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Llana-Ruiz-Cabello M, Pichardo S, Maisanaba S, Puerto M, Prieto AI, Gutiérrez-Praena D, Jos A, Cameán AM. In vitro toxicological evaluation of essential oils and their main compounds used in active food packaging: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 81:9-27. [PMID: 25865936 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) and their main constituent compounds have been extensively investigated due to their application in the food industry for improving the shelf life of perishable products. Although they are still not available for use in food packaging in the market in Europe, considerable research in this field has been carried out recently. The safety of these EOs should be guaranteed before being commercialized. The aim of this work was to review the scientific publications, with a primary focus on the last 10 years, with respect to different in vitro toxicological aspects, mainly focussed on mutagenicity/genotoxicity. In general, fewer genotoxic studies have been reported on EOs in comparison to their main components, and most of them did not show mutagenic activity. However, more studies are needed in this field since the guidelines of the European Food Safety Authority have not always been followed accurately. The mutagenic/genotoxic activities of these substances have been related to metabolic activation. Therefore, in vivo tests are required to confirm the absence of genotoxic effects. Considering the great variability of the EOs and their main compounds, a case-by-case evaluation is needed to assure their safe use in food packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Llana-Ruiz-Cabello
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Silvia Pichardo
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Sara Maisanaba
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Maria Puerto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Ana I Prieto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Daniel Gutiérrez-Praena
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Angeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain.
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Diaz-Sanchez S, D'Souza D, Biswas D, Hanning I. Botanical alternatives to antibiotics for use in organic poultry production. Poult Sci 2015; 94:1419-30. [PMID: 25743421 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of antibiotic resistant pathogens has resulted from the use of sub-therapeutic concentrations of antibiotics delivered in poultry feed. Furthermore, there are a number of consumer concerns regarding the use of antibiotics in food animals including residue contamination of poultry products and antibiotic resistant bacterial pathogens. These issues have resulted in recommendations to reduce the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in livestock in the United States. Unlike conventional production, organic systems are not permitted to use antibiotics. Thus, both conventional and organic poultry production need alternative methods to improve growth and performance of poultry. Herbs, spices, and various other plant extracts are being evaluated as alternatives to antibiotics and some do have growth promoting effects, antimicrobial properties, and other health-related benefits. This review aims to provide an overview of herbs, spices, and plant extracts, currently defined as phytobiotics as potential feed additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Diaz-Sanchez
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tennessee 2605 River Dr. Knoxville, TN. 37996
| | - Doris D'Souza
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tennessee 2605 River Dr. Knoxville, TN. 37996
| | - Debrabrata Biswas
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park MD 20742
| | - Irene Hanning
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tennessee 2605 River Dr. Knoxville, TN. 37996
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Fratianni F, Pepe S, Cardinale F, Granese T, Cozzolino A, Coppola R, Nazzaro F. Eruca sativa might influence the growth, survival under simulated gastrointestinal conditions and some biological features of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:17790-805. [PMID: 25275269 PMCID: PMC4227190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151017790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth and viability of three Lactobacillus strains, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus, after their passage through simulated gastric and pancreatic juices were studied as a function of their presence in the growth medium of rocket salad (Eruca sativa). The presence of E. sativa affected some of the biological properties of the strains. For example, L. acidophilus and L. plantarum worked more efficiently in the presence of E. sativa, increasing not only the antioxidant activity of the medium, but also their own antioxidant power and antimicrobial activity; L. rhamnosus was not affected in the same manner. Overall, the presence of vegetables might help to boost, in specific cases, some of the characteristics of lactobacilli, including antioxidant and antimicrobial power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florinda Fratianni
- Institute of Food Science, ISA-CNR, Via Roma, 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy.
| | - Selenia Pepe
- Institute of Food Science, ISA-CNR, Via Roma, 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy.
| | - Federica Cardinale
- Institute of Food Science, ISA-CNR, Via Roma, 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy.
| | - Tiziana Granese
- Institute of Food Science, ISA-CNR, Via Roma, 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy.
| | - Autilia Cozzolino
- Institute of Food Science, ISA-CNR, Via Roma, 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy.
| | - Raffaele Coppola
- Institute of Food Science, ISA-CNR, Via Roma, 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy.
| | - Filomena Nazzaro
- Institute of Food Science, ISA-CNR, Via Roma, 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy.
