theory, metabolic reprogramming represents the first step of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and acquisition of stemness features. Most cancer stem cells (CSC) adopt a glycolytic phenotype even though cells retain functional mitochondria. Such adaptation is suggested to reduce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), protecting CSC from detrimental effects of ROS. CSC may also rely on glutaminolysis or fatty acid metabolism to sustain their energy needs. Besides pro-inflammatory cytokines that are well-known to initiate the retrodifferentiation process, the release of catecholamines in the microenvironment of the tumor can modulate both EMT and metabolic changes in cancer cells through the activation of EMT transcription factors (ZEB1, Snail, or Slug (SNAI2)). Importantly, the acquisition of stem cell properties favors the resistance to standard care chemotherapies. Hence, a better understanding of this process could pave the way for the development of therapies targeting CSC metabolism, providing new strategies to eradicate the whole tumor mass in cancers with unmet needs.
Collapse
|
70
|
Quantitative Proteomic Approach Reveals Altered Metabolic Pathways in Response to the Inhibition of Lysine Deacetylases in A549 Cells under Normoxia and Hypoxia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073378. [PMID: 33806075 PMCID: PMC8036653 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence is showing that acetylation plays an essential role in cancer, but studies on the impact of KDAC inhibition (KDACi) on the metabolic profile are still in their infancy. Here, we analyzed, by using an iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics approach, the changes in the proteome of KRAS-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) A549 cells in response to trichostatin-A (TSA) and nicotinamide (NAM) under normoxia and hypoxia. Part of this response was further validated by molecular and biochemical analyses and correlated with the proliferation rates, apoptotic cell death, and activation of ROS scavenging mechanisms in opposition to the ROS production. Despite the differences among the KDAC inhibitors, up-regulation of glycolysis, TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid synthesis emerged as a common metabolic response underlying KDACi. We also observed that some of the KDACi effects at metabolic levels are enhanced under hypoxia. Furthermore, we used a drug repositioning machine learning approach to list candidate metabolic therapeutic agents for KRAS mutated NSCLC. Together, these results allow us to better understand the metabolic regulations underlying KDACi in NSCLC, taking into account the microenvironment of tumors related to hypoxia, and bring new insights for the future rational design of new therapies.
Collapse
|
71
|
Grillo E, Corsini M, Ravelli C, Zammataro L, Bacci M, Morandi A, Monti E, Presta M, Mitola S. Expression of activated VEGFR2 by R1051Q mutation alters the energy metabolism of Sk-Mel-31 melanoma cells by increasing glutamine dependence. Cancer Lett 2021; 507:80-88. [PMID: 33744390 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) activating mutations are emerging as important oncogenic driver events. Understanding the biological implications of such mutations may help to pinpoint novel therapeutic targets. Here we show that activated VEGFR2 via the pro-oncogenic R1051Q mutation induces relevant metabolic changes in melanoma cells. The expression of VEGFR2R1051Q leads to higher energy metabolism and ATP production compared to control cells expressing VEGFR2WT. Furthermore, activated VEGFR2R1051Q augments the dependence on glutamine (Gln) of melanoma cells, thus increasing Gln uptake and their sensitivity to Gln deprivation and to inhibitors of glutaminase, the enzyme initiating Gln metabolism by cells. Overall, these results highlight Gln addiction as a metabolic vulnerability of tumors harboring the activating VEGFR2R1051Q mutation and suggest novel therapeutic approaches for those patients harboring activating mutations of VEGFR2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Grillo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy.
| | - Michela Corsini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Cosetta Ravelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Luca Zammataro
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Marina Bacci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, 50134, Italy
| | - Andrea Morandi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, 50134, Italy
| | - Eugenio Monti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Marco Presta
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Stefania Mitola
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Sniegowski T, Korac K, Bhutia YD, Ganapathy V. SLC6A14 and SLC38A5 Drive the Glutaminolysis and Serine-Glycine-One-Carbon Pathways in Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14030216. [PMID: 33806675 PMCID: PMC8000594 DOI: 10.3390/ph14030216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The glutaminolysis and serine–glycine–one-carbon pathways represent metabolic reactions that are reprogramed and upregulated in cancer; these pathways are involved in supporting the growth and proliferation of cancer cells. Glutaminolysis participates in the production of lactate, an oncometabolite, and also in anabolic reactions leading to the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol. The serine–glycine–one-carbon pathway is involved in the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines and the control of the epigenetic signature (DNA methylation, histone methylation) in cancer cells. Methionine is obligatory for most of the methyl-transfer reactions in the form of S-adenosylmethionine; here, too, the serine–glycine–one-carbon pathway is necessary for the resynthesis of methionine following the methyl-transfer reaction. Glutamine, serine, glycine, and methionine are obligatory to fuel these metabolic pathways. The first three amino acids can be synthesized endogenously to some extent, but the need for these amino acids in cancer cells is so high that they also have to be acquired from extracellular sources. Methionine is an essential amino acid, thus making it necessary for cancer cells to acquire this amino acid solely from the extracellular milieu. Cancer cells upregulate specific amino acid transporters to meet this increased demand for these four amino acids. SLC6A14 and SLC38A5 are the two transporters that are upregulated in a variety of cancers to mediate the influx of glutamine, serine, glycine, and methionine into cancer cells. SLC6A14 is a Na+/Cl− -coupled transporter for multiple amino acids, including these four amino acids. In contrast, SLC38A5 is a Na+-coupled transporter with rather restricted specificity towards glutamine, serine, glycine, and methionine. Both transporters exhibit unique functional features that are ideal for the rapid proliferation of cancer cells. As such, these two amino acid transporters play a critical role in promoting the survival and growth of cancer cells and hence represent novel, hitherto largely unexplored, targets for cancer therapy.
