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Comparison of commercially available whole-genome sequencing kits for variant detection in circulating cell-free DNA. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6190. [PMID: 32277101 PMCID: PMC7148341 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63102-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating cell-free DNA (ccfDNA) has great potential for non-invasive diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring treatment of disease. However, a sensitive and specific whole-genome sequencing (WGS) method is required to identify novel genetic variations (i.e., SNVs, CNVs and INDELS) on ccfDNA that can be used as clinical biomarkers. In this article, five WGS methods were compared: ThruPLEX Plasma-seq, QIAseq cfDNA All-in-One, NEXTFLEX Cell Free DNA-seq, Accel-NGS 2 S PCR FREE DNA and Accel-NGS 2 S PLUS DNA. The Accel PCR-free kit did not produce enough material for sequencing. The other kits had significant common number of SNVs, INDELs and CNVs and showed similar results for SNVs and CNVs. The detection of variants and genomic signatures depends more upon the type of plasma sample rather than the WGS method used. Accel detected several variants not observed by the other kits. ThruPLEX seemed to identify more low-abundant SNVs and SNV signatures were similar to signatures observed with the QIAseq kit. Accel and NEXTFLEX had similar CNV and SNV signatures. These results demonstrate the importance of establishing a standardized workflow for identifying non-invasive candidate biomarkers. Moreover, the combination of variants discovered in ccfDNA using WGS has the potential to identify enrichment pathways, while the analysis of signatures could identify new subgroups of patients.
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The Prospect of Identifying Resistance Mechanisms for Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer Using Circulating Tumor Cells: Is Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition a Key Player? Prostate Cancer 2020; 2020:7938280. [PMID: 32292603 PMCID: PMC7149487 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7938280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is initially driven by excessive androgen receptor (AR) signaling with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) being a major therapeutic approach to its treatment. However, the development of drug resistance is a significant limitation on the effectiveness of both first-line and more recently developed second-line ADTs. There is a need then to study AR signaling within the context of other oncogenic signaling pathways that likely mediate this resistance. This review focuses on interactions between AR signaling, the well-known phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/AKT pathway, and an emerging mediator of these pathways, the Hippo/YAP1 axis in metastatic castrate-resistant PCa, and their involvement in the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a feature of disease progression and ADT resistance. Analysis of these pathways in circulating tumor cells (CTCs) may provide an opportunity to evaluate their utility as biomarkers and address their importance in the development of resistance to current ADT with potential to guide future therapies.
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53
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Abd. Wahab NA, H. Lajis N, Abas F, Othman I, Naidu R. Mechanism of Anti-Cancer Activity of Curcumin on Androgen-Dependent and Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer. Nutrients 2020; 12:E679. [PMID: 32131560 PMCID: PMC7146610 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a heterogeneous disease and ranked as the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in males worldwide. The global burden of PCa keeps rising regardless of the emerging cutting-edge technologies for treatment and drug designation. There are a number of treatment options which are effectively treating localised and androgen-dependent PCa (ADPC) through hormonal and surgery treatments. However, over time, these cancerous cells progress to androgen-independent PCa (AIPC) which continuously grow despite hormone depletion. At this particular stage, androgen depletion therapy (ADT) is no longer effective as these cancerous cells are rendered hormone-insensitive and capable of growing in the absence of androgen. AIPC is a lethal type of disease which leads to poor prognosis and is a major contributor to PCa death rates. A natural product-derived compound, curcumin has been identified as a pleiotropic compound which capable of influencing and modulating a diverse range of molecular targets and signalling pathways in order to exhibit its medicinal properties. Due to such multi-targeted behaviour, its benefits are paramount in combating a wide range of diseases including inflammation and cancer disease. Curcumin exhibits anti-cancer properties by suppressing cancer cells growth and survival, inflammation, invasion, cell proliferation as well as possesses the ability to induce apoptosis in malignant cells. In this review, we investigate the mechanism of curcumin by modulating multiple signalling pathways such as androgen receptor (AR) signalling, activating protein-1 (AP-1), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases/the serine/threonine kinase (PI3K/Akt/mTOR), wingless (Wnt)/ß-catenin signalling, and molecular targets including nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and cyclin D1 which are implicated in the development and progression of both types of PCa, ADPC and AIPC. In addition, the role of microRNAs and clinical trials on the anti-cancer effects of curcumin in PCa patients were also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Azwa Abd. Wahab
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia; (N.A.A.W.); (I.O.)
