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Gheith EMS, El-Badry OZ, Lamlom SF, Ali HM, Siddiqui MH, Ghareeb RY, El-Sheikh MH, Jebril J, Abdelsalam NR, Kandil EE. Maize ( Zea mays L.) Productivity and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Response to Nitrogen Application Levels and Time. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:941343. [PMID: 35845674 PMCID: PMC9284315 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.941343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Productivity of maize (Zea mays L.) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) as affected by nitrogen application levels and timing were studied. The experimental design was a three-replication randomized complete block design (RCBD). The first factor was nitrogen levels (122, 240, 288 and 336 kg N/ha) and the second factor was nitrogen timing (50% of N at sowing and 50% of N before the first irrigation; T1, 50% of N at sowing and 50% of N before the second irrigation; T2 and 50% of N before the first irrigation and 50% of N before the second irrigation; T3). Results indicated that plant height, ear length, kernel weight, number of grains/rows, number of grains/ear and grain yields all increased significantly as nitrogen levels increased and the level of 336 kg N/ha significantly exhibiting the highest values in both seasons. In terms of nitrogen application time, maize yield parameters such as plant height, ear length, kernel weight/ear, number of grains/rows, number of grains/ear and grain yield were significantly affected by nitrogen timing, with the highest values obtained at T3 while the lowest values obtained at T1 in both seasons. The interaction had a significant impact on plant height and grain yield/ha, with the tallest plants, the highest yields and its components observed at 336 kg N/ha, with 50% of N applied during the first irrigation and 50% of N applied during the second. Furthermore, under the study conditions, NUE decreased dramatically as nitrogen levels increased and increased significantly as nitrogen application time changed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. M. S. Gheith
- Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ola Z. El-Badry
- Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sobhi F. Lamlom
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture Saba Basha, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hayssam M. Ali
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manzer H. Siddiqui
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rehab Y. Ghareeb
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, The City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H. El-Sheikh
- Plant Production Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Jebril Jebril
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Nader R. Abdelsalam
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture Saba Basha, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Essam E. Kandil
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture Saba Basha, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Band Phosphorus and Sulfur Fertilization as Drivers of Efficient Management of Nitrogen of Maize (Zea mays L.). PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11131660. [PMID: 35807612 PMCID: PMC9268923 DOI: 10.3390/plants11131660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Increasing the efficiency of nitrogen use (NUE) from mineral fertilizers is one of the most important priorities of modern agriculture. The objectives of the present study were to assess the role of different nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) rates on maize grain yield (GY), crop residue biomass, NUE indices, N concentration in plants during the growing season, N management indices and to select the most suitable set of NUE indicators. The following factors were tested: band application of di-ammonium phosphate and ammonium sulphate mixture (NPS fertilizer at rates 0, 8.7, 17.4, 26.2 kg ha−1 of P) and different total N rates (0, 60, 120, 180 kg ha−1 of N). In each year of the study, a clear trend of increased GY after NP(S) band application was observed. A particularly positive influence of that factor was confirmed at the lowest level of N fertilization. On average, the highest GY values were obtained for N2P3 and N3P1 treatments. The total N uptake and NUE indices also increased after the band application. In addition, a trend of improved N remobilization efficiency and the N contribution of remobilized N to grain as a result of band application of NP(S) was observed. Among various NUE indices, internal N utilization efficiency (IE) exhibited the strongest, yet negative, correlation with GY, whereas IE was a function of the N harvest index.