Collapse
|
73
|
Chiu CF, Hsu MI, Yeh HY, Park JM, Shen YS, Tung TH, Huang JJ, Wu HT, Huang SY. Eicosapentaenoic Acid Inhibits KRAS Mutant Pancreatic Cancer Cell Growth by Suppressing Hepassocin Expression and STAT3 Phosphorylation. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030370. [PMID: 33801246 PMCID: PMC8001293 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The oncogenic Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) mutation was reported to be the signature genetic event in most cases of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Hepassocin (HPS/FGL1) is involved in regulating lipid metabolism and the progression of several cancer types; however, the underlying mechanism of HPS/FGL1 in the KRAS mutant PDAC cells undergoing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) treatment remains unclear. Methods: We measured HPS/FGL1 protein expressions in a human pancreatic ductal epithelial (HPNE) normal pancreas cell line, a KRAS-wild-type PDAC cell line (BxPC-3), and KRAS-mutant PDAC cell lines (PANC-1, MIA PaCa-2, and SUIT-2) by Western blot methods. HEK293T cells were transiently transfected with corresponding KRAS-expressing plasmids to examine the level of HPS expression with KRAS activation. We knocked-down HPS/FGL1 using lentiviral vectors in SUIT-2 cells and measured the cell viability by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and clonogenicity assays. Furthermore, a lipidomic analysis was performed to profile changes in lipid metabolism after HPS/FGL1 knockdown. Results: We found that the HPS/FGL1 level was significantly upregulated in KRAS-mutated PDAC cells and was involved in KRAS/phosphorylated (p)-signal transduction and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling, and the knockdown of HPS/FGL1 in SUIT-2 cells decreased cell proliferation through increasing G2/M cell cycle arrest and cyclin B1 expression. In addition, the knockdown of HPS/FGL1 in SUIT-2 cells significantly increased omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and EPA production but not docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Moreover, EPA treatment in SUIT-2 cells reduced the expression of de novo lipogenic protein, acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC)-1, and decreased p-STAT3 and HPS/FGL1 expressions, resulting in the suppression of cell viability. Conclusions: Results of this study indicate that HPS is highly expressed by KRAS-mutated PDAC cells, and HPS/FGL1 plays a crucial role in altering lipid metabolism and increasing cell growth in pancreatic cancer. EPA supplements could potentially inhibit or reduce ACC-1-involved lipogenesis and HPS/FGL1-mediated cell survival in KRAS-mutated pancreatic cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Feng Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (C.-F.C.); (M.-I.H.); (J.M.P.)
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ming-I Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (C.-F.C.); (M.-I.H.); (J.M.P.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Yen Yeh
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (H.-Y.Y.); (Y.-S.S.); (T.-H.T.)
| | - Ji Min Park
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (C.-F.C.); (M.-I.H.); (J.M.P.)
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (H.-Y.Y.); (Y.-S.S.); (T.-H.T.)
| | - Yu-Shiuan Shen
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (H.-Y.Y.); (Y.-S.S.); (T.-H.T.)
| | - Te-Hsuan Tung
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (H.-Y.Y.); (Y.-S.S.); (T.-H.T.)
| | - Jun-Jie Huang
- Diet and Nutrition Department, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei 23561, Taiwan;
| | - Hung-Tsung Wu
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (C.-F.C.); (M.-I.H.); (J.M.P.)
- Correspondence: (H.-T.W.); (S.-Y.H.)
| | - Shih-Yi Huang
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (C.-F.C.); (M.-I.H.); (J.M.P.)
- Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (H.-Y.Y.); (Y.-S.S.); (T.-H.T.)
- Correspondence: (H.-T.W.); (S.-Y.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Kane LE, Mellotte GS, Conlon KC, Ryan BM, Maher SG. Multi-Omic Biomarkers as Potential Tools for the Characterisation of Pancreatic Cystic Lesions and Cancer: Innovative Patient Data Integration. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:769. [PMID: 33673153 PMCID: PMC7918773 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is regarded as one of the most lethal malignant diseases in the world, with GLOBOCAN 2020 estimates indicating that PC was responsible for almost half a million deaths worldwide in 2020. Pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs) are fluid-filled structures found within or on the surface of the pancreas, which can either be pre-malignant or have no malignant potential. While some PCLs are found in symptomatic patients, nowadays many PCLs are found incidentally in patients undergoing cross-sectional imaging for other reasons-so called 'incidentalomas'. Current methods of characterising PCLs are imperfect and vary hugely between institutions and countries. As such, there is a profound need for improved diagnostic algorithms. This could facilitate more accurate risk stratification of those PCLs that have malignant potential and reduce unnecessary surveillance. As PC continues to have such a poor prognosis, earlier recognition and risk stratification of PCLs may lead to better treatment protocols. This review will focus on the importance of biomarkers in the context of PCLs and PCand outline how current 'omics'-related work could contribute to the identification of a novel integrated biomarker profile for the risk stratification of patients with PCLs and PC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Kane
- Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D08 W9RT, Ireland;
| | - Gregory S. Mellotte
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin D24 NR0A, Ireland; (G.S.M.); (B.M.R.)
| | - Kevin C. Conlon
- Discipline of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D02 PN40, Ireland;
| | - Barbara M. Ryan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin D24 NR0A, Ireland; (G.S.M.); (B.M.R.)
| | - Stephen G. Maher
- Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D08 W9RT, Ireland;
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Shuvalov O, Daks A, Fedorova O, Petukhov A, Barlev N. Linking Metabolic Reprogramming, Plasticity and Tumor Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040762. [PMID: 33673109 PMCID: PMC7917602 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In the present review, we discuss the role of metabolic reprogramming which occurs in malignant cells. The process of metabolic reprogramming is also known as one of the “hallmarks of cancer”. Due to several reasons, including the origin of cancer, tumor microenvironment, and the tumor progression stage, metabolic reprogramming can be heterogeneous and dynamic. In this review, we provide evidence that the usage of metabolic drugs is a promising approach to treat cancer. However, because these drugs can damage not only malignant cells but also normal rapidly dividing cells, it is important to understand the exact metabolic changes which are elicited by particular drivers in concrete tissue and are specific for each stage of cancer development, including metastases. Finally, the review highlights new promising targets for the development of new metabolic drugs. Abstract The specific molecular features of cancer cells that distinguish them from the normal ones are denoted as “hallmarks of cancer”. One of the critical hallmarks of cancer is an altered metabolism which provides tumor cells with energy and structural resources necessary for rapid proliferation. The key feature of a cancer-reprogrammed metabolism is its plasticity, allowing cancer cells to better adapt to various conditions and to oppose different therapies. Furthermore, the alterations of metabolic pathways in malignant cells are heterogeneous and are defined by several factors including the tissue of origin, driving mutations, and microenvironment. In the present review, we discuss the key features of metabolic reprogramming and plasticity associated with different stages of tumor, from primary tumors to metastases. We also provide evidence of the successful usage of metabolic drugs in anticancer therapy. Finally, we highlight new promising targets for the development of new metabolic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Shuvalov
- Institute of Cytology RAS, 194064 St-Petersburg, Russia; (O.S.); (A.D.); (O.F.); (A.P.)
| | - Alexandra Daks
- Institute of Cytology RAS, 194064 St-Petersburg, Russia; (O.S.); (A.D.); (O.F.); (A.P.)
| | - Olga Fedorova
- Institute of Cytology RAS, 194064 St-Petersburg, Russia; (O.S.); (A.D.); (O.F.); (A.P.)
| | - Alexey Petukhov
- Institute of Cytology RAS, 194064 St-Petersburg, Russia; (O.S.); (A.D.); (O.F.); (A.P.)
- Almazov National Medical Research Center, 197341 St-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nickolai Barlev
- Institute of Cytology RAS, 194064 St-Petersburg, Russia; (O.S.); (A.D.); (O.F.); (A.P.)