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Evaluation of the mutagenicity and genotoxic potential of carvacrol and thymol using the Ames Salmonella test and alkaline, Endo III- and FPG-modified comet assays with the human cell line Caco-2. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 72:122-8. [PMID: 25038394 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Currently, direct antimicrobial and antioxidant additives derived from essential oils are used in food packaging and are perceived by consumers as low-health-risk compounds. In this study, we investigated the potential mutagenicity and genotoxicity of carvacrol and thymol, major compounds in several essential oils, using the Ames Salmonella test and the alkaline, Endo III- and formamidopyrimidine glycosylase (FPG)-modified comet assays, respectively. Thymol did not show any mutagenic activity at any concentration assayed (0-250 μM), whereas carvacrol exhibited mutagenic potential, displaying greater activity in presence of the metabolic fraction (29-460 μM). The genotoxic effects were evaluated in the human colon carcinoma cell line Caco-2, and the standard comet assay revealed that neither carvacrol (0-460 μM) nor thymol (0-250 μM) had any affects at 24 and 48 h. The FPG-modified comet assay showed that the highest concentration of carvacrol (460 μM) caused DNA damage, indicating damage to the purine bases. These results should be used to identify the appropriate concentrations of carvacrol and thymol as additives in food packaging. Moreover, further studies are necessary to explore the safety and/or the toxicity mechanisms of these compounds.
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Pandey V, Verma RS, Chauhan A, Tiwari R. Compositional variation in the leaf, flower and stem essential oils of Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) from Western-Himalaya. J Herb Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Fratianni F, Pepe R, Nazzaro F. Polyphenol Composition, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Quorum Quenching Activity of the “Carciofo di Montoro” (<i>Cynara cardunculus</i> var. <i>scolymus</i>) Global Artichoke of the Campania Region, Southern Italy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/fns.2014.521217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Nazzaro F, Fratianni F, De Martino L, Coppola R, De Feo V. Effect of essential oils on pathogenic bacteria. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 6:1451-74. [PMID: 24287491 PMCID: PMC3873673 DOI: 10.3390/ph6121451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 889] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing resistance of microorganisms to conventional chemicals and drugs is a serious and evident worldwide problem that has prompted research into the identification of new biocides with broad activity. Plants and their derivatives, such as essential oils, are often used in folk medicine. In nature, essential oils play an important role in the protection of plants. Essential oils contain a wide variety of secondary metabolites that are capable of inhibiting or slowing the growth of bacteria, yeasts and moulds. Essential oils and their components have activity against a variety of targets, particularly the membrane and cytoplasm, and in some cases, they completely change the morphology of the cells. This brief review describes the activity of essential oils against pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomena Nazzaro
- Istituto di Scienze dell’Alimentazione, ISA-CNR, Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy; E-Mails: (F.F.); (R.C)
| | - Florinda Fratianni
- Istituto di Scienze dell’Alimentazione, ISA-CNR, Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy; E-Mails: (F.F.); (R.C)
| | - Laura De Martino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia,Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy; E-Mails: (L.D.M.); (V.D.F.)
| | - Raffaele Coppola
- Istituto di Scienze dell’Alimentazione, ISA-CNR, Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy; E-Mails: (F.F.); (R.C)
| | - Vincenzo De Feo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia,Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy; E-Mails: (L.D.M.); (V.D.F.)