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Shen F, Liu W, Duan H, Wu J, Wu C, Liao Y, Yuan Y, Fan H. High N Storage but Low N Recovery After Long-Term N-Fertilization in a Subtropical Cunninghamia lanceolata Plantation Ecosystem: A 14-Year Case Study. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:914176. [PMID: 35800613 PMCID: PMC9255632 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.914176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Forests are among the most important N pools of all terrestrial ecosystems. Elevated atmospheric N deposition in recent decades has led to increased interest in the influences of N application on forest N cycles. However, accurate assessments of N storage in forest ecosystems remain elusive. We used a 14-year experiment of a Chinese fir [Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook] plantation to explore how long-term N fertilization affected N storage and recovery rates. Our study plots were located in a field that had been continuously fertilized over 14 years (2004-2017) with urea at rates of 0 (N0, control), 60 (N60, low-N), 120 (N120, medium-N), and 240 (N240, high-N) kg N hm-2a-1. Data were collected that included N content and biomass in the understory, litter, and various plant organs (i.e., leaves, branches, stems, roots, and bark), as well as soil N content and density at different depths. Results showed that the total ecosystem N storage in the N-fertilized plots was 1.1-1.4 times higher than that in the control plots. About 12.36% of the total ecosystem N was stored in vegetation (plant organs, litter, and understory) and 87.64% was stored in soil (0-60 cm). Plant organs, litter, and soil had higher N storage than the understory layer. Significantly higher plant N uptake was found in the medium-N (1.2 times) and high-N (1.4 times) treatments relative to the control. The N recovery rate of the understory layer in the N-fertilized treatments was negative and less than that in the control. Application of long-term N fertilizer to this stand led to a low N recovery rate (average 11.39%) and high loss of N (average 91.86%), which indicate low N use efficiency in the Chinese fir plantation ecosystem. Our findings further clarify the distribution of N in an important terrestrial ecosystem and improve our understanding of regional N cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Shen
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Restoration of Degraded Ecosystems and Watershed Ecohydrology, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Prevention, Jiangxi Academy of Water Science and Engineering, Nanchang, China
| | - Wenfei Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Restoration of Degraded Ecosystems and Watershed Ecohydrology, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang, China
| | - Honglang Duan
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jianping Wu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology and Health in Universities of Yunnan Province, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Chunsheng Wu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Restoration of Degraded Ecosystems and Watershed Ecohydrology, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang, China
| | - Yingchun Liao
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Restoration of Degraded Ecosystems and Watershed Ecohydrology, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang, China
| | - Yinghong Yuan
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Restoration of Degraded Ecosystems and Watershed Ecohydrology, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang, China
| | - Houbao Fan
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Restoration of Degraded Ecosystems and Watershed Ecohydrology, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang, China
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Nitrogen Reduction Combined with Organic Materials Can Stabilize Crop Yield and Soil Nutrients in Winter Rapeseed and Maize Rotation in Yellow Soil. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14127183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the effect of nitrogen reduction combined with organic materials on crop growth of winter rapeseed and maize rotation in yellow soil. Methods: A 2-year, four-season winter rapeseed and maize rotation experiment using three organic materials (biochar (B), commercial organic fertilizer (O) and straw (S), 3000 kg·hm−2) and three nitrogen application rates (100%, 85% and 70%) was carried out from 2018 to 2020 in Guizhou Province, China. By comprehensively analyzing the crop yield, biomass and nutrient absorption, soil nutrients indicators, and the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer was calculated. Results: All organic materials could increase the yield of both crops, and 100% N + O treatment was the best, and the 2-year winter rapeseed and maize yields reached 3069 kg·hm−2, 3215 kg·hm−2 and 11,802 kg·hm−2, 11,912 kg·hm−2, respectively. When nitrogen application was reduced by 15%, the addition of the three organic materials could stabilize or increase the yield and biomass, and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium absorption in both crops showed an increasing trend, which could improve or maintain soil nutrients. When nitrogen application was reduced by 30%, the yields of two crops with organic materials addition were lower than those of 100% N treatment. Through the interaction, it was found that nitrogen and organic material were the main reasons for the increase in yield, respectively. Conclusions: The addition of three organic materials can replace 15% of nitrogen fertilizer. It is recommended to apply 153.0 kg·hm−2 and 127.5 kg·hm−2 of nitrogen fertilizer in winter rapeseed and maize seasons, respectively, in the rotation area of Guizhou yellow soil, with the addition of 3000 kg·hm−2 organic materials, most appropriately commercial organic fertilizer.
