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Taher Z, Legge C, Winder N, Lysyganicz P, Rawlings A, Bryant H, Muthana M, Staniland S. Magnetosomes and Magnetosome Mimics: Preparation, Cancer Cell Uptake and Functionalization for Future Cancer Therapies. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:367. [PMID: 33802121 PMCID: PMC7998144 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic magnetite nanoparticles (MNP) are heralded as model vehicles for nanomedicine, particularly cancer therapeutics. However, there are many methods of synthesizing different sized and coated MNP, which may affect their performance as nanomedicines. Magnetosomes are naturally occurring, lipid-coated MNP that exhibit exceptional hyperthermic heating, but their properties, cancer cell uptake and toxicity have yet to be compared to other MNP. Magnetosomes can be mimicked by coating MNP in either amphiphilic oleic acid or silica. In this study, magnetosomes are directly compared to control MNP, biomimetic oleic acid and silica coated MNP of varying sizes. MNP are characterized and compared with respect to size, magnetism, and surface properties. Small (8 ± 1.6 nm) and larger (32 ± 9.9 nm) MNP are produced by two different methods and coated with either silica or oleic acid, increasing the size and the size dispersity of the MNP. The coated larger MNP are comparable in size (49 ± 12.5 nm and 61 ± 18.2 nm) to magnetosomes (46 ± 11.8 nm) making good magnetosome mimics. All MNP are assessed and compared for cancer cell uptake in MDA-MB-231 cells and importantly, all are readily taken up with minimal toxic effect. Silica coated MNP show the most uptake with greater than 60% cell uptake at the highest concentration, and magnetosomes showing the least with less than 40% at the highest concentration, while size does not have a significant effect on uptake. Finally, surface functionalization is demonstrated for magnetosomes and silica coated MNP using biotinylation and EDC-NHS, respectively, to conjugate fluorescent probes. The modified particles are visualized in MDA-MB-231 cells and demonstrate how both naturally biosynthesized magnetosomes and biomimetic silica coated MNP can be functionalized and readily up taken by cancer cells for realization as nanomedical vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Taher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK; (Z.T.); (C.L.); (N.W.); (P.L.); (A.R.)
| | - Christopher Legge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK; (Z.T.); (C.L.); (N.W.); (P.L.); (A.R.)
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (H.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Natalie Winder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK; (Z.T.); (C.L.); (N.W.); (P.L.); (A.R.)
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (H.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Pawel Lysyganicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK; (Z.T.); (C.L.); (N.W.); (P.L.); (A.R.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Andrea Rawlings
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK; (Z.T.); (C.L.); (N.W.); (P.L.); (A.R.)
| | - Helen Bryant
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (H.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Munitta Muthana
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (H.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Sarah Staniland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK; (Z.T.); (C.L.); (N.W.); (P.L.); (A.R.)
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Orientational dynamics of magnetotactic bacteria in Earth's magnetic field-a simulation study. J Biol Phys 2021; 47:79-93. [PMID: 33687635 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-021-09566-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate through simulations the phenomena of magnetoreception to enable an understanding of the minimum requirements of a fail-safe mechanism, operational at the cellular level, to sense a weak magnetic field at ambient temperature in a biologically active environment. To do this, we use magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) as our model system. The magnetic field sensing ability of these bacteria is due to the presence of magnetosomes, which are internal membrane-bound organelles that contain an iron-based magnetic mineral crystal. These magnetosomes are usually found arranged in a chain aligned with the long axis of the bacterial body. This arrangement yields an overall magnetic dipole moment to the bacterial cell. To simulate this orientation process, we set up a rotational Langevin stochastic differential equation and solve it repeatedly over appropriate time steps for isolated spherical shaped MTB as well as for a more realistic model of spheroidal MTB with flagella. The orientation process appears to depend on shape parameters with spheroidal MTB showing a slower response time compared to spherical MTB. Further, our simulation also reveals that the alignment to the external magnetic field is more robust for an MTB when compared to single magnetosome. For the simulation involving magnetosomes, we include an extra torque that arises from the twisting of an attachment tether and enhance the viscosity of the surrounding medium to mimic intracellular conditions in the governing Langevin equation. The response time of alignment is found to be substantially reduced when one includes a dipole interaction term with a neighboring magnetosome and the alignment becomes less robust with increase in inter dipole distance. The alignment process can thereby be said to be very sensitively dependent on the distance between magnetosomes. Simulating the process of alignment between two neighboring magnetosomes, both in the absence and presence of an ambient magnetic field, we conclude that alignment between these dipoles at the distances typical in an MTB is highly probable and it would be the locked unit that responds to changes in the external magnetic field.