- MIPT, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
- Orekhovich IBMC, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-812-297-4519
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Kiel C, Matallanas D, Kolch W. The Ins and Outs of RAS Effector Complexes. Biomolecules 2021; 11:236. [PMID: 33562401 PMCID: PMC7915224 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS oncogenes are among the most commonly mutated proteins in human cancers. They regulate a wide range of effector pathways that control cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, migration and metabolic status. Including aberrations in these pathways, RAS-dependent signaling is altered in more than half of human cancers. Targeting mutant RAS proteins and their downstream oncogenic signaling pathways has been elusive. However, recent results comprising detailed molecular studies, large scale omics studies and computational modeling have painted a new and more comprehensive portrait of RAS signaling that helps us to understand the intricacies of RAS, how its physiological and pathophysiological functions are regulated, and how we can target them. Here, we review these efforts particularly trying to relate the detailed mechanistic studies with global functional studies. We highlight the importance of computational modeling and data integration to derive an actionable understanding of RAS signaling that will allow us to design new mechanism-based therapies for RAS mutated cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kiel
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; (C.K.); (D.M.)
- UCD Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - David Matallanas
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; (C.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Walter Kolch
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; (C.K.); (D.M.)
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Murta T, Steven RT, Nikula CJ, Thomas SA, Zeiger LB, Dexter A, Elia EA, Yan B, Campbell AD, Goodwin RJA, Takáts Z, Sansom OJ, Bunch J. Implications of Peak Selection in the Interpretation of Unsupervised Mass Spectrometry Imaging Data Analyses. Anal Chem 2021; 93:2309-2316. [PMID: 33395266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging can produce large amounts of complex spectral and spatial data. Such data sets are often analyzed with unsupervised machine learning approaches, which aim at reducing their complexity and facilitating their interpretation. However, choices made during data processing can impact the overall interpretation of these analyses. This work investigates the impact of the choices made at the peak selection step, which often occurs early in the data processing pipeline. The discussion is done in terms of visualization and interpretation of the results of two commonly used unsupervised approaches: t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding and k-means clustering, which differ in nature and complexity. Criteria considered for peak selection include those based on hypotheses (exemplified herein in the analysis of metabolic alterations in genetically engineered mouse models of human colorectal cancer), particular molecular classes, and ion intensity. The results suggest that the choices made at the peak selection step have a significant impact in the visual interpretation of the results of either dimensionality reduction or clustering techniques and consequently in any downstream analysis that relies on these. Of particular significance, the results of this work show that while using the most abundant ions can result in interesting structure-related segmentation patterns that correlate well with histological features, using a smaller number of ions specifically selected based on prior knowledge about the biochemistry of the tissues under investigation can result in an easier-to-interpret, potentially more valuable, hypothesis-confirming result. Findings presented will help researchers understand and better utilize unsupervised machine learning approaches to mine high-dimensionality data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Murta
- National Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry Imaging (NiCE-MSI), National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0WL, U.K
| | - Rory T Steven
- National Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry Imaging (NiCE-MSI), National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0WL, U.K
| | - Chelsea J Nikula
- National Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry Imaging (NiCE-MSI), National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0WL, U.K
| | - Spencer A Thomas
- National Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry Imaging (NiCE-MSI), National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0WL, U.K
| | - Lucas B Zeiger
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, U.K
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, U.K
| | - Alex Dexter
- National Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry Imaging (NiCE-MSI), National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0WL, U.K
| | - Efstathios A Elia
- National Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry Imaging (NiCE-MSI), National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0WL, U.K
| | - Bin Yan
- National Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry Imaging (NiCE-MSI), National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0WL, U.K
| | | | - Richard J A Goodwin
- Imaging and AI, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Zoltan Takáts
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, U.K
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, U.K
| | - Josephine Bunch
- National Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry Imaging (NiCE-MSI), National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0WL, U.K
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Andreasson C, Ansari D, Ekbom F, Andersson R. Macropinocytosis: the Achilles' heel of pancreatic cancer? Scand J Gastroenterol 2021; 56:177-179. [PMID: 33280476 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2020.1855471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carl Andreasson
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund SE -221 85, Sweden
| | - Daniel Ansari
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund SE -221 85, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Ekbom
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund SE -221 85, Sweden
| | - Roland Andersson
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund SE -221 85, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Unravelling Structure, Localization, and Genetic Crosstalk of KLF3 in Human Breast Cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2020:1354381. [PMID: 33490232 PMCID: PMC7803292 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1354381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevailing disease among women. It actually develops from breast tissue and has heterogeneous and complex nature that constitutes multiple tumor quiddities. These features are associated with different histological forms, distinctive biological characteristics, and clinical patterns. The predisposition of breast cancer has been attributed to a number of genetic factors, associated with the worst outcomes. Unfortunately, their behavior with relevance to clinical significance remained poorly understood. So, there is a need to further explore the nature of the disease at the transcriptome level. The focus of this study was to explore the influence of Krüppel-like factor 3 (KLF3), tumor protein D52 (TPD52), microRNA 124 (miR-124), and protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε) expression on breast cancer. Moreover, this study was also aimed at predicting the tertiary structure of KLF3 protein. Expression of genes was analyzed through real-time PCR using the delta cycle threshold method, and statistical significance was calculated by two-way ANOVA in Graphpad Prism. For the construction of a 3D model, various bioinformatics software programs, Swiss Model and UCSF Chimera, were employed. The expression of KLF3, miR-124, and PKCε genes was decreased (fold change: 0.076443, 0.06969, and 0.011597, respectively). However, there was 2-fold increased expression of TPD52 with p value < 0.001 relative to control. Tertiary structure of KLF3 exhibited 80.72% structure conservation with its template KLF4 and was 95.06% structurally favored by a Ramachandran plot. These genes might be predictors of stage, metastasis, receptor, and treatment status and used as new biomarkers for breast cancer diagnosis. However, extensive investigations at the tissue level and in in vivo are required to further strengthen their role as a potential biomarker for prognosis of breast cancer.