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Radulović NS, Blagojević PD, Miltojević AB. α-Linalool - a marker compound of forged/synthetic sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) essential oils. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:3292-303. [PMID: 23584979 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ocimum basilicum L. (sweet basil) is known to occur as several chemotypes or cultivars that differ in their essential oil composition. The surprising discovery of 3,7-dimethylocta-1,7-dien-3-ol, the rare α isomer of the well-known monoterpene alcohol β-linalool (3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3-ol), in samples of Serbian basil oil provoked an investigation of the origin of α-linalool in these samples. Three scenarios were considered, namely (a) the existence of a new natural chemotype, (b) an artefactual formation during the isolation procedure and (c) the case of a synthetic/forged oil. RESULTS Noteworthy amounts (15.1-16.9%) of pure α-linalool were isolated from a commercial sample of basil oil, and detailed spectral analyses (MS, IR, (1) H and (13) C NMR) unequivocally confirmed its identity. The analysis by GC and GC/MS of an additional 20 samples of different O. basilicum oils commercially available on the Serbian market or isolated from plant material cultivated in Serbia resulted in the identification of 149 compounds. The obtained compositional data were compared using multivariate statistical analysis to reveal the possible existence of a new basil chemotype. CONCLUSION The results of the chemical and statistical analyses give more pro arguments for the synthetic/forged oil hypothesis and suggest that α-linalool could be used as a marker compound of such O. basilicum oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko S Radulović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000, Niš, Serbia
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Ho JC. Chemical Composition and Bioactivity of Essential Oil of Seed and Leaf fromAlpinia speciosaGrown in Taiwan. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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61
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Fratianni F, Nazzaro F, Marandino A, Fusco MDR, Coppola R, De Feo V, De Martino L. Biochemical Composition, Antimicrobial Activities,and Anti–Quorum-Sensing Activities of Ethanol and Ethyl Acetate Extracts from Hypericum connatum Lam. (Guttiferae). J Med Food 2013; 16:454-9. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2012.0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Florinda Fratianni
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council (ISA-CNR), Avellino, Italy
| | - Filomena Nazzaro
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council (ISA-CNR), Avellino, Italy
| | - Aurelio Marandino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Maria del Rosario Fusco
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmacy, National University of San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Raffaele Coppola
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council (ISA-CNR), Avellino, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Feo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Laura De Martino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
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Kovač K, Diez-Valcarce M, Raspor P, Hernández M, Rodríguez-Lázaro D. Natural plant essential oils do not inactivate non-enveloped enteric viruses. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2012; 4:209-212. [PMID: 23412892 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-012-9088-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The application of plant essential oils (EOs) (hyssop and marjoram) was evaluated for inactivation of non-enveloped viruses using murine norovirus and human adenovirus as models. No significant reduction of virus titres (TCID(50)) was observed when EOs were used at different temperatures and times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Kovač
- Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León (ITACyL), Ctra. Burgos, Km. 119, 47071, Valladolid, Spain
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Schmidt E, Wanner J, Höferl M, Jirovetz L, Buchbauer G, Gochev V, Girova T, Stoyanova A, Geissler M. Chemical Composition, Olfactory Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Thymus vulgaris Chemotypes Geraniol, 4-Thujanol/Terpinen-4-ol, Thymol and Linalool Cultivated in Southern France. Nat Prod Commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1200700833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential oils of four chemotypes of Thymus vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae) were analyzed for their composition and antibacterial activity to assess their different properties. GC-MS and GC-FID analyses revealed that the essentials oils can be classified into the chemotypes thymol (41.0% thymol), geraniol (26.4% geraniol), linalool (72.5% linalool) and 4-thujanol/terpinen-4-ol (42.2% cis- and 7.3% trans-sabinene hydrate, 6.5 % terpinen-4-ol). The olfactory examination confirmed the explicit differences between these chemotypes. Furthermore, antibacterial activity was investigated against several strains of two Gram-positive ( Brochothrix thermosphacta and Staphylococcus aureus) and four Gram-negative food-borne bacteria ( Escherichia coli, Salmonella abony, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and P. fragi). All essential oil samples were demonstrated to be highly effective against Gram-positive strains, whereas the impact on Gramnegative microorganisms was significantly smaller, but still considerable. The results obtained indicate that, despite their different properties, the essential oils of selected T. vulgaris chemotypes are potent antimicrobials to be employed as useful additives in food products as well as for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Wanner