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55
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DMPP and Polymer-Coated Urea Promoted Growth and Increased Yield of Greenhouse Tomatoes. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8060472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Improvements in nitrogen (N) use efficiency reduce stress on the environment and improve tomato production. A two-year trial was conducted in greenhouse tomatoes with a split-plot design, in which one factor was the N application rate (150 kg·ha−1, N1; 200 kg·ha−1, N2; and 250 kg·ha−1, N3) and two other factors were the type of urea applied (urea, T1; slow-release (polymer-coated) urea, T2, and nitrification inhibitors (3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate, DMPP) + urea, T3); no N fertilizer was applied in the control. The effects of the nitrogen (N) application rate and type of urea applied on the root morphology indexes, growth indexes, photosynthetic parameters, yield (Y), water use efficiency (WUE), and nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE) of greenhouse tomatoes were investigated. The results show that an appropriate N application rate (200 kg·ha−1) can improve tomato growth and net photosynthetic rate (Pn). With T3, the Y and WUE of greenhouse tomatoes first increased and then decreased as the N application rate increased, but with T1 and T2, the Y and WUE increased as the N application rate increased. The NAE of greenhouse tomatoes was significantly lower with N3 than with N2. The root growth, plant growth, Pn, Y, WUE, and NAE of the tomatoes were improved with T2 and T3 compared to T1. These findings can be used to promote N conservation and increase the Y of facility agriculture crops.
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Shrestha V, Chhetri HB, Kainer D, Xu Y, Hamilton L, Piasecki C, Wolfe B, Wang X, Saha M, Jacobson D, Millwood RJ, Mazarei M, Stewart CN. The Genetic Architecture of Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:893610. [PMID: 35586220 PMCID: PMC9108870 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.893610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) has immense potential as a bioenergy crop with the aim of producing biofuel as an end goal. Nitrogen (N)-related sustainability traits, such as nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and nitrogen remobilization efficiency (NRE), are important factors affecting switchgrass quality and productivity. Hence, it is imperative to develop nitrogen use-efficient switchgrass accessions by exploring the genetic basis of NUE in switchgrass. For that, we used 331 diverse field-grown switchgrass accessions planted under low and moderate N fertility treatments. We performed a genome wide association study (GWAS) in a holistic manner where we not only considered NUE as a single trait but also used its related phenotypic traits, such as total dry biomass at low N and moderate N, and nitrogen use index, such as NRE. We have evaluated the phenotypic characterization of the NUE and the related traits, highlighted their relationship using correlation analysis, and identified the top ten nitrogen use-efficient switchgrass accessions. Our GWAS analysis identified 19 unique single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 32 candidate genes. Two promising GWAS candidate genes, caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT) and alfin-like 6 (AL6), were further supported by linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis. Finally, we discussed the potential role of nitrogen in modulating the expression of these two genes. Our findings have opened avenues for the development of improved nitrogen use-efficient switchgrass lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Shrestha
- Department of Plant Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Hari B. Chhetri
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - David Kainer
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Yaping Xu
- Department of Plant Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Lance Hamilton
- Department of Plant Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | | | - Ben Wolfe
- Department of Plant Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Xueyan Wang
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, United States
| | - Malay Saha
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, United States
| | - Daniel Jacobson
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Reginald J. Millwood
- Department of Plant Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Mitra Mazarei
- Department of Plant Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - C. Neal Stewart
- Department of Plant Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
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Fataftah N, Edlund E, Lihavainen J, Bag P, Björkén L, Näsholm T, Jansson S. Nitrate fertilization may delay autumn leaf senescence, while amino acid treatments do not. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13690. [PMID: 35460591 PMCID: PMC9323471 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fertilization with nitrogen (N)-rich compounds leads to increased growth but may compromise phenology and winter survival of trees in boreal regions. During autumn, N is remobilized from senescing leaves and stored in other parts of the tree to be used in the next growing season. However, the mechanism behind the N fertilization effect on winter survival is not well understood, and it is unclear how N levels or forms modulate autumn senescence. We performed fertilization experiments and showed that treating Populus saplings with inorganic nitrogen resulted in a delay in senescence. In addition, by using precise delivery of solutes into the xylem stream of Populus trees in their natural environment, we found that delay of autumn senescence was dependent on the form of N administered: inorganic N ( NO 3 - ) delayed senescence, but amino acids (Arg, Glu, Gln, and Leu) did not. Metabolite profiling of leaves showed that the levels of tricarboxylic acids, arginine catabolites (ammonium, ornithine), glycine, glycine-serine ratio and overall carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio were affected differently by the way of applying NO3 - and Arg treatments. In addition, the onset of senescence did not coincide with soluble sugar accumulation in control trees or in any of the treatments. We propose that different regulation of C and N status through direct molecular signaling of NO3 - and/or different allocation of N between tree parts depending on N forms could account for the contrasting effects of NO3 - and tested here amino acids (Arg, Glu, Gln, and Leu) on autumn senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazeer Fataftah