Collapse
|
80
|
Robinson CM, Talty A, Logue SE, Mnich K, Gorman AM, Samali A. An Emerging Role for the Unfolded Protein Response in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020261. [PMID: 33445669 PMCID: PMC7828145 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common form of pancreatic cancer and one of the leading causes of cancer-associated deaths in the world. It is characterised by dismal response rates to conventional therapies. A major challenge in treatment strategies for PDAC is the presence of a dense stroma that surrounds the tumour cells, shielding them from treatment. This unique tumour microenvironment is fuelled by paracrine signalling between pancreatic cancer cells and supporting stromal cell types including the pancreatic stellate cells (PSC). While our molecular understanding of PDAC is improving, there remains a vital need to develop effective, targeted treatments. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an elaborate signalling network that governs the cellular response to perturbed protein homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen. There is growing evidence that the UPR is constitutively active in PDAC and may contribute to the disease progression and the acquisition of resistance to therapy. Given the importance of the tumour microenvironment and cytokine signalling in PDAC, and an emerging role for the UPR in shaping the tumour microenvironment and in the regulation of cytokines in other cancer types, this review explores the importance of the UPR in PDAC biology and its potential as a therapeutic target in this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire M. Robinson
- Apoptosis Research Centre, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, H91 W2TY Galway, Ireland; (C.M.R.); (A.T.); (K.M.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Aaron Talty
- Apoptosis Research Centre, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, H91 W2TY Galway, Ireland; (C.M.R.); (A.T.); (K.M.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Susan E. Logue
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada;
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Katarzyna Mnich
- Apoptosis Research Centre, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, H91 W2TY Galway, Ireland; (C.M.R.); (A.T.); (K.M.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Adrienne M. Gorman
- Apoptosis Research Centre, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, H91 W2TY Galway, Ireland; (C.M.R.); (A.T.); (K.M.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Afshin Samali
- Apoptosis Research Centre, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, H91 W2TY Galway, Ireland; (C.M.R.); (A.T.); (K.M.); (A.M.G.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Liu J, Huang X, Liu H, Wei C, Ru H, Qin H, Lai H, Meng Y, Wu G, Xie W, Mo X, Johnson CH, Zhang Y, Tang W. Immune landscape and prognostic immune-related genes in KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer patients. J Transl Med 2021; 19:27. [PMID: 33413474 PMCID: PMC7789428 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background KRAS gene is the most common type of mutation reported in colorectal cancer (CRC). KRAS mutation-mediated regulation of immunophenotype and immune pathways in CRC remains to be elucidated. Methods 535 CRC patients were used to compare the expression of immune-related genes (IRGs) and the abundance of tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) in the tumor microenvironment between KRAS-mutant and KRAS wild-type CRC patients. An independent dataset included 566 cases of CRC and an in-house RNA sequencing dataset were served as validation sets. An in-house dataset consisting of 335 CRC patients were used to analyze systemic immune and inflammatory state in the presence of KRAS mutation. An immue risk (Imm-R) model consist of IRG and TIICs for prognostic prediction in KRAS-mutant CRC patients was established and validated. Results NF-κB and T-cell receptor signaling pathways were significantly inhibited in KRAS-mutant CRC patients. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) was increased while macrophage M1 and activated CD4 memory T cell was decreased in KRAS-mutant CRC. Prognosis correlated with enhanced Tregs, macrophage M1 and activated CD4 memory T cell and was validated. Serum levels of hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), CRP, and IgM were significantly decreased in KRAS-mutant compared to KRAS wild-type CRC patients. An immune risk model composed of VGF, RLN3, CT45A1 and TIICs signature classified CRC patients with distinct clinical outcomes. Conclusions KRAS mutation in CRC was associated with suppressed immune pathways and immune infiltration. The aberrant immune pathways and immune cells help to understand the tumor immune microenvironments in KRAS-mutant CRC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jungang Liu
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Xiaoliang Huang
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Haizhou Liu
- Department of Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyin Wei
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiming Ru
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiquan Qin
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Lai
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongsheng Meng
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo Wu
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Weishun Xie
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianwei Mo
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Caroline H Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Yawei Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Weizhong Tang
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China. .,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Xiao F, Li J, Huang K, Li X, Xiong Y, Wu M, Wu L, Kuang W, Lv S, Wu L, Zhu X, Guo H. Macropinocytosis: mechanism and targeted therapy in cancers. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:14-30. [PMID: 33520357 PMCID: PMC7840718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Macropinocytosis is a form of endocytosis which provides an effective way for non-selective uptakes of extracellular proteins, liquids, and particles. The endocytic process is initiated by the activation of the growth factors signaling pathways. After activation of the biochemical signal, the cell starts internalizing extracellular solutes and nutrients into the irregular endocytic vesicles, known as macropinosomes that deliver them into the lysosomes for degradation. Macropinocytosis plays an important role in the nutritional supply of cancer cells. Due to the rapid expansion of cancer cells and the abnormal vascular microenvironment, cancer cells are usually deprived of oxygen and nutrients. Therefore, they must transform their metabolism to survive and grow in this harsh microenvironment. To satisfy their energy needs, cancer cells enhance the activity of macropinocytosis. Therefore, this metabolic adaptation that is used by cancer cells can be exploited to develop new targeted cancer therapies. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanism that actuates the process of macropinocytosis in a variety of cancers, and the novel anti-cancer therapeutics in targeting macropinocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jingying Li
- Department of Comprehensive Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yaping Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Miaojing Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wei Kuang
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shigang Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xingen Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Pasquale V, Ducci G, Campioni G, Ventrici A, Assalini C, Busti S, Vanoni M, Vago R, Sacco E. Profiling and Targeting of Energy and Redox Metabolism in Grade 2 Bladder Cancer Cells with Different Invasiveness Properties. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122669. [PMID: 33322565 PMCID: PMC7764708 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the most prevalent deadly diseases worldwide. Grade 2 tumors represent a good window of therapeutic intervention, whose optimization requires high resolution biomarker identification. Here we characterize energy metabolism and cellular properties associated with spreading and tumor progression of RT112 and 5637, two Grade 2 cancer cell lines derived from human bladder, representative of luminal-like and basal-like tumors, respectively. The two cell lines have similar proliferation rates, but only 5637 cells show efficient lateral migration. In contrast, RT112 cells are more prone to form spheroids. RT112 cells produce more ATP by glycolysis and OXPHOS, present overall higher metabolic plasticity and are less sensitive than 5637 to nutritional perturbation of cell proliferation and migration induced by treatment with 2-deoxyglucose and metformin. On the contrary, spheroid formation is less sensitive to metabolic perturbations in 5637 than RT112 cells. The ability of metformin to reduce, although with different efficiency, cell proliferation, sphere formation and migration in both cell lines, suggests that OXPHOS targeting could be an effective strategy to reduce the invasiveness of Grade 2 bladder cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Pasquale
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy; (V.P.); (G.D.); (G.C.); (A.V.); (S.B.)
- SYSBIO-ISBE-IT-Candidate National Node of Italy for ISBE, Research Infrastructure for Systems Biology Europe, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Ducci
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy; (V.P.); (G.D.); (G.C.); (A.V.); (S.B.)
- SYSBIO-ISBE-IT-Candidate National Node of Italy for ISBE, Research Infrastructure for Systems Biology Europe, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Campioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy; (V.P.); (G.D.); (G.C.); (A.V.); (S.B.)
- SYSBIO-ISBE-IT-Candidate National Node of Italy for ISBE, Research Infrastructure for Systems Biology Europe, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Adria Ventrici
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy; (V.P.); (G.D.); (G.C.); (A.V.); (S.B.)
| | - Chiara Assalini
- Urological Research Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Stefano Busti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy; (V.P.); (G.D.); (G.C.); (A.V.); (S.B.)
- SYSBIO-ISBE-IT-Candidate National Node of Italy for ISBE, Research Infrastructure for Systems Biology Europe, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Vanoni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy; (V.P.); (G.D.); (G.C.); (A.V.); (S.B.)