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Lahiri D, Nag M, Sheikh HI, Sarkar T, Edinur HA, Pati S, Ray RR. Microbiologically-Synthesized Nanoparticles and Their Role in Silencing the Biofilm Signaling Cascade. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:636588. [PMID: 33717030 PMCID: PMC7947885 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.636588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of bacterial resistance to antibiotics has led to the search for alternate antimicrobial treatment strategies. Engineered nanoparticles (NPs) for efficient penetration into a living system have become more common in the world of health and hygiene. The use of microbial enzymes/proteins as a potential reducing agent for synthesizing NPs has increased rapidly in comparison to physical and chemical methods. It is a fast, environmentally safe, and cost-effective approach. Among the biogenic sources, fungi and bacteria are preferred not only for their ability to produce a higher titer of reductase enzyme to convert the ionic forms into their nano forms, but also for their convenience in cultivating and regulating the size and morphology of the synthesized NPs, which can effectively reduce the cost for large-scale manufacturing. Effective penetration through exopolysaccharides of a biofilm matrix enables the NPs to inhibit the bacterial growth. Biofilm is the consortia of sessile groups of microbial cells that are able to adhere to biotic and abiotic surfaces with the help extracellular polymeric substances and glycocalyx. These biofilms cause various chronic diseases and lead to biofouling on medical devices and implants. The NPs penetrate the biofilm and affect the quorum-sensing gene cascades and thereby hamper the cell-to-cell communication mechanism, which inhibits biofilm synthesis. This review focuses on the microbial nano-techniques that were used to produce various metallic and non-metallic nanoparticles and their "signal jamming effects" to inhibit biofilm formation. Detailed analysis and discussion is given to their interactions with various types of signal molecules and the genes responsible for the development of biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyajit Lahiri
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering & Management, Kolkata, India
| | - Moupriya Nag
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering & Management, Kolkata, India
| | - Hassan I. Sheikh
- Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
| | - Tanmay Sarkar
- Department of Food Technology and Bio-Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
- Malda Polytechnic, West Bengal State Council of Technical Education, Govt. of West Bengal, Malda, India
| | | | - Siddhartha Pati
- Centre of Excellence, Khallikote University, Berhampur, Ganjam, Odisha, India
- Research Division, Association for Biodiversity Conservation and Research (ABC), Balasore, India
| | - Rina Rani Ray
- Department of Biotechnology, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Haringhata, India
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Zwiener T, Dziuba M, Mickoleit F, Rückert C, Busche T, Kalinowski J, Uebe R, Schüler D. Towards a 'chassis' for bacterial magnetosome biosynthesis: genome streamlining of Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense by multiple deletions. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:35. [PMID: 33541381 PMCID: PMC7860042 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01517-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of its tractability and straightforward cultivation, the magnetic bacterium Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense has emerged as a model for the analysis of magnetosome biosynthesis and bioproduction. However, its future use as platform for synthetic biology and biotechnology will require methods for large-scale genome editing and streamlining. RESULTS We established an approach for combinatory genome reduction and generated a library of strains in which up to 16 regions including large gene clusters, mobile genetic elements and phage-related genes were sequentially removed, equivalent to ~ 227.6 kb and nearly 5.5% of the genome. Finally, the fragmented genomic magnetosome island was replaced by a compact cassette comprising all key magnetosome biosynthetic gene clusters. The prospective 'chassis' revealed wild type-like cell growth and magnetosome biosynthesis under optimal conditions, as well as slightly improved resilience and increased genetic stability. CONCLUSION We provide first proof-of-principle for the feasibility of multiple genome reduction and large-scale engineering of magnetotactic bacteria. The library of deletions will be valuable for turning M. gryphiswaldense into a microbial cell factory for synthetic biology and production of magnetic nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Zwiener
- Department of Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Marina Dziuba
- Department of Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Frank Mickoleit
- Department of Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Christian Rückert
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Tobias Busche
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - René Uebe
- Department of Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Dirk Schüler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
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Rosenfeldt S, Mickoleit F, Jörke C, Clement JH, Markert S, Jérôme V, Schwarzinger S, Freitag R, Schüler D, Uebe R, Schenk AS. Towards standardized purification of bacterial magnetic nanoparticles for future in vivo applications. Acta Biomater 2021; 120:293-303. [PMID: 32721577 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial magnetosomes (MS) are well-defined membrane-enveloped single-domain iron oxide (magnetite) nanoparticles, which are susceptible to genetic and chemical engineering. Additionally, the possibility to manipulate these particles by external magnetic fields facilitates their application in biomedicine and biotechnology, e.g. as magnetic resonance imaging probes or for drug delivery purposes. However, current purification protocols are poorly characterized, thereby hampering standardized and reproducible magnetosome production and thus, reliable testing for in vivo applications. In that context, the establishment of reproducible particle isolation procedures as well as the identification of high quality control parameters and the evaluation of potential cytotoxic effects of purified particles are of major importance. In this study, we characterize a multi-step purification protocol for MS with regard to purity, iron content, size and polydispersity of magnetite particles. In addition, we address potential cytotoxic effects of isolated MS when incubated with mammalian cells. Overall, we provide a detailed overview of the process-structure relationship during the isolation of MS and thus, identify prerequisites for high-yield MS production and their future application in the biomedical and biotechnological field. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Magnetic nanoparticles are of increasing interest for a variety of biomedical and biotechnological applications. Due to their unprecedented material characteristics, bacterial magnetosomes represent a promising alternative to chemically synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles. As applications require well-defined, highly purified and fully characterized nanoparticles, reliable protocols are necessary for efficient and reproducible magnetosome isolation. In our study, we evaluate an improved magnetosome extraction procedure and monitor quality parameters such as particle size distribution, membrane integrity and purity of the suspension by a combination of physicochemical and biochemical methods. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of the isolated magnetosomes is assessed using different cell lines. In summary, our study helps to establish prerequisites for many real-world applications of magnetosomes in the field of biotechnology and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Rosenfeldt
- Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), University of Bayreuth, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany; Physical Chemistry 1, University of Bayreuth, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Frank Mickoleit
- Dept. Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Cornelia Jörke
- Hematology and Medical Oncology, Jena University Hospital, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Joachim H Clement
- Hematology and Medical Oncology, Jena University Hospital, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Simon Markert
- Physical Chemistry - Colloidal Systems, University of Bayreuth, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Valérie Jérôme
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Stephan Schwarzinger
- Northern Bavarian NMR Centre (NBNC) - research group Authenticity and Quality of Food and Materials, University of Bayreuth, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ruth Freitag
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Dirk Schüler
- Dept. Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - René Uebe
- Dept. Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Anna S Schenk
- Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), University of Bayreuth, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany; Physical Chemistry - Colloidal Systems, University of Bayreuth, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
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Correa T, Bazylinski DA, Garcia F, Abreu F. A rapid and simple preparation of amphotericin B-loaded bacterial magnetite nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2021; 11:28000-28007. [PMID: 35480720 PMCID: PMC9038061 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03950d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional representation of amphotericin B molecules bound to magnetosomes derived from Magnetovibrio blakemorei strain MV-1T. Drug molecules are electrostatically adsorbed onto nanoparticles coated with positively charged poly-l-lysine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarcisio Correa
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Dennis A. Bazylinski
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada at Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Flávio Garcia
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Abreu
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
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Raguraman V, Suthindhiran K. Preparation and characterisation of magnetosomes based drug conjugates for cancer therapy. IET Nanobiotechnol 2020; 14:815-822. [PMID: 33399113 PMCID: PMC8676143 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2020.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors report a novel, effective and enhanced method of conjugating anticancer drug, paclitaxel and gallic acid with magnetosomes. Here, anticancer drugs were functionalised with magnetosomes membrane by direct and indirect (via crosslinkers: glutaraldehyde and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane) adsorption methods. The prepared magnetosome-drug conjugates were characterised by Fourier transform infrared, zeta potential, field-emission scanning electron microscope and thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry. The drug-loading efficiency and capacity were found to be 87.874% for paclitaxel (MP) and 71.3% for gallic acid (MG), respectively as calculated by ultraviolet spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography. The drug release demonstrated by the diffusion method in phosphate buffer (PBS), showing a prolonged drug release for MP and MG, respectively. The cytotoxicity effect of the MP and MG displayed cytotoxicity of 69.71%, 55.194% against HeLa and MCF-7 cell lines, respectively. The reactive oxygen species, acridine orange and ethidium bromide and 4, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining of the drug conjugates revealed the apoptotic effect of MP and MG. Further, the regulation of tumour suppressor protein, p53 was determined by western blotting which showed an upregulation of p53. Comparatively, the magnetosome-drug conjugates prepared by direct adsorption achieved the best effects on the drug-loading efficiency and the increased percentage of cancer cell mortality and the upregulation of P53. The proposed research ascertains that magnetosomes could be used as effective nanocarriers in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varalakshmi Raguraman
- Marine Biotechnology and Bioproducts Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Krishnamurthy Suthindhiran
- Marine Biotechnology and Bioproducts Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamilnadu, India.