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Erik Edlund
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenna Lihavainen
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pushan Bag
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lars Björkén
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Torgny Näsholm
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stefan Jansson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Javed T, I I, Singhal RK, Shabbir R, Shah AN, Kumar P, Jinger D, Dharmappa PM, Shad MA, Saha D, Anuragi H, Adamski R, Siuta D. Recent Advances in Agronomic and Physio-Molecular Approaches for Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Crop Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:877544. [PMID: 35574130 PMCID: PMC9106419 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.877544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency with which plants use nutrients to create biomass and/or grain is determined by the interaction of environmental and plant intrinsic factors. The major macronutrients, especially nitrogen (N), limit plant growth and development (1.5-2% of dry biomass) and have a direct impact on global food supply, fertilizer demand, and concern with environmental health. In the present time, the global consumption of N fertilizer is nearly 120 MT (million tons), and the N efficiency ranges from 25 to 50% of applied N. The dynamic range of ideal internal N concentrations is extremely large, necessitating stringent management to ensure that its requirements are met across various categories of developmental and environmental situations. Furthermore, approximately 60 percent of arable land is mineral deficient and/or mineral toxic around the world. The use of chemical fertilizers adds to the cost of production for the farmers and also increases environmental pollution. Therefore, the present study focused on the advancement in fertilizer approaches, comprising the use of biochar, zeolite, and customized nano and bio-fertilizers which had shown to be effective in improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) with lower soil degradation. Consequently, adopting precision farming, crop modeling, and the use of remote sensing technologies such as chlorophyll meters, leaf color charts, etc. assist in reducing the application of N fertilizer. This study also discussed the role of crucial plant attributes such as root structure architecture in improving the uptake and transport of N efficiency. The crosstalk of N with other soil nutrients plays a crucial role in nutrient homeostasis, which is also discussed thoroughly in this analysis. At the end, this review highlights the more efficient and accurate molecular strategies and techniques such as N transporters, transgenes, and omics, which are opening up intriguing possibilities for the detailed investigation of the molecular components that contribute to nitrogen utilization efficiency, thus expanding our knowledge of plant nutrition for future global food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talha Javed
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Indu I
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Singhal
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, India
| | - Rubab Shabbir
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Seed Science and Technology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Noor Shah
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Central Institute for Arid Horticulture, Bikaner, India
| | - Dinesh Jinger
- Research Centre, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Anand, India
| | - Prathibha M. Dharmappa
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Munsif Ali Shad
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Debanjana Saha
- Centurion University of Technology and Management, Jatni, India
| | - Hirdayesh Anuragi
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)- Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi, India
| | - Robert Adamski
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Łódź University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
| | - Dorota Siuta
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Łódź University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
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Magen S, Seybold H, Laloum D, Avin-Wittenberg T. Metabolism and autophagy in plants - A perfect match. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:2133-2151. [PMID: 35470431 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a eukaryotic cellular transport mechanism that delivers intracellular macromolecules, proteins, and even organelles to a lytic organelle (vacuole in yeast and plants/lysosome in animals) for degradation and nutrient recycling. The process is mediated by highly conserved Autophagy-Related (ATG) proteins. In plants, autophagy maintains cellular homeostasis under favorable conditions, guaranteeing normal plant growth and fitness. Severe stress such as nutrient starvation and plant senescence further induce it, thus ensuring plant survival under unfavorable conditions by providing nutrients through the removal of damaged or aged proteins, or organelles. In this article, we examine the interplay between metabolism and autophagy, focusing on the different aspects of this reciprocal relationship. We show that autophagy has a strong influence on a range of metabolic processes, whereas, at the same time, even single metabolites can activate autophagy. We highlight the involvement of ATG genes in metabolism, examine the role of the macronutrients carbon and nitrogen, as well as various micronutrients, and take a closer look at how the interaction between autophagy and metabolism impacts on plant phenotypes and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Magen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Heike Seybold