| | - Nordin H. Lajis
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (N.H.L.); (F.A.)
| | - Faridah Abas
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (N.H.L.); (F.A.)
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia; (N.A.A.W.); (I.O.)
| | - Rakesh Naidu
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia; (N.A.A.W.); (I.O.)
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Wang X, Fang Y, Sun W, Xu Z, Zhang Y, Wei X, Ding X, Xu Y. Endocrinotherapy resistance of prostate and breast cancer: Importance of the NF‑κB pathway (Review). Int J Oncol 2020; 56:1064-1074. [PMID: 32319568 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.4990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) and breast cancer (BCa) are two common sex hormone‑related cancer types with high rates of morbidity, and are leading causes of cancer death globally in men and women, respectively. The biological function of androgen or estrogen is a key factor for PCa or BCa tumorigenesis, respectively. Nevertheless, after hormone deprivation therapy, the majority of patients ultimately develop hormone‑independent malignancies that are resistant to endocrinotherapy. It is widely recognized, therefore, that understanding of the mechanisms underlying the process from hormone dependence towards hormone independence is critical to discover molecular targets for the control of advanced PCa and BCa. This review aimed to dissect the important mechanisms involved in the therapeutic resistance of PCa and BCa. It was concluded that activation of the NF‑κB pathway is an important common mechanism for metastasis and therapeutic resistance of the two types of cancer; in particular, the RelB‑activated noncanonical NF‑κB pathway appears to be able to lengthen and strengthen NF‑κB activity, which has been a focus of recent investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Wang
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, and Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Yao Fang
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, and Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Wenbo Sun
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, and Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Xu
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, and Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowei Wei
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, P.R. China
| | - Xuansheng Ding
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, P.R. China
| | - Yong Xu
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, and Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
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55
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Ye S, Wang H, He K, Shen H, Peng M, Nian Y, Cui R, Yi L. Gene set based systematic analysis of prostate cancer and its subtypes. Future Oncol 2019; 16:4381-4393. [PMID: 31814446 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2019-0459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: A gene set based systematic analysis strategy is used to investigate prostate tumors and its subclusters with focuses on similarities and differences of biological functions. Results: Dysregulation of methylation status, as well as RAS/RAF/ERK and PI3K-ATK signaling pathways, were found to be the most dramatic changes during prostate cancer tumorigenesis. Besides, neural and inflammation microenvironment is also significantly divergent between tumor and adjacent tissues. Insights of subclasses within prostate tumor cohorts revealed four different clusters with distinct gene expression patterns. We found that samples are mainly clustered by immune environments and proliferation traits. Conclusion: The findings of this article may help to advance the progress of identifying better diagnosis biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senlin Ye
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha 410011, PR China
| | - Haohui Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha 410011, PR China
| | - Kancheng He
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha 410011, PR China
| | - Hongwei Shen
- Central Lab of the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha 410011, PR China
| | - Mou Peng
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha 410011, PR China
| | - Yeqi Nian
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha 410011, PR China
| | - Rongrong Cui
- Institute of Metabolism & Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha 410011, PR China
| | - Lu Yi
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha 410011, PR China