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Chang Y, Han H, Liu T, Yuan S, Chen S, Guo Y, Yang L, Ma X. Cell-tailored calcium carbonate particles with different crystal forms from nanoparticle to nano/microsphere. RSC Adv 2020; 10:43233-43241. [PMID: 35514929 PMCID: PMC9058178 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07393h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inspired by biomineralization, the first synthesis of size-tunable calcium carbonates from nanoparticles (YC-CaCO3 NPs) to nano/microspheres (YC-CaCO3 N/MSs) with a porous structure was accomplished using a facile method under the mediation of the secretion from yeast cells (YCs). The biomolecules derived from the secretion of YCs were used as conditioning and stabilizing agents to control the biosynthesis of the YC-CaCO3 materials. The morphology and crystal forms of YC-CaCO3 materials can be affected by the biomolecules from the secretion of YCs. With increasing concentrations of biomolecules, the morphologies of the obtained CaCO3 materials changed from nanoparticles to nano/microspheres with a porous structure, while the crystal forms transformed from amorphous to calcite. Functional investigations showed that YC-CaCO3 NSs with a porous structure effectively acted as anticancer drug carriers with accurate and selective drug release in tumor tissue, which suggests that they have great potential to function as a therapeutic delivery system. These application features are mainly attributed to the satisfactory biocompatibility and biodegradability, high drug-loading capacity, and pH-dependent sustained drug release performance of the porous YC-CaCO3 NSs. The biomimetic synthesis strategy of YC-CaCO3 materials mediated by YC secretion not only helps to shed light on the biomineralization mechanism in organisms, but may also lead to a new means of biosynthesizing organic–inorganic nanocomposites. The synthesis of cell-tailored calcium carbonate with different crystal forms can be controlled from nanoparticle to nano/microsphere by a bio-inspired strategy.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
| | - Huijuan Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
| | - Shibao Yuan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
| | - Shuting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
| | - Yuming Guo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
| | - Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoming Ma
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
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Genome-Wide Identification of Essential and Auxiliary Gene Sets for Magnetosome Biosynthesis in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense. mSystems 2020; 5:5/6/e00565-20. [PMID: 33203687 PMCID: PMC7676999 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00565-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense is one of the few tractable model magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) for studying magnetosome biomineralization. So far, knowledge on the genetic determinants of this complex process has been mainly gathered using reverse genetics and candidate approaches. In contrast, nontargeted forward genetics studies are lacking, since application of such techniques in MTB has been complicated for a number of technical reasons. Here, we report on the first comprehensive transposon mutagenesis study in MTB, aiming at systematic identification of auxiliary genes necessary to support magnetosome formation in addition to key genes harbored in the magnetosome island (MAI). Our work considerably extends the candidate set of novel subsidiary determinants and shows that the full gene complement underlying magnetosome biosynthesis is larger than assumed. In particular, we were able to define certain cellular pathways as specifically important for magnetosome formation that have not been implicated in this process so far. Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) stand out by their ability to manufacture membrane-enclosed magnetic organelles, so-called magnetosomes. Previously, it has been assumed that a genomic region of approximately 100 kbp, the magnetosome island (MAI), harbors all genetic determinants required for this intricate biosynthesis process. Recent evidence, however, argues for the involvement of additional auxiliary genes that have not been identified yet. In the present study, we set out to delineate the full gene complement required for magnetosome production in the alphaproteobacterium Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense using a systematic genome-wide transposon mutagenesis approach. By an optimized procedure, a Tn5 insertion library of 80,000 clones was generated and screened, yielding close to 200 insertants with mild to severe impairment of magnetosome biosynthesis. Approximately 50% of all Tn5 insertion sites mapped within the MAI, mostly leading to a nonmagnetic phenotype. In contrast, in the majority of weakly magnetic Tn5 insertion mutants, genes outside the MAI were affected, which typically caused lower numbers of magnetite crystals with partly aberrant morphology, occasionally combined with deviant intracellular localization. While some of the Tn5-struck genes outside the MAI belong to pathways that have been linked to magnetosome formation before (e.g., aerobic and anaerobic respiration), the majority of affected genes are involved in so far unsuspected cellular processes, such as sulfate assimilation, oxidative protein folding, and cytochrome c maturation, or are altogether of unknown function. We also found that signal transduction and redox functions are enriched in the set of Tn5 hits outside the MAI, suggesting that such processes are particularly important in support of magnetosome biosynthesis. IMPORTANCEMagnetospirillum gryphiswaldense is one of the few tractable model magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) for studying magnetosome biomineralization. So far, knowledge on the genetic determinants of this complex process has been mainly gathered using reverse genetics and candidate approaches. In contrast, nontargeted forward genetics studies are lacking, since application of such techniques in MTB has been complicated for a number of technical reasons. Here, we report on the first comprehensive transposon mutagenesis study in MTB, aiming at systematic identification of auxiliary genes necessary to support magnetosome formation in addition to key genes harbored in the magnetosome island (MAI). Our work considerably extends the candidate set of novel subsidiary determinants and shows that the full gene complement underlying magnetosome biosynthesis is larger than assumed. In particular, we were able to define certain cellular pathways as specifically important for magnetosome formation that have not been implicated in this process so far.