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Daniel Laloum
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tamar Avin-Wittenberg
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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Cortés-Quezada M, Parada AM, Videla X, Valdés JA, Gonzalez-Catrilelbún S, Aspée A, Nario A, Rivas-Aravena A. Labelling fish diets with 15 N -Leucine for monitoring feed consumption and bio-distribution in Atlantic salmon. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:1096-1103. [PMID: 35348306 PMCID: PMC9122439 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeding represents 50–70% of the cost of production in salmon farming, higher than any other animal farm. The improvement of this percentage is challenging as the food is thrown into the fish tank, there is no quantification of the amount of food that is consumed by the fish. In consequence, it is difficult to adjust the food composition making it more nutritive or promoting food consumption by fish. In this study, to investigate food consumption, bio‐distribution and food residues, leucine containing 15N (a stable isotope of nitrogen) was used to label the fish food. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) weighing 100–120 g were maintained in 30 L tanks at a density of 14 kg/m3. Fishes were fed daily at 1% of the fish weight with pellet labelled with 15N‐leucine. The 15N incorporation was determined 14 hours after the feeding in all the fish organs. Results showed that 14 hours after the administration of a single dose of labelled food to Atlantic salmon enables the detection of the tracer in the whole organism allowing determining the food consumption. Through the analysis of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), we showed that the trunk, pyloric caeca and head incorporate the highest level of the marker (72.7, 8.7 and 5.7%, respectively). This methodology would permit monitoring feeding to minimize food loss, improve administration methodologies or select the preferred foods for the fish, among others to reduce production costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirta Cortés-Quezada
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana María Parada
- Departamento de Tecnologías Nucleares, Comisión Chilena de Energía Nuclear, Las Condes, Chile
| | - Ximena Videla
- Departamento de Tecnologías Nucleares, Comisión Chilena de Energía Nuclear, Las Condes, Chile
| | - Juan Antonio Valdés
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Alexis Aspée
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adriana Nario
- Departamento de Tecnologías Nucleares, Comisión Chilena de Energía Nuclear, Las Condes, Chile
| | - Andrea Rivas-Aravena
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
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Mboyerwa PA, Kibret K, Mtakwa P, Aschalew A. Lowering nitrogen rates under the system of rice intensification enhanced rice productivity and nitrogen use efficiency in irrigated lowland rice. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09140. [PMID: 35846470 PMCID: PMC9280497 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the essential plant nutrients, nitrogen (N) is the most important and universally deficient in rice cropping systems worldwide. Despite different practices available for improvement of N management, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is still very low in rice, particularly under conventional management practices. This study was conducted to assess the effect of two crop management practices including the system of rice intensification (SRI) versus conventional management practices (CP) with four N application levels (60, 90, 120, and 150 kg N ha−1) and absolute control (i.e., without N application) on rice growth, grain yield, and NUE. Experiments were established in split-plot randomized complete block design in three replicates. Crop management practices and N levels were treated as the main effect of main-plots and sub-plots, respectively with replicate blocks treated as random factors. Results indicated that deploying of SRI increased rice grain yield by 17.5 and 52.4% during wet and dry seasons, respectively compared with the CP. Rice grain yield was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in SRI than in CP at all levels of N application compared. The application of N at 120 and 60 kg ha−1 resulted in the increase in rice grain yields by 49 and 46.5%, respectively, relative to the absolute control during wet and dry seasons. Nitrogen application had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (ANUE) and partial factor productivity (PFP). Results also indicated that agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (ANUE) was higher (27.2 kg grain kg−1 N) during the wet season with an application of 60 kg N ha−1. Furthermore, higher ANUE (23.8 kg grain kg−1 N) was recorded during dry season with an application of 90 kg N ha−1. The significant (p < 0.05) interaction effects of treatments were recorded on PFP between SRI and 60 kg N ha−1 during the wet (116.7 kg grain kg−1 N) and dry (105.8 kg grain kg−1 N) seasons. This study revealed that ANUE and PFP decreased with N application at the levels of 120 and 150 kg N ha−1 under SRI and CP during the two cropping seasons. The findings of the present study provide potential information that rice grain yield and higher NUE could be achieved at low N inputs under SRI, and thus reducing costs resulted from fertilizer inputs without compromising other environmental benefits.