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Multifocal Signal Modulation Therapy by Celecoxib: A Strategy for Managing Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20236091. [PMID: 31816863 PMCID: PMC6929142 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is a significant health concern throughout the world. Standard therapy for advanced disease consists of anti-androgens, however, almost all prostate tumors become castration resistant (CRPC). Progression from androgen-sensitive PCa to CRPC is promoted by inflammatory signaling through cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and ErbB family receptors/AKT activation, compensating androgen receptor inactivity. METHODS Making use of CRPC cell lines, we investigated the effects of the anti-inflammatory drug celecoxib. Biochemical data obtained using immunoblotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), invasion, and xenografts were further integrated by bioinformatic analyses. RESULTS Celecoxib reduced cell growth and induced apoptosis through AKT blockade, cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), and proteasomal degradation of the anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), ErbB2, and ErbB3 degradation, and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K) downregulation, further amplified the inhibition of androgen signaling. Celecoxib reduced the invasive phenotype of CRPC cells by modulating NF-κB activity and reduced tumor growth in mice xenografts when administered in association with the anti-EGFR receptor antibody cetuximab. Bioinformatic analyses on human prostate cancer datasets support the relevance of these pathways in PCa progression. CONCLUSIONS Signaling nodes at the intersection of pathways implicated in PCa progression are simultaneously modulated by celecoxib treatment. In combination therapies with cetuximab, celecoxib could represent a novel therapeutic strategy to curb signal transduction during CRPC progression.
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Wu X, Tian H, Xue L, Wang L. SIRT6 abrogation promotes adrenocortical carcinoma through activation of NF-κB signaling. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 458:1-10. [PMID: 30989475 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03525-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
As an uncommon malignancy in the adrenal gland, adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is characterized by thorny diagnosis and poor clinical outcome, necessitating innovative treatment strategies. Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6), a tumor suppressor, modulates aerobic glycolysis of malignant cells and has an impact on tumorigenesis. This study focused on investigating SIRT6 expression in ACC and how it generates cancer phenotypes. SIRT6 expression was inhibited in ACC tissues according to western blotting, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry. MTT assay, TUNEL assay, and flow cytometry were performed to evaluate the contribution of SIRT6 to cell invasion, proliferation, death, and migration. It was shown that SIRT6 knockdown promoted cell invasion, proliferation, and migration, and inhibited cell death. Moreover, it was found that SIRT6 knockdown upregulated TLR4 and reinforced phosphorylation of the nuclear transcription factor-kappa B (NF-κB) subunit p65 as well as inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase. Additionally, SIRT6 knockdown significantly enhanced expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide as well as transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1. It also reinforced reactive oxygen species generation. Overall, our research findings demonstrate that SIRT6 serves as a tumor suppressor via regulation of the NF-κB pathway, which could offer an innovative strategy to treat ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyi Wu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Haoming Tian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Long Xue
- Department of Intensive Medicine, Women and Children's Hospital of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610043, China
| | - Lizhi Wang
- Department of Eugenics, Women and Children's Hospital of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610043, China
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58
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Anti-Cancer Effects of Green Tea Polyphenols Against Prostate Cancer. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24010193. [PMID: 30621039 PMCID: PMC6337309 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men. Green tea consumption is reported to play an important role in the prevention of carcinogenesis in many types of malignancies, including prostate cancer; however, epidemiological studies show conflicting results regarding these anti-cancer effects. In recent years, in addition to prevention, many investigators have shown the efficacy and safety of green tea polyphenols and combination therapies with green tea extracts and anti-cancer agents in in vivo and in vitro studies. Furthermore, numerous studies have revealed the molecular mechanisms of the anti-cancer effects of green tea extracts. We believe that improved understanding of the detailed pathological roles at the molecular level is important to evaluate the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer. Therefore, in this review, we present current knowledge regarding the anti-cancer effects of green tea extracts in the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer, with a particular focus on the molecular mechanisms of action, such as influencing tumor growth, apoptosis, androgen receptor signaling, cell cycle, and various malignant behaviors. Finally, the future direction for the use of green tea extracts as treatment strategies in patients with prostate cancer is introduced.
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