51
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Hajduk B, Bednarski H, Trzebicka B. Temperature-Dependent Spectroscopic Ellipsometry of Thin Polymer Films. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:3229-3251. [PMID: 32275433 PMCID: PMC7590969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b11863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Thin polymer films have found many important applications in organic electronics, such as active layers, protective layers, or antistatic layers. Among the various experimental methods suitable for studying the thermo-optical properties of thin polymer films, temperature-dependent spectroscopic ellipsometry plays a special role as a nondestructive and very sensitive optical technique. In this Review Article, issues related to the physical origin of the dependence of ellipsometric angles on temperature are surveyed. In addition, the Review Article discusses the use of temperature-dependent spectroscopic ellipsometry for studying phase transitions in thin polymer films. The benefits of studying thermal transitions using different cooling/heating speeds are also discussed. Furthermore, it is shown how the analysis and modeling of raw ellipsometric data can be used to determine the thermal properties of thin polymer films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hajduk
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Henryk Bednarski
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Barbara Trzebicka
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
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52
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Wu B, Xu P, Yang W, Hoch M, Dong W, Chen M, Bai H, Ma P. Super‐Toughened Heat‐Resistant Poly(lactic acid) Alloys By Tailoring the Phase Morphology and the Crystallization Behaviors. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20190090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baogou Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of EducationJiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Pengwu Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of EducationJiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Weijun Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of EducationJiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Martin Hoch
- Arlanxeo High Performance Elastomers (Shanghai Branch), 150 Hubin Road Shanghai 200021 China
| | - Weifu Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of EducationJiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Mingqing Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of EducationJiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Huiyu Bai
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of EducationJiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Piming Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of EducationJiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 China
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53
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Gao Y, Guo B, Xu J. Critical Size of Secondary Nuclei Determined via Nucleation Theorem Reveals Selective Nucleation in Three-Component Co-Crystals. ENTROPY 2019. [PMCID: PMC7514336 DOI: 10.3390/e21111032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The critical size of the secondary nuclei plays an important role in determining the crystal growth rate. In the past, the Nucleation Theorem has been applied to determine the number of molecules in the critical nuclei of a single-component crystal via variation of the crystal growth rate with dilution by the non-crystallizable component. In this work, we extend the method to the three-component co-crystal poly (ethylene oxide)/urea/thiourea inclusion compound. The theoretical crystal growth kinetics were deduced and the dependence of the radial growth rate of the inclusion compound spherulites on the mass fraction of urea in urea/thiourea was measured. The results reveal that the secondary nuclei of the poly (ethylene oxide)/urea/thiourea inclusion compound consist mainly of ethylene oxide repeating units and urea molecules. We propose that only urea molecules and ethylene oxide repeating units are selected to form the secondary nuclei while co-crystallization of the three components happens at the lateral spreading stage. As a result, the composition of the critical secondary nuclei is different from that of the bulk inclusion compound crystals. The work is expected to deepen our understanding of the nucleation of multi-component co-crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jun Xu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-6278-4740
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54
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Zhang S, Han J, Gao Y, Guo B, Reiter G, Xu J. Determination of the Critical Size of Secondary Nuclei on the Lateral Growth Front of Lamellar Polymer Crystals. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shujing Zhang
- Advanced Materials Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Jiarui Han
- Advanced Materials Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Advanced Materials Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Baohua Guo
- Advanced Materials Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Günter Reiter
- Institute of Physics and Freiburg Materials Research Center, Albert-Ludwig-University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jun Xu
- Advanced Materials Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
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55
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Cao X, Zhao K, Chen L, Liu J, Han Y. Conjugated polymer single crystals and nanowires. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxiu Cao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for New Energy Storage and Conversion, School of Materials Science and EngineeringHunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan P. R. China
| | - Kefeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun P. R. China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun P. R. China
| | - Jiangang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun P. R. China
| | - Yanchun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun P. R. China
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56
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Abstract
Enzymatic polymerization is an environmentally benign process for the synthesis of biodegradable and biocompatible polymers. The regioselectivity of lipase B from Candida Antarctica (CAL-B) produces linear functional polyesters without protection-deprotection steps. In this work, two different methods for the enzymatic synthesis of functional polyesters based on renewable resources, as, e.g., glycerol, using CAL-B are outlined. Poly(glycerol adipate) was synthesized by enzymatic transesterification between glycerol and divinyl adipate or dimethyl adipate. Methods are also reported to graft poly(glycerol adipate) with different amounts of hydrophobic side chains (lauric, stearic, behenic, and oleic acids) and hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) side chains, respectively. The hydrophilicity or lipophilicity of grafted polyesters is well controlled by changing the degree of grafting of hydrophilic and hydrophobic side chains. The multiple grafted polyesters are characterized by NMR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, gel permeation chromatography, and X-ray diffraction. Furthermore, the self-assembly of the graft copolymers in water and their use as steric stabilizers for cubosomes are discussed. For this purpose mainly dynamic light scattering and small angle X-ray scattering have been employed.