- Kurt Kitzing Co., Hinterm Alten Schloss 21, D-86757 Wallerstein, Germany
| | - Martina Höferl
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Leopold Jirovetz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Buchbauer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Velizar Gochev
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, “Paisii. Hilendarski” University of Plovdiv, 24 Tzar Assen Str., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Tania Girova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, “Paisii. Hilendarski” University of Plovdiv, 24 Tzar Assen Str., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Albena Stoyanova
- Department of Essential Oils, University of Food Technologies, 26 Maritza Boulevard, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Margit Geissler
- Department of GC and GC-MS, Shimadzu Germany, Albert-Hahn-Strasse 6-10, D-47269 Duisburg, Germany
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64
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Nazzaro F, Orlando P, Fratianni F, Coppola R. Microencapsulation in food science and biotechnology. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2012; 23:182-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Fratianni F, De Giulio A, Sada A, Nazzaro F. Biochemical Characteristics and Biological Properties of Annurca Apple Cider. J Med Food 2012; 15:18-23. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2011.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alfonso De Giulio
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - Alfonso Sada
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - Filomena Nazzaro
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
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66
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Blazekovic B, Stanic G, Pepeljnjak S, Vladimir-Knezevic S. In Vitro Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Lavandula x intermedia Emeric ex Loisel. ‘Budrovka’. Molecules 2011. [PMCID: PMC6263253 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16054241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of Lavandula × intermedia Emeric ex Loisel. ‘Budrovka’, an indigenous Croatian cultivar of lavandin. For that purpose the activity of ethanolic extracts of flowers, inflorescence stalks and leaves against thirty one strains of bacteria, yeasts, dermatophytes and moulds were studied using both the agar well diffusion and broth dilution assays. Among the investigated extracts found to be effective against a broad spectrum of microorganisms, the flower extract was considered to be the most potent one. Linalool and rosmarinic acid, as the most abundant constituents found, are very likely major contributors to the observed antimicrobial effects. The results suggest that flowers of lavandin ‘Budrovka’ could serve as a rich source of natural terpene and polyphenol antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Blazekovic
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 20, Zagreb 10000, Croatia; E-Mails: (B.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Gordana Stanic
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 20, Zagreb 10000, Croatia; E-Mails: (B.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Stjepan Pepeljnjak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Schrottova 39, Zagreb 10000, Croatia; E-Mail: (S.P.)
| | - Sanda Vladimir-Knezevic
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 20, Zagreb 10000, Croatia; E-Mails: (B.B.); (G.S.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +385-1-6394-791; Fax: +385-1-6394-400
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Fratianni F, De Martino L, Melone A, De Feo V, Coppola R, Nazzaro F. Preservation of chicken breast meat treated with thyme and balm essential oils. J Food Sci 2010; 75:M528-35. [PMID: 21535509 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01791.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effects of thyme and balm essential oils on the 3-wk storage of fresh chicken breast meat at 4 °C. Thyme and, to a lesser extent, balm essential oils reduced DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical formation in the meat (25% to 30% and 20%, respectively). Treatment with the 2 essential oils also limited lipid peroxidation and the deterioration of sarcoplasmic proteins, helping to preserve the meat even after 2 wk of storage. Thyme and balm essential oils decreased the natural microflora present in the meat; total microbial content decreased down to 50% in comparison to the control samples. In addition, a clear effect on lactic acid bacterial growth was recorded. Balm essential oil significantly limited the growth of Salmonella sp., whereas thyme essential oil effectively inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli. Our data demonstrate that these 2 essential oils effectively reduced deteriorative processes in chicken meat and extended the shelf life of this fresh product. Practical Application: The essential oils of thyme and balm can protect the chicken meat from decomposition during the storage time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florinda Fratianni
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Alimentazione, ISA-CNR, Via Roma, 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy
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