- SYSBIO-ISBE-IT-Candidate National Node of Italy for ISBE, Research Infrastructure for Systems Biology Europe, 20126 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.V.); (R.V.); (E.S.); Tel.: +39-02-6448-3525 (M.V.); +39-02-2643-5664 (R.V.); +39-02-6448-3379 (E.S.)
| | - Riccardo Vago
- Urological Research Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy;
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.V.); (R.V.); (E.S.); Tel.: +39-02-6448-3525 (M.V.); +39-02-2643-5664 (R.V.); +39-02-6448-3379 (E.S.)
| | - Elena Sacco
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy; (V.P.); (G.D.); (G.C.); (A.V.); (S.B.)
- SYSBIO-ISBE-IT-Candidate National Node of Italy for ISBE, Research Infrastructure for Systems Biology Europe, 20126 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.V.); (R.V.); (E.S.); Tel.: +39-02-6448-3525 (M.V.); +39-02-2643-5664 (R.V.); +39-02-6448-3379 (E.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Rai V, Agrawal S. Targets (Metabolic Mediators) of Therapeutic Importance in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8502. [PMID: 33198082 PMCID: PMC7697422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), an extremely aggressive invasive cancer, is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related death in the United States. The higher mortality in PDAC is often attributed to the inability to detect it until it has reached advanced stages. The major challenge in tackling PDAC is due to its elusive pathology, minimal effectiveness, and resistance to existing therapeutics. The aggressiveness of PDAC is due to the capacity of tumor cells to alter their metabolism, utilize the diverse available fuel sources to adapt and grow in a hypoxic and harsh environment. Therapeutic resistance is due to the presence of thick stroma with poor angiogenesis, thus making drug delivery to tumor cells difficult. Investigating the metabolic mediators and enzymes involved in metabolic reprogramming may lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets. The metabolic mediators of glucose, glutamine, lipids, nucleotides, amino acids and mitochondrial metabolism have emerged as novel therapeutic targets. Additionally, the role of autophagy, macropinocytosis, lysosomal transport, recycling, amino acid transport, lipid transport, and the role of reactive oxygen species has also been discussed. The role of various pro-inflammatory cytokines and immune cells in the pathogenesis of PDAC and the metabolites involved in the signaling pathways as therapeutic targets have been previously discussed. This review focuses on the therapeutic potential of metabolic mediators in PDAC along with stemness due to metabolic alterations and their therapeutic importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikrant Rai
- Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Swati Agrawal
- Department of Surgery, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Xia M, Li X, Diao Y, Du B, Li Y. Targeted inhibition of glutamine metabolism enhances the antitumor effect of selumetinib in KRAS-mutant NSCLC. Transl Oncol 2020; 14:100920. [PMID: 33137541 PMCID: PMC7644669 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The glutamine utilization of KRAS-mutant NSCLC is higher than that of KRAS wild-type. Targeted GLS1 and MEK inhibition enhance antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo. The therapeutic response can be well identified by 18F-FDG PET imaging. Dual inhibition of GLS1 and MEK induce redox and energetic stress. Dual inhibition of GLS1 and MEK suppress the phosphorylation of AKT.
Regulated by the tumor microenvironment, the metabolic network of the tumor is reprogrammed, driven by oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. The metabolic phenotype of tumors of different driven-genes and different tissue types is extremely heterogeneous. KRAS-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has glutamine dependence. In this study, we demonstrated that glutamine utilization of KRAS-mutant NSCLC was higher than that of KRAS wild-type. CB839, an efficient glutaminase inhibitor, synergized with the MEK inhibitor selumetinib to enhance antitumor activity in KRAS-mutant NSCLC cells and xenografts, and the therapeutic response could be well identified by 18F-FDG PET imaging. Combination therapy induced redox stress, manifesting as a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and an increase in ROS levels, and energetic stress manifesting as suppression of glycolysis and glutamine degradation. The phosphorylation of AKT was also suppressed. These effects combined to induce autophagy and thereby caused cancer cell death. Our results suggest that dual inhibition of the MEK-ERK pathway and glutamine metabolism activated by KRAS mutation may be an effective treatment strategy for KRAS-driven NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjin Street, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Xuena Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjin Street, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Yao Diao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjin Street, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Bulin Du
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjin Street, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Yaming Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjin Street, Shenyang 110000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Marquevielle J, Robert C, Lagrabette O, Wahid M, Bourdoncle A, Xodo LE, Mergny JL, Salgado GF. Structure of two G-quadruplexes in equilibrium in the KRAS promoter. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:9336-9345. [PMID: 32432667 PMCID: PMC7498360 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
KRAS is one of the most mutated oncogenes and still considered an undruggable target. An alternative strategy would consist in targeting its gene rather than the protein, specifically the formation of G-quadruplexes (G4) in its promoter. G4 are secondary structures implicated in biological processes, which can be formed among G-rich DNA (or RNA) sequences. Here we have studied the major conformations of the commonly known KRAS 32R, or simply 32R, a 32 residue sequence within the KRAS Nuclease Hypersensitive Element (NHE) region. We have determined the structure of the two major stable conformers that 32R can adopt and which display slow equilibrium (>ms) with each other. By using different biophysical methods, we found that the nucleotides G9, G25, G28 and G32 are particularly implicated in the exchange between these two conformations. We also showed that a triad at the 3' end further stabilizes one of the G4 conformations, while the second conformer remains more flexible and less stable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Marquevielle
- European Institute of Chemistry and Biology (IECB), ARNA laboratory, INSERM U1212 - CNRS UMR 5320, University of Bordeaux, France
| | - Coralie Robert
- European Institute of Chemistry and Biology (IECB), ARNA laboratory, INSERM U1212 - CNRS UMR 5320, University of Bordeaux, France
| | - Olivier Lagrabette
- European Institute of Chemistry and Biology (IECB), ARNA laboratory, INSERM U1212 - CNRS UMR 5320, University of Bordeaux, France
| | - Mona Wahid
- European Institute of Chemistry and Biology (IECB), ARNA laboratory, INSERM U1212 - CNRS UMR 5320, University of Bordeaux, France
| | - Anne Bourdoncle
- European Institute of Chemistry and Biology (IECB), ARNA laboratory, INSERM U1212 - CNRS UMR 5320, University of Bordeaux, France
| | - Luigi E Xodo
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Biochemistry, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Jean-Louis Mergny
- European Institute of Chemistry and Biology (IECB), ARNA laboratory, INSERM U1212 - CNRS UMR 5320, University of Bordeaux, France
| | - Gilmar F Salgado
- European Institute of Chemistry and Biology (IECB), ARNA laboratory, INSERM U1212 - CNRS UMR 5320, University of Bordeaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Li TT, Zhu HB. LKB1 and cancer: The dual role of metabolic regulation. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110872. [PMID: 33068936 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver kinase B1 (LKB1) is an essential serine/threonine kinase frequently associated with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS). In this review, we provide an overview of the role of LKB1 in conferring protection to cancer cells against metabolic stress and promoting cancer cell survival and invasion. This carcinogenic effect contradicts the previous conclusion that LKB1 is a tumor suppressor gene. Here we try to explain the contradictory effect of LKB1 on cancer from a metabolic perspective. Upon deletion of LKB1, cancer cells experience increased energy as well as oxidative stress, thereby causing genomic instability. Meanwhile, mutated LKB1 cooperates with other metabolic regulatory genes to promote metabolic reprogramming that subsequently facilitates adaptation to strong metabolic stress, resulting in development of a more aggressive malignant phenotype. We aim to specifically discuss the contradictory role of LKB1 in cancer by reviewing the mechanism of LKB1 with an emphasis on metabolic stress and metabolic reprogramming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Li
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hai-Bin Zhu
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
The Metabolic Heterogeneity and Flexibility of Cancer Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102780. [PMID: 32998263 PMCID: PMC7601708 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been shown to be the main cause of therapy resistance and cancer recurrence. An analysis of their biological properties has revealed that CSCs have a particular metabolism that differs from non-CSCs to maintain their stemness properties. In this review, we analyze the flexible metabolic mechanisms of CSCs and highlight the new therapeutics that target CSC metabolism. Abstract Numerous findings have indicated that CSCs, which are present at a low frequency inside primary tumors, are the main cause of therapy resistance and cancer recurrence. Although various therapeutic methods targeting CSCs have been attempted for eliminating cancer cells completely, the complicated characteristics of CSCs have hampered such attempts. In analyzing the biological properties of CSCs, it was revealed that CSCs have a peculiar metabolism that is distinct from non-CSCs to maintain their stemness properties. The CSC metabolism involves not only the catabolic and anabolic pathways, but also intracellular signaling, gene expression, and redox balance. In addition, CSCs can reprogram their metabolism to flexibly respond to environmental changes. In this review, we focus on the flexible metabolic mechanisms of CSCs, and highlight the new therapeutics that target CSC metabolism.