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Winnie N, Giweta M, Gweyi-Onyango J, Mochoge B, Mutegi J, Nziguheba G, Masso C. Assessment of the 2006 Abuja Fertilizer Declaration With Emphasis on Nitrogen Use Efficiency to Reduce Yield Gaps in Maize Production. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.758724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Abuja Fertilizer Declaration in 2006 recommended the increase of fertilizer use from the current practice for Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) to achieve food sufficiency and improve soil fertility status. However, the current recommended rates of fertilizer have not been evaluated for specific crops on their potential to reduce the yield gap and optimize nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). In this study, with nitrogen (N) being a significant yield-determinant nutrient, four N use scenarios were drawn from existing recommendations and were evaluated under field conditions for maize crops in two catchments of the Lake Victoria basin. The scenarios included Business as Usual (BAU, 0 kg N ha−1), 25% of the Abuja declaration (ADS 12.5 kg N ha−1), 50% of the Abuja declaration (ADS 25 kg N ha−1), and Abuja declaration–Abuja scenario (ADS, 50 kg N ha−1). The results revealed that increasing N input levels significantly influenced the growth and yield of maize crops. The ADS scenario recorded the highest grain yield increase (167.39%) in Nyando and 103.25% in Rangwe catchments compared to the BAU scenario. N deficits were observed in all the N use scenarios with a range of −66.6 to −125.7 kg N ha−1 in Nyando and −62.5 to −105.4 kg N ha−1 in Rangwe catchments with the 50% ADS scenario having the highest deficits. The deficits imply that the added N input is insufficient to create an N balance for optimal NUE with consequent high risks of soil N mining. In both catchments, all N use scenarios were within the recommended agro-physiological N efficiency (APEN) level of between 40 and 60 kg kg−1 N. The partial N balance obtained at Nyando (1.56–3.11) and Rangwe (1.10–4.64) was higher than the optimal values, a sign of insufficiency of N inputs and possible risk of soil N depletion in all the scenarios. Our findings conclude that the proposed N rates in the region are still very low for food sufficiency and optimized NUE. Therefore, there is a need to explore other sources of N such as biological N fixation and organic manure and inform policy- and decision-makers to recommend higher rates beyond the “Abuja declaration” with the prospect of reaching target yield and optimizing NUE values based on specific crop recommendations.
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Combination of Inorganic Nitrogen and Organic Soil Amendment Improves Nitrogen Use Efficiency While Reducing Nitrogen Runoff. NITROGEN 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/nitrogen3010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Improved nitrogen fertiliser management and increased nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) can be achieved by synchronising nitrogen (N) availability with plant uptake requirements. Organic materials in conjunction with inorganic fertilisers provide a strategy for supplying plant-available N over the growing season and reducing N loss. This study investigated whether a combined application of inorganic N with an organic soil amendment could improve nitrogen use efficiency by reducing N loss in runoff. Nitrogen runoff from a ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) cover was investigated using a rainfall simulator. Nitrogen was applied at low, medium and high (50, 75 and 100 kg/ha) rates as either (NH4)2SO4 or in combination with a poultry manure-based organic material. We showed that the NUE in the combination (58–75%) was two-fold greater than in (NH4)2SO4 (24–42%). Furthermore, this combination also resulted in a two-fold lower N runoff compared with the inorganic fertiliser alone. This effect was attributed to the slower rate of N release from the organic amendment relative to the inorganic fertiliser. Here, we demonstrated that the combined use of inorganic and organic N substrates can reduce nutrient losses in surface runoff due to a better synchronisation of N availability with plant uptake requirements.
