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Blanter M, Gouwy M, Struyf S. Studying Neutrophil Function in vitro: Cell Models and Environmental Factors. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:141-162. [PMID: 33505167 PMCID: PMC7829132 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s284941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant immune cell type in the blood and constitute the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Despite their important role in many diseases, they are challenging to study due to their short life span and the inability to cryopreserve or expand them in vitro. Thus, research into neutrophils has to rely on cells freshly isolated from peripheral blood of human donors, introducing donor-dependent variation in the experimental data. To counteract these problems, researchers tried to develop adequate cell models, such as cell lines. For those functional studies that cannot rely on cell models, a standardization of protocols regarding neutrophil purification and culturing could be a solution. In this review, we provide an overview of the most commonly used models for neutrophil function (HL-60, PLB-985, NB4, Kasumi-1 and induced pluripotent stem cells). In addition, we describe the effects of glucose concentration, pH, oxygen tension and temperature on neutrophil function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marfa Blanter
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Mieke Gouwy
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Sofie Struyf
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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Broadley J, Wesselingh R, Seneviratne U, Kyndt C, Beech P, Buzzard K, Nesbitt C, D'Souza W, Brodtmann A, Kalincik T, Butzkueven H, O'Brien TJ, Monif M. Peripheral Immune Cell Ratios and Clinical Outcomes in Seropositive Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Study by the Australian Autoimmune Encephalitis Consortium. Front Immunol 2021; 11:597858. [PMID: 33519810 PMCID: PMC7840591 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.597858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine the utility of the peripheral blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) as biomarkers of prognosis in seropositive autoimmune encephalitis (AE). Methods In this multicenter study, we retrospectively analyzed 57 cases of seropositive AE with hospital admissions between January 2008 and June 2019. The initial full blood examination was used to determine each patients’ NLR and MLR. The modified Rankin Scale (mRS) was utilized to assess the patients’ follow-up disability at 12 months and then at final follow-up. Primary outcomes were mortality and mRS, while secondary outcomes were failure of first line treatment, ICU admission, and clinical relapse. Univariate and multivariable regression analysis was performed. Results During initial hospital admission 44.7% of patients had unsuccessful first line treatment. After a median follow-up of 700 days, 82.7% had good functional outcome (mRS ≤2) while five patients had died. On multivariable analysis, high NLR was associated with higher odds of first line treatment failure (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.03–1.69, p = 0.029). Increased MLR was not associated with any short or long-term outcome. Conclusions NLR on initial hospital admission blood tests may be provide important prognostic information for cases of seropositive AE. This study demonstrates the potential use of NLR as a prognostic marker in the clinical evaluation of patients with seropositive AE.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Broadley
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Robb Wesselingh
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Udaya Seneviratne
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neuroscience, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Chris Kyndt
- Department of Neurosciences, Eastern Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Melbourne Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul Beech
- Department of Radiology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Radiology, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Katherine Buzzard
- Department of Neurosciences, Eastern Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Melbourne Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Cassie Nesbitt
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neuroscience, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Wendyl D'Souza
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Amy Brodtmann
- Department of Neurosciences, Eastern Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Melbourne Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tomas Kalincik
- Department of Neurology, Melbourne Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Clinical Outcomes Research, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mastura Monif
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Melbourne Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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