Collapse
|
89
|
Matadamas-Guzman M, Zazueta C, Rojas E, Resendis-Antonio O. Analysis of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Metabolism Identifies Possible Cancer Biomarkers Useful in Diverse Genetic Backgrounds. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1309. [PMID: 32850411 PMCID: PMC7406688 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) relates to many molecular and cellular alterations that occur when epithelial cells undergo a switch in differentiation generating mesenchymal-like cells with newly acquired migratory and invasive properties. In cancer cells, EMT leads to drug resistance and metastasis. Moreover, differences in genetic backgrounds, even between patients with the same type of cancer, also determine resistance to some treatments. Metabolic rewiring is essential to induce EMT, hence it is important to identify key metabolic elements for this process, which can be later used to treat cancer cells with different genetic backgrounds. Here we used a mathematical modeling approach to determine which are the metabolic reactions altered after induction of EMT, based on metabolomic and transcriptional data of three non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines. The model suggested that the most affected pathways were the Krebs cycle, amino acid metabolism, and glutathione metabolism. However, glutathione metabolism had many alterations either on the metabolic reactions or at the transcriptional level in the three cell lines. We identified Glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL), a key enzyme of glutathione synthesis, as an important common feature that is dysregulated after EMT. Analyzing survival data of men with lung cancer, we observed that patients with mutations in GCL catalytic subunit (GCLC) or Glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) genes survived less time than people without mutations on these genes. Besides, patients with low expression of ANPEP, GPX3 and GLS genes also survived less time than those with high expression. Hence, we propose that glutathione metabolism and glutathione itself could be good targets to delay or potentially prevent EMT induction in NSCLC cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meztli Matadamas-Guzman
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.,Human Systems Biology Lab, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cecilia Zazueta
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología-Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Emilio Rojas
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Biomedical Research, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Osbaldo Resendis-Antonio
- Human Systems Biology Lab, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Mexico City, Mexico.,Coordinación de la Investigación Científica-Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Ernst A, Hennel R, Krombach J, Kapfhammer H, Brix N, Zuchtriegel G, Uhl B, Reichel CA, Frey B, Gaipl US, Winssinger N, Shirasawa S, Sasazuki T, Sperandio M, Belka C, Lauber K. Priming of Anti-tumor Immune Mechanisms by Radiotherapy Is Augmented by Inhibition of Heat Shock Protein 90. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1668. [PMID: 32984042 PMCID: PMC7481363 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is an essential part of multi-modal cancer therapy. Nevertheless, for certain cancer entities such as colorectal cancer (CRC) the indications of radiotherapy are limited due to anatomical peculiarities and high radiosensitivity of the surrounding normal tissue. The development of molecularly targeted, combined modality approaches may help to overcome these limitations. Preferably, such strategies should not only enhance radiation-induced tumor cell killing and the abrogation of tumor cell clonogenicity, but should also support the stimulation of anti-tumor immune mechanisms – a phenomenon which moved into the center of interest of preclinical and clinical research in radiation oncology within the last decade. The present study focuses on inhibition of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) whose combination with radiotherapy has previously been reported to exhibit convincing therapeutic synergism in different preclinical cancer models. By employing in vitro and in vivo analyses, we examined if this therapeutic synergism also applies to the priming of anti-tumor immune mechanisms in model systems of CRC. Our results indicate that the combination of HSP90 inhibitor treatment and ionizing irradiation induced apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells with accelerated transit into secondary necrosis in a hyperactive Kras-dependent manner. During secondary necrosis, dying cancer cells released different classes of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that stimulated migration and recruitment of monocytic cells in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, these dying cancer cell-derived DAMPs enforced the differentiation of a monocyte-derived antigen presenting cell (APC) phenotype which potently triggered the priming of allogeneic T cell responses in vitro. In summary, HSP90 inhibition – apart from its radiosensitizing potential – obviously enables and supports the initial steps of anti-tumor immune priming upon radiotherapy and thus represents a promising partner for combined modality approaches. The therapeutic performance of such strategies requires further in-depth analyses, especially for but not only limited to CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Ernst
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roman Hennel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Krombach
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Heidi Kapfhammer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nikko Brix
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriele Zuchtriegel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Walter Brendel Center for Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernd Uhl
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Walter Brendel Center for Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph A Reichel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Walter Brendel Center for Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Benjamin Frey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Udo S Gaipl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Winssinger
- Department of Organic Chemistry, NCCR Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Senji Shirasawa
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Markus Sperandio
- Walter Brendel Center for Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Claus Belka
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kirsten Lauber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Zhang WL, Wang SS, Jiang YP, Liu Y, Yu XH, Wu JB, Wang K, Pang X, Liao P, Liang XH, Tang YL. Fatty acid synthase contributes to epithelial-mesenchymal transition and invasion of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma through PRRX1/Wnt/β-catenin pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:11465-11476. [PMID: 32820613 PMCID: PMC7576276 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid synthase (FASN) has been shown to be selectively up‐regulated in cancer cells to drive the development of cancer. However, the role and associated mechanism of FASN in regulating the malignant progression of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC) still remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that FASN inhibition attenuated invasion, metastasis and EMT of SACC cells as well as the expression ofPRRX1, ZEB1, Twist, Slug and Snail, among which the level of PRRX1 changed the most obviously. Overexpression of PRRX1 restored migration and invasion in FASN knockdown cells, indicating that PRRX1 is an important downstream target of FASN signalling. Levels of cyclin D1 and c‐Myc, targets of Wnt/β‐catenin pathway, were significantly decreased by FASN silencing and restored by PRRX1 overexpression. In addition, FASN expression was positively associated with metastasis and poor prognosis of SACC patients as well as with the expression of PRRX1, cyclin D1 and c‐Myc in SACC tissues. Our findings revealed that FASN in SACC progression may induce EMT in a PRRX1/Wnt/β‐catenin dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Long Zhang
- Department of Oral Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu Sichuan, China
| | - Sha-Sha Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu Sichuan, China
| | - Ya-Ping Jiang
- Department of Oral Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu Sichuan, China.,Department of Implant, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu Sichuan, China
| | - Xiang-Hua Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu Sichuan, China
| | - Jing-Biao Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu Sichuan, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Pang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu Sichuan, China
| | - Peng Liao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu Sichuan, China
| | - Xin-Hua Liang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu Sichuan, China