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Mălinaş A, Vidican R, Rotar I, Mălinaş C, Moldovan CM, Proorocu M. Current Status and Future Prospective for Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11020217. [PMID: 35050105 PMCID: PMC8777959 DOI: 10.3390/plants11020217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Although essential for achieving high crop yields required for the growing population worldwide, nitrogen, (N) in large amounts, along with its inefficient use, results in environmental pollution and increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Therefore, improved nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) has a significant role to play in the development of more sustainable crop production systems. Considering that wheat is one of the major crops cultivated in the world and contributes in high amounts to the large N footprint, designing sustainable wheat crop patterns, briefly defined by us in this review as the 3 Qs (high quantity, good quality and the quintessence of natural environment health) is urgently required. There are numerous indices used to benchmark N management for a specific crop, including wheat, but the misunderstanding of their specific functions could result in an under/overestimation of crop NUE. Thus, a better understanding of N dynamics in relation to wheat N cycling can enhance a higher efficiency of N use. In this sense, the aim of our review is to provide a critical analysis on the current knowledge with respect to wheat NUE. Further, considering the key traits involved in N uptake, assimilation, distribution and utilization efficiency, as well as genetics (G), environment (E) and management (M) interactions, we suggest a series of future perspectives that can enhance a better efficiency of N in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamaria Mălinaş
- Department of Plant Culture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.M.); (R.V.); (I.R.)
| | - Roxana Vidican
- Department of Plant Culture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.M.); (R.V.); (I.R.)
| | - Ioan Rotar
- Department of Plant Culture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.M.); (R.V.); (I.R.)
| | - Cristian Mălinaş
- Department of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (C.M.M.)
| | - Cristina Maria Moldovan
- Department of Plant Culture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.M.); (R.V.); (I.R.)
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (C.M.M.)
| | - Marian Proorocu
- Department of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
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Rajput VD, Singh A, Minkina T, Rawat S, Mandzhieva S, Sushkova S, Shuvaeva V, Nazarenko O, Rajput P, Komariah, Verma KK, Singh AK, Rao M, Upadhyay SK. Nano-Enabled Products: Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Agriculture. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2727. [PMID: 34961197 PMCID: PMC8707238 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has gained popularity in recent years owing to its established potential for application and implementation in various sectors such as medical drugs, medicine, catalysis, energy, material, and plant science. Nanoparticles (NPs) are smaller in size (1-100 nm) with a larger surface area and have many fruitful applications. The extraordinary functions of NPs are utilized in sustainable agriculture due to nano-enabled products, e.g., nano-insecticides, nano-pesticides, and nano-fertilizers. Nanoparticles have lately been suggested as an alternate method for controlling plant pests such as insects, fungi, and weeds. Several NPs exhibit antimicrobial properties considered in food packaging processes; for example, Ag-NPs are commonly used for such purposes. Apart from their antimicrobial properties, NPs such as Si, Ag, Fe, Cu, Al, Zn, ZnO, TiO2, CeO2, Al2O3, and carbon nanotubes have also been demonstrated to have negative impacts on plant growth and development. This review examines the field-use of nano-enabled products in sustainable agriculture, future perspectives, and growing environmental concerns. The remarkable information on commercialized nano-enabled products used in the agriculture and allied sectors are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu D. Rajput
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (T.M.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (V.S.); (O.N.)
| | - Abhishek Singh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut 250110, India;
| | - Tatiana Minkina
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (T.M.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (V.S.); (O.N.)
| | - Sapna Rawat
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India;
| | - Saglara Mandzhieva
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (T.M.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (V.S.); (O.N.)
| | - Svetlana Sushkova
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (T.M.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (V.S.); (O.N.)
| | - Victoria Shuvaeva
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (T.M.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (V.S.); (O.N.)
| | - Olga Nazarenko
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (T.M.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (V.S.); (O.N.)
