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Lopes Dos Santos M, Uftring M, Stahl CA, Lockie RG, Alvar B, Mann JB, Dawes JJ. Stress in Academic and Athletic Performance in Collegiate Athletes: A Narrative Review of Sources and Monitoring Strategies. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:42. [PMID: 33345034 PMCID: PMC7739829 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
College students are required to manage a variety of stressors related to academic, social, and financial commitments. In addition to the burdens facing most college students, collegiate athletes must devote a substantial amount of time to improving their sporting abilities. The strength and conditioning professional sees the athlete on nearly a daily basis and is able to recognize the changes in performance and behavior an athlete may exhibit as a result of these stressors. As such, the strength and conditioning professional may serve an integral role in the monitoring of these stressors and may be able to alter training programs to improve both performance and wellness. The purpose of this paper is to discuss stressors experienced by collegiate athletes, developing an early detection system through monitoring techniques that identify the detrimental effects of stress, and discuss appropriate stress management strategies for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Lopes Dos Santos
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Melissa Uftring
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Cody A Stahl
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Robert G Lockie
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, CA, United States
| | - Brent Alvar
- Department of Kinesiology, Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - J Bryan Mann
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - J Jay Dawes
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
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Takamori S, Hamlin MJ, Kieser DC, King D, Hume P, Yamazaki T, Hachiya M, Olsen PD. Senior Club-Level Rugby Union Player's Positional Movement Performance Using Individualized Velocity Thresholds and Accelerometer-Derived Impacts in Matches. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:710-716. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Maupin D, Schram B, Canetti E, Orr R. The Relationship Between Acute: Chronic Workload Ratios and Injury Risk in Sports: A Systematic Review. Open Access J Sports Med 2020; 11:51-75. [PMID: 32158285 PMCID: PMC7047972 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s231405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Low injury rates have previously been correlated with sporting team success, highlighting the importance of injury prevention programs. Recent methods, such as acute:chronic workload ratios (ACWR) have been developed in an attempt to predict and manage injury risk; however, the relation between these methods and injury risk is unclear. The aim of this systematic review was to identify and synthesize the key findings of studies that have investigated the relationship between ACWR and injury risk. METHODS Included studies were critically appraised using the Downs and Black checklist, and a level of evidence was determined. Relevant data were extracted, tabulated, and synthesized. RESULTS Twenty-seven studies were included for review and ranged in percentage quality scores from 48.2% to 64.3%. Almost perfect interrater agreement (κ = 0.885) existed between raters. This review found a high variability between studies with different variables studied (total distance versus high speed running), as well as differences between ratios analyzed (1.50-1.80 versus ≥1.50), and reference groups (a reference group of 0.80-1.20 versus ≤0.85). CONCLUSION Considering the high variability, it appears that utilizing ACWR for external (eg, total distance) and internal (eg, heart rate) loads may be related to injury risk. Calculating ACWR using exponentially weighted moving averages may potentially result in a more sensitive measure. There also appears to be a trend towards the ratios of 0.80-1.30 demonstrating the lowest risk of injury. However, there may be issues with the ACWR method that must be addressed before it is confidently used to mitigate injury risk. Utilizing standardized approaches will allow for more objective conclusions to be drawn across multiple populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Maupin
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia
| | - Ben Schram
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia
| | - Elisa Canetti
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia
| | - Robin Orr
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia
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Masticatory Muscles Activity in Sport Climbers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17041378. [PMID: 32098017 PMCID: PMC7068301 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17041378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Masticatory muscle activity during teeth clenching is associated with changes in many physiological parameters throughout the body. Clenching can improve muscle activity, force production, rate of force development, and joint fixation. Hence, teeth clenching and masticatory muscle activity can be important in competitive sports activities. Sport climbing is becoming increasingly popular and will be included for the first time in the Summer Olympic Games, Tokyo, 2020. However, masticatory muscle activity in sport climbers has not yet been studied. The aim of the presented study is to compare the bioelectrical activity of the masticatory muscles in sport climbers and non-climbers in order to determine the relationship between these muscles and climbing activity. 44 subjects without masticatory system disorders (16 women and 28 men, average age 26.3) were divided into two groups of 22 sport climbers (8 women, 14 men, climbing experience >4 years), while 22 people (8 women, 14 men, with no regular sports activity) were assigned to the control group. Electromyographic examination of temporalis anterior (TA) and masseter muscle (MM) was evaluated in three conditions: during resting mandibular position, during maximum intercuspation clenching, and during maximum voluntary clenching with cotton rolls between teeth. For statistical analysis, the W Shapiro-Wilk test and the Mann-Whitney U test were used. Sport climbers showed significantly higher bioelectrical activities of MM during maximum intercuspation clenching (238.45 μV vs. 83.87 μV, p = 0.002), and during maximum voluntary clenching with cotton rolls between teeth (300.01 μV vs. 101.38 μV, p = 0.001) compared to controls. The differences between groups in relation to the resting bioelectrical activity of the MM muscles, and TA muscles in all conditions were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Higher bioelectrical activity of masseter muscles during clenching in climbers can be associated with this sports activity. However, the mechanism remains unknown and requires future research.
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Brisola GMP, Claus GM, Dutra YM, Malta ES, de Poli RAB, Esco MR, Zagatto AM. Effects of Seasonal Training Load on Performance and Illness Symptoms in Water Polo. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 34:406-413. [PMID: 31714461 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Brisola, GMP, Claus, GM, Dutra, YM, Malta, ES, de Poli, RAB, Esco, MR, and Zagatto, AM. Effects of seasonal training load on performance and illness symptoms in water polo. J Strength Cond Res 34(2): 406-413, 2020-The purpose of the study was to describe the training load distribution of a young female water polo team in different cycles of the season and verify its subsequent effects on specific fitness measured by the repeated sprints ability (RSA) test, aerobic endurance measured by the lactate minimum test, incidence and severity of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) symptoms, and muscle damage markers. The training load (i.e., rating of perceived exertion × session duration) of 20 young female water polo players (mean ± SD: age = 15.65 ± 1.3 years; body mass = 60.93 ± 11.0 kg; height = 1.62 ± 0.1 m) was monitored, and the incidence and severity of URTI was assessed during part of the season. In addition, we assessed the lactate minimum speed (LMS), RSA, creatine kinase (CK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) blood concentration during the season. The level of significance set was p < 0.05. The training loads were higher in the specific period (p < 0.01), whereas a high incidence of URTI was observed in the general cycle. The LMS was greater in the general cycle (p < 0.05), whereas total time and best time in the RSA test were greater in the competitive cycle (p < 0.05). The CK and LDH concentrations were significantly lower during the competitive cycle (p < 0.01). The general cycle of a female water polo team is critical regarding URTI and muscle damage, even with smaller training loads than the specific period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel M P Brisola
- Post-Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, SP, Brazil.,Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), Department of Physical Education, School of Science, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Bauru, SP, Brazil; and
| | - Gabriel M Claus
- Post-Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, SP, Brazil.,Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), Department of Physical Education, School of Science, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Bauru, SP, Brazil; and
| | - Yago M Dutra
- Post-Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, SP, Brazil.,Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), Department of Physical Education, School of Science, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Bauru, SP, Brazil; and
| | - Elvis S Malta
- Post-Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, SP, Brazil.,Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), Department of Physical Education, School of Science, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Bauru, SP, Brazil; and
| | - Rodrigo A B de Poli
- Post-Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, SP, Brazil.,Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), Department of Physical Education, School of Science, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Bauru, SP, Brazil; and
| | - Michael R Esco
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama
| | - Alessandro M Zagatto
- Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), Department of Physical Education, School of Science, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Bauru, SP, Brazil; and
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