| | - Ya-Ling Tang
- Department of Oral Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Rozeveld CN, Johnson KM, Zhang L, Razidlo GL. KRAS Controls Pancreatic Cancer Cell Lipid Metabolism and Invasive Potential through the Lipase HSL. Cancer Res 2020; 80:4932-4945. [PMID: 32816911 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-1255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Oncogene-induced metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of pancreatic cancer (PDAC), yet the metabolic drivers of metastasis are unclear. In PDAC, obesity and excess fatty acids accelerate tumor growth and increase metastasis. Here, we report that excess lipids, stored in organelles called lipid droplets (LD), are a key resource to fuel the energy-intensive process of metastasis. The oncogene KRAS controlled the storage and utilization of LD through regulation of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), which was downregulated in human PDAC. Disruption of the KRAS-HSL axis reduced lipid storage, reprogrammed tumor cell metabolism, and inhibited invasive migration in vitro and metastasis in vivo. Finally, microscopy-based metabolic analysis revealed that migratory cells selectively utilize oxidative metabolism during the process of migration to metabolize stored lipids and fuel invasive migration. Taken together, these results reveal a mechanism that can be targeted to attenuate PDAC metastasis. SIGNIFICANCE: KRAS-dependent regulation of HSL biases cells towards lipid storage for subsequent utilization during invasion of pancreatic cancer cells, representing a potential target for therapeutic intervention.See related commentary by Man et al., p. 4886.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cody N Rozeveld
- Mayo Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Katherine M Johnson
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Gina L Razidlo
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. .,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Study of Ras Mutations' Prognostic Value in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: STORIA Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071919. [PMID: 32708575 PMCID: PMC7409181 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of cancer-specific death in both sexes in Western countries. KRAS mutations occur in about 50% of metastatic CRCs (mCRCs). The prognostic value of specific KRAS mutations still remains unexplored and unclear. Methods: Two hundred and forty KRAS wild-type and 206 KRAS/NRAS mutant consecutive unresectable mCRC patients with PS Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) 0 or 1, aged < 80 years, and with a life expectancy >3 months entered into this study. DNA was extracted from paraffin-embedded formalin-fixed tumour tissues, and it was sequenced with the Oncomine Solid Tumour DNA kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Data were analysed using the Torrent Suite Software v5.0 (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The primary outcome was the analysis of the prognostic role of different KRAS mutations in terms of overall survival (OS). Results: There were no significant differences among the most prevalent mutations (p.G12D, p.G12V, p.G13D, p.G12A, p.G12C, and p.G12S) in terms of age (<65 vs. ≥65 years), gender (male vs. female), grading (G1/G2 vs. G3), side of primary tumour (left vs. right), pT, and pN. At the median follow-up of 25.6 months, there were 77 deaths in KRAS-mutated patients and 94 in wild-type patients. Three homogeneous prognostic groups were identified: wild-type patients (group A, median survival: 27.5 months), p.G13D/p.G12A/p.G12V/p.G12D mutants (group B, median survival: 17.3 months), and p.G12C/p.G12S mutants (group C, median survival: 5.0 months, p < 0.0001 according to Log Rank test). Upon multivariate analysis, metastatic involvement and p.G12C/p.G12S KRAS mutation group C (vs. other mutations) emerged as independent prognostic variables for survival. Conclusions: We show that mutant KRAS is a negative prognostic factor and that p.G12C/p.G12S variants present the worst clinical courses. This information suggests a clear difference among KRAS mutations, and it will be useful to test potentiated and/or innovative therapeutic strategies in p.G12C/p.G12S metastatic CRC patients.
Collapse
|
94
|
Tabuso M, Christian M, Kimani PK, Gopalakrishnan K, Arasaradnam RP. KRAS Status is Associated with Metabolic Parameters in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer According to Primary Tumour Location. Pathol Oncol Res 2020; 26:2537-2548. [PMID: 32594310 PMCID: PMC7471139 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-020-00850-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is characterized by complex interplay between macroenvironmental factors and tumour microenvironment, leading to variable outcomes in CRC patients. To date, there is still a need to identify macroenvironment/microenvironment factors that could define subgroup of patients that would benefit from specific anti-cancer treatment in order to improve patient selection for individualized targeted-based therapy. Aim of this study was to evaluate associations between metabolic parameters and KRAS status in metastatic CRC (mCRC) according to a new tumour site classification. Retrospective data were extracted from a total of 201 patients diagnosed with mCRC between 2012 and 2017 extracted from an established CRC database at our tertiary institute. Clinical-pathological data, including age, gender, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, pre-CRC diagnosis serum lipid levels and KRAS status were recorded. Categorical characteristics were compared using chi-squared test. Continuous characteristics were compared using Mann-Whitney U test. Log rank test was used to compare hazards for survival. In all comparisons, a two-sided P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Out of 201 patients, 170 patients with complete serum lipid profile were included in the analysis. In recto-sigmoid cancers there was a statistically significant association between high cholesterol:high-density lipoprotein (chol:HDL) ratio and KRAS mutation (OR 2.69, 95% CI 1.1–6.4, p = 0,02). In non recto-sigmoid cancers, high cholesterol was associated with KRAS WT (OR 0.39, CI 0.15–0.97, p = 0.04). In 22 patients with KRAS mutated recto-sigmoid cancer stage IV at diagnosis normal chol:HDL ratio was associated with a trend to better survival (p = 0.06). High chol:HDL ratio was significantly associated with KRAS mutated metastatic recto-sigmoid cancers. A subgroup of mCRC patients with KRAS mutated recto-sigmoid cancer may benefit from optimal lipid lowering treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Tabuso
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK. .,Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - M Christian
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - P K Kimani
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - K Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals of Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK
| | - R P Arasaradnam
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK.,The University of Warwick, School of life Sciences, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.,Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Coventry, Priory Street, Coventry, CV1 5BF, UK.,University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Lee SH, Jeon Y, Kang JH, Jang H, Lee H, Kim SY. The Combination of Loss of ALDH1L1 Function and Phenformin Treatment Decreases Tumor Growth in KRAS-Driven Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061382. [PMID: 32481524 PMCID: PMC7352727 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma cells express high levels of ALDH1L1, an enzyme of the one-carbon pathway that catalyzes the conversion of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate into tetrahydrofolate and NAD(P)H. In this study, we evaluated the potential of ALDH1L1 as a therapeutic target by deleting the Aldh1l1 gene in KrasLA2 mice, a model of spontaneous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Reporter assays revealed KRAS-mediated upregulation of the ALDH1L1 promoter in human NSCLC cells. Aldh1l1-/- mice exhibited a normal phenotype, with a 10% decrease in Kras-driven lung tumorigenesis. By contrast, the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation inhibition using phenformin in Aldh1l1-/-; KrasLA2 mice dramatically decreased the number of tumor nodules and tumor area by up to 50%. Furthermore, combined treatment with pan-ALDH inhibitor and phenformin showed a decreased number and area of lung tumors by 70% in the KrasLA2 lung cancer model. Consistent with this, previous work showed that the combination of ALDH1L1 knockdown and phenformin treatment decreased ATP production by as much as 70% in NSCLS cell lines. Taken together, these results suggest that the combined inhibition of ALDH activity and oxidative phosphorylation represents a promising therapeutic strategy for NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Hyeong Lee
- Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea; (S.-H.L.); (Y.J.); (J.H.K.); (H.J.)