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57
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Andrade FN, Fulchiron R, Collas F, McKenna TFL. Condensed Mode Cooling for Ethylene Polymerization: Part V—Reduction of the Crystallization Rate of HDPE in the Presence of Induced Condensing Agents. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201800563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana N. Andrade
- C2P2‐UMR 5265Université de Lyon, Bâtiment ESCPE 43 Blvd du 11 Novembre 1918 F‐69616 Villeurbanne France
| | - René Fulchiron
- CNRS UMR 5223Université de Lyon Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères F‐69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Franck Collas
- Mettler Toledo 18/20 avenue de la Pépinière F‐78222 Viroflay France
| | - Timothy F. L. McKenna
- C2P2‐UMR 5265Université de Lyon, Bâtiment ESCPE 43 Blvd du 11 Novembre 1918 F‐69616 Villeurbanne France
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58
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Tang X, Chen W, Li L. The Tough Journey of Polymer Crystallization: Battling with Chain Flexibility and Connectivity. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Tang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wei Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Liangbin Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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59
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Ye HM, Chen XT, Li HF, Zhang P, Ma W, Li B, Xu J. Industrializable and sustainable approach for preparing extended-chain crystals of biodegradable poly(butylene succinate) and their applications. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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60
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C. Staub
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Drexel University Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher Y. Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Drexel University Philadelphia Pennsylvania
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61
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Lu X, Zheng K, Yang J, Zhao J. Probing the interplay between chain diffusion and polymer crystal growth under nanoscale confinement: a study by single molecule fluorescence microscopy. Sci China Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-018-9290-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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62
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Jiang N, Tang P, Zhang H, Yang Y. Study on the Thermodynamics of Polymer Crystallization Based on Twin-Lattice Model. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:8601-8613. [PMID: 30114905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b05991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polymer crystallization is the most important part in determining the performance of polymeric materials. The twin-lattice model originally provided by Lennard-Jones and Devonshire, developed by Pople and Karasz and other researchers, is extended for describing the thermodynamics of polymer crystallization. The positional order of segments and the orientational order of bonds are considered in this model. The free energy of polymers is obtained by further introducing the conformational energy and entropy, and thus a new parameter is defined, which is the ratio of conformational energy and positional diffusion energy. We studied two kinds of processes in polymer crystallization, including the process with plastic crystal phase and without any mesophases. The choice of crystallizing process is determined by the magnitude of lattice energy and conformational energy. The solid-solid transition from crystal to plastic crystal shows a significant dependence on the conformational energy. Considering data reliability, n-paraffins are chosen as the representation of polymers to compare the predictions of the model with experimental observations. We predict the number of carbons beyond which the rotator phase disappears, which is quite in agreement with the experiments. These calculations and results show this model can provide a new understanding to the crystallization of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuofei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Ping Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Hongdong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Yuliang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
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63
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Rahman MM, Abetz C, Shishatskiy S, Martin J, Müller AJ, Abetz V. CO 2 Selective PolyActive Membrane: Thermal Transitions and Gas Permeance as a Function of Thickness. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:26733-26744. [PMID: 30019890 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b09259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that the melting point of a semicrystalline polymer is associated with the thickness of the crystalline lamellae (Gibbs-Thomson equation). In this study, a commercially available multiblock copolymer PolyActive composed of 77 wt % of poly(ethylene glycol terephthalate) and 23 wt % of poly(butylene terephthalate) was dip-coated on top of a multilayer microporous support. The thickness was changed between 0.2 and 8 μm using coating solutions containing 0.75-7.5 wt % PolyActive. The surface temperature of the membrane during dip-coating was monitored using an infrared camera. Single gas permeances of N2, H2, CH4, and CO2 were measured between 20 and 80 °C at temperature steps of 2 °C. Spherulitic superstructures composed of radially directed lamellae were observed in the polarized light microscope in the prepared membranes. Atomic force microscopy studies showed that the thickness of the crystalline lamellae was in the order of 10 nm or 0.01 μm at the surface of the membrane. Therefore, according to the Gibbs-Thomson equation, the melting point should not change in the thickness range 0.2-8 μm. However, the gas permeance data showed that the melting point of the polyether domains of the 0.2 μm PolyActive layer was 10 °C lower compared to that of the 8 μm layer. The results can be explained by considering that the width of many crystalline lamellae significantly reduces as a function of film thickness, thereby reducing the average fold surface free energy/lateral surface free energy ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mushfequr Rahman
- Institute of Polymer Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht , Max-Planck-Straße 1 , 21502 Geesthacht , Germany
| | - Clarissa Abetz
- Institute of Polymer Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht , Max-Planck-Straße 1 , 21502 Geesthacht , Germany
| | - Sergey Shishatskiy
- Institute of Polymer Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht , Max-Planck-Straße 1 , 21502 Geesthacht , Germany
| | - Jaime Martin
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry , University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3 , 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián , Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao 48013 , Spain
| | - Alejandro J Müller
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry , University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3 , 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián , Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao 48013 , Spain