| | - Priyadarshani Rajput
- The Smart Materials Research Institute, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia;
| | - Komariah
- Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia;
| | - Krishan K. Verma
- Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China;
| | - Awani Kumar Singh
- Centre for Protected Cultivation, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India;
| | - Mahesh Rao
- Pusa Campus, ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology (NIPB), New Delhi 110012, India;
| | - Sudhir K. Upadhyay
- Department of Environmental Science, V.B.S. Purvanhal University, Jaunpur 222003, India;
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Cárdenas-Castillo JE, Delatorre-Herrera J, Bascuñán-Godoy L, Rodriguez JP. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Wild.) Seed Yield and Efficiency in Soils Deficient of Nitrogen in the Bolivian Altiplano: An Analytical Review. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10112479. [PMID: 34834842 PMCID: PMC8624588 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Quinoa is a strategic crop due to its high N content and its adaptability to adverse conditions, where most of the soils are deficient of nitrogen (N). The central question in this review was the following: How can quinoa yield low levels of nitrogen in the soils of Altiplano? This question was unraveled based on different factors: (1) fertilization effect on productivity, (2) fertilization limits, (3) uptake and assimilation of nitrogen parameters, (4) monoculture practice effect, and (5) possible sources and strategies. One hundred eleven articles of different scientific platforms were revised and data were collected. Information from articles was used to calculate the partial factor productivity for nitrogen (PFPN), the apparent use efficiency of N (APUEN), available nitrogen (AN), and nitrogen content harvested in grains (HarvN). Quinoa responds positively to fertilization, but differences in yield were found among irrigated and rainfed conditions. Quinoa can produce 1850 kg grains ha−1 with 50 kg N ha−1 under irrigated conditions, and 670 kg grains ha−1 with 15 kg N ha−1 in rainfed conditions. Quinoa increases seed yield and HarvN increases N fertilization, but decreases nitrogen efficiency. In Altiplano, without nitrogen fertilizer, the quinoa yield relies on between 500 and 1000 kg ha−1, which shows that in the soil, there are other nitrogen sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús E. Cárdenas-Castillo
- Engineering Agriculture Department, Natural Sciences and Agriculture Faculty, Universidad Técnica de Oruro, Oruro 49, Bolivia;
- Doctoral Program in Agriculture for Arid-Desert Environments, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, Desert Agriculture Area, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique 1100000, Chile
| | - José Delatorre-Herrera
- Doctoral Program in Agriculture for Arid-Desert Environments, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, Desert Agriculture Area, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique 1100000, Chile
- Correspondence:
| | - Luisa Bascuñán-Godoy
- Botany Departament, Faculty of Natural and Oceanographic Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile;
| | - Juan Pablo Rodriguez
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI)—Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests, Messeweg 11/12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany;
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Williams ST, Vail S, Arcand MM. Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Parent vs. Hybrid Canola under Varying Nitrogen Availabilities. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112364. [PMID: 34834725 PMCID: PMC8623409 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is essential for sustainable agriculture, especially in high-N-demanding crops such as canola (Brassica napus). While advancements in above-ground agronomic practices have improved NUE, research on soil and below-ground processes are limited. Plant NUE-and its components, N uptake efficiency (NUpE), and N utilization efficiency (NUtE)-can be further improved by exploring crop variety and soil N cycling. Canola parental genotypes (NAM-0 and NAM-17) and hybrids (H151857 and H151816) were grown on a dark brown chernozem in Saskatchewan, Canada. Soil and plant samples were collected at the 5-6 leaf stage and flowering, and seeds were collected at harvest maturity. Soil N cycling varied with phenotypic stage, with higher potential ammonium oxidation rates at the 5-6 leaf stage and higher urease activity at flowering. Seed N uptake was higher under higher urea-N rates, while the converse was true for NUE metrics. Hybrids had higher yield, seed N uptake, NUtE, and NUE, with higher NUE potentially owing to higher NUtE at flowering, which led to higher yield and seed N allocation. Soil N cycling and soil N concentrations correlated for improved canola NUE, revealing below-ground breeding targets. Future studies should consider multiple root characteristics, including rhizosphere microbial N cycling, root exudates, and root system architecture, to determine the below-ground dynamics of plant NUE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanay T. Williams
- Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Sally Vail
- Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada;
| | - Melissa M. Arcand
- Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
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