| | - Yoon Jeon
- Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea; (S.-H.L.); (Y.J.); (J.H.K.); (H.J.)
| | - Joon Hee Kang
- Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea; (S.-H.L.); (Y.J.); (J.H.K.); (H.J.)
| | - Hyonchol Jang
- Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea; (S.-H.L.); (Y.J.); (J.H.K.); (H.J.)
| | - Ho Lee
- Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-Y.K.); (H.L.)
| | - Soo-Youl Kim
- Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea; (S.-H.L.); (Y.J.); (J.H.K.); (H.J.)
- Correspondence: (S.-Y.K.); (H.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Rebane-Klemm E, Truu L, Reinsalu L, Puurand M, Shevchuk I, Chekulayev V, Timohhina N, Tepp K, Bogovskaja J, Afanasjev V, Suurmaa K, Valvere V, Kaambre T. Mitochondrial Respiration in KRAS and BRAF Mutated Colorectal Tumors and Polyps. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040815. [PMID: 32231083 PMCID: PMC7226330 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the ATP-synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation in colorectal cancer (CRC) and premalignant colon polyps in relation to molecular biomarkers KRAS and BRAF. This prospective study included 48 patients. Resected colorectal polyps and postoperative CRC tissue with adjacent normal tissue (control) were collected. Patients with polyps and CRC were divided into three molecular groups: KRAS mutated, BRAF mutated and KRAS/BRAF wild-type. Mitochondrial respiration in permeabilized tissue samples was observed using high resolution respirometry. ADP-activated respiration rate (Vmax) and an apparent affinity of mitochondria to ADP, which is related to mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM) permeability, were determined. Clear differences were present between molecular groups. KRAS mutated CRC group had lower Vmax values compared to wild-type; however, the Vmax value was higher than in the control group, while MOM permeability did not change. This suggests that KRAS mutation status might be involved in acquiring oxidative phenotype. KRAS mutated polyps had higher Vmax values and elevated MOM permeability as compared to the control. BRAF mutated CRC and polyps had reduced respiration and altered MOM permeability, indicating a glycolytic phenotype. To conclude, prognostic biomarkers KRAS and BRAF are likely related to the metabolic phenotype in CRC and polyps. Assessment of the tumor mitochondrial ATP synthesis could be a potential component of patient risk stratification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Egle Rebane-Klemm
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (L.T.); (L.R.); (M.P.); (I.S.); (V.C.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (T.K.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
- Correspondence:
| | - Laura Truu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (L.T.); (L.R.); (M.P.); (I.S.); (V.C.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (T.K.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Leenu Reinsalu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (L.T.); (L.R.); (M.P.); (I.S.); (V.C.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (T.K.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Marju Puurand
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (L.T.); (L.R.); (M.P.); (I.S.); (V.C.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (T.K.)
| | - Igor Shevchuk
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (L.T.); (L.R.); (M.P.); (I.S.); (V.C.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (T.K.)
| | - Vladimir Chekulayev
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (L.T.); (L.R.); (M.P.); (I.S.); (V.C.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (T.K.)
| | - Natalja Timohhina
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (L.T.); (L.R.); (M.P.); (I.S.); (V.C.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (T.K.)
| | - Kersti Tepp
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (L.T.); (L.R.); (M.P.); (I.S.); (V.C.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (T.K.)
| | - Jelena Bogovskaja
- Clinic of Diagnostics at the North Estonia Medical Centre, J. Sütiste tee 19, 13419 Tallinn, Estonia;
| | - Vladimir Afanasjev
- Clinic of Surgery at the North Estonia Medical Centre, J. Sütiste tee 19, 13419 Tallinn, Estonia;
| | - Külliki Suurmaa
- Department of Gastroenterology, the West Tallinn Central Hospital, Paldiski mnt 68, 10617 Tallinn, Estonia;
| | - Vahur Valvere
- Oncology and Haematology Clinic at the North Estonia Medical Centre, J. Sütiste tee 19, 13419 Tallinn, Estonia;
| | - Tuuli Kaambre
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (L.T.); (L.R.); (M.P.); (I.S.); (V.C.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (T.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment: An Unexplored Strategy for Mutant KRAS Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11122010. [PMID: 31847096 PMCID: PMC6966533 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11122010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Current evidence strongly suggests that cancer cells depend on the microenvironment in order to thrive. In fact, signals from the surrounding tumor microenvironment are crucial for cancer cells´ aggressiveness, altering their expression profile and favoring their metastatic potential. As such, targeting the tumor microenvironment to impair cancer progression became an attractive therapeutic option. Interestingly, it has been shown that oncogenic KRAS signaling promotes a pro-tumorigenic microenvironment, and the associated crosstalk alters the expression profile of cancer cells. These findings award KRAS a key role in controlling the interactions between cancer cells and the microenvironment, granting cancer a poor prognosis. Given the lack of effective approaches to target KRAS itself or its downstream effectors in the clinic, exploring such interactions may open new perspectives on possible therapeutic strategies to hinder mutant KRAS tumors. This review highlights those communications and their implications for the development of effective therapies or to provide insights regarding response to existing regimens.
Collapse
|