| | - Volker Abetz
- Institute of Polymer Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht , Max-Planck-Straße 1 , 21502 Geesthacht , Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , University of Hamburg , Grindelallee 117 , 20146 Hamburg , Germany
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64
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Samuel AZ, Hamaguchi HO. A General Approach for Estimating Lamella-Thickness Distribution in Polymers with Low-Frequency Raman Spectroscopy: Application to Lamella Formation in Crystallizing Polyethylene. Chemistry 2018; 24:9333-9339. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Zachariah Samuel
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science; National Chiao Tung University; Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Hiro-o Hamaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science; National Chiao Tung University; Hsinchu Taiwan
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65
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Xin R, Zhang J, Sun X, Li H, Ren Z, Yan S. Polymorphic Behavior and Phase Transition of Poly(1-Butene) and Its Copolymers. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E556. [PMID: 30966590 PMCID: PMC6415376 DOI: 10.3390/polym10050556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The properties of semicrystalline polymeric materials depend remarkably on their structures, especially for those exhibiting a polymorphic behavior. This offers an efficient way to tailor their properties through crystal engineering. For control of the crystal structure, and therefore the physical and mechanical properties, a full understanding of the polymorph selection of polymers under varied conditions is essential. This has stimulated a mass of research work on the polymorphic crystallization and related phase transformation. Considering that the isotactic poly(1-butene) (iPBu) exhibits pronounced polymorphs and complicated transition between different phases, the study on its crystallization and phase transformation has attracted considerable attention during the past decades. This review provides the context of the recent progresses made on the crystallization and phase transition behavior of iPBu. We first review the crystal structures of known crystal forms and then their formation conditions and influencing factors. In addition, the inevitable form II to form I spontaneous transition mechanism and the transformation kinetics is reviewed based on the existing research works, aiming for it to be useful for its processing in different phases and the further technical development of new methods for accelerating or even bypass its form II to form I transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Huihui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Zhongjie Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Shouke Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
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66
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Tress M, Vielhauer M, Lutz PJ, Mülhaupt R, Kremer F. Crystallization-Induced Confinement Enhances Glassy Dynamics in Star-Shaped Polyhedral Oligomeric Polysilesquioxane–Isotactic Polystyrene (POSS–iPS) Hybrid Material. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Tress
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 1420 Circle Dr., Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Peter-Debye-Institute, University Leipzig, Linnestr. 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maximilian Vielhauer
- Freiburg
Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str.
21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pierre J. Lutz
- Freiburg
Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str.
21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Institute
Charles Sadron, CNRS UPR 22, University of Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, F-67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Freiburg
Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str.
21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Institute
for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str.
31, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Kremer
- Peter-Debye-Institute, University Leipzig, Linnestr. 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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67
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Schick C, Androsch R, Schmelzer JWP. Homogeneous crystal nucleation in polymers. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:453002. [PMID: 28708065 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa7fe0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathway of crystal nucleation significantly influences the structure and properties of semi-crystalline polymers. Crystal nucleation is normally heterogeneous at low supercooling, and homogeneous at high supercooling, of the polymer melt. Homogeneous nucleation in bulk polymers has been, so far, hardly accessible experimentally, and was even doubted to occur at all. This topical review summarizes experimental findings on homogeneous crystal nucleation in polymers. Recently developed fast scanning calorimetry, with cooling and heating rates up to 106 K s-1, allows for detailed investigations of nucleation near and even below the glass transition temperature, including analysis of nuclei stability. As for other materials, the maximum homogeneous nucleation rate for polymers is located close to the glass transition temperature. In the experiments discussed here, it is shown that polymer nucleation is homogeneous at such temperatures. Homogeneous nucleation in polymers is discussed in the framework of the classical nucleation theory. The majority of our observations are consistent with the theory. The discrepancies may guide further research, particularly experiments to progress theoretical development. Progress in the understanding of homogeneous nucleation is much needed, since most of the modelling approaches dealing with polymer crystallization exclusively consider homogeneous nucleation. This is also the basis for advancing theoretical approaches to the much more complex phenomena governing heterogeneous nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schick
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23-24, 18051 Rostock, Germany. Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, Competence Centre CALOR, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 25, 18051 Rostock, Germany. Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russia
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68
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Xu J, Zhang S, Guo B. Insights from polymer crystallization: Chirality, recognition and competition. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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69
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Lv ZY, Zhang MC, Zhang Y, Guo BH, Xu J. Study on melting and recrystallization of poly(butylene succinate) lamellar crystals via step heating differential scanning calorimetry. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-017-1986-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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