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Incorporation of Magnetic Nanoparticles into Protoplasts of Microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis: A Tool for Biotechnological Applications. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215068. [PMID: 33139597 PMCID: PMC7663193 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intensive research on the use of magnetic nanoparticles for biotechnological applications of microalgae biomass guided the development of proper treatment to successfully incorporate them into these single-cell microorganisms. Protoplasts, as cells lacking a cell wall, are extensively used in plant/microalgae genetic manipulation as well as various biotechnological applications. In this work, a detailed study on the formation of protoplasts from Haematococcus pluvialis with the use of enzymatic and mechanical procedures was performed. The optimization of several parameters affecting the formation of protoplasmic cells and cell recovery was investigated. In the enzymatic treatment, a solution of cellulase was studied at different time points of incubation, whereas in the mechanical treatment, glass beads vortexing was used. Mechanical treatment gave better results in comparison to the enzymatic one. Concerning the cell recovery, after the protoplast formation, it was found to be similar in both methods used; cell viability was not investigated. To enhance the protoplast cell wall reconstruction, different “recovery media” with an organic source of carbon or nitrogen were used. Cell morphology during all treatments was evaluated by electron microscopy. The optimal conditions found for protoplast formation and cell reconstruction were successfully used to produce Haematococcus pluvialis cells with magnetic properties.
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Pekarsky A, Spadiut O. Intrinsically Magnetic Cells: A Review on Their Natural Occurrence and Synthetic Generation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:573183. [PMID: 33195134 PMCID: PMC7604359 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.573183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The magnetization of non-magnetic cells has great potential to aid various processes in medicine, but also in bioprocess engineering. Current approaches to magnetize cells with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) require cellular uptake or adsorption through in vitro manipulation of cells. A relatively new field of research is "magnetogenetics" which focuses on in vivo production and accumulation of magnetic material. Natural intrinsically magnetic cells (IMCs) produce intracellular, MNPs, and are called magnetotactic bacteria (MTB). In recent years, researchers have unraveled function and structure of numerous proteins from MTB. Furthermore, protein engineering studies on such MTB proteins and other potentially magnetic proteins, like ferritins, highlight that in vivo magnetization of non-magnetic hosts is a thriving field of research. This review summarizes current knowledge on recombinant IMC generation and highlights future steps that can be taken to succeed in transforming non-magnetic cells to IMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria are aquatic or sediment-dwelling microorganisms able to take advantage of the Earth's magnetic field for directed motility. The source of this amazing trait is magnetosomes, unique organelles used to synthesize single nanometer-sized crystals of magnetic iron minerals that are queued up to build an intracellular compass. Most of these microorganisms cannot be cultivated under controlled conditions, much less genetically engineered, with only few exceptions. However, two of the genetically amenable Magnetospirillum species have emerged as tractable model organisms to study magnetosome formation and magnetotaxis. Recently, much has been revealed about the process of magnetosome biogenesis and dedicated structures for magnetosome dynamics and positioning, which suggest an unexpected cellular intricacy of these organisms. In this minireview, we summarize new insights and place the molecular mechanisms of magnetosome formation in the context of the complex cell biology of Magnetospirillum spp. First, we provide an overview on magnetosome vesicle synthesis and magnetite biomineralization, followed by a discussion of the perceptions of dynamic organelle positioning and its biological implications, which highlight that magnetotactic bacteria have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to construct, incorporate, and inherit a unique navigational device. Finally, we discuss the impact of magnetotaxis on motility and its interconnection with chemotaxis, showing that magnetotactic bacteria are outstandingly adapted to lifestyle and habitat.
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63
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Biosynthesis of inorganic nanomaterials using microbial cells and bacteriophages. Nat Rev Chem 2020; 4:638-656. [PMID: 37127973 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-00221-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic nanomaterials are widely used in chemical, electronics, photonics, energy and medical industries. Preparing a nanomaterial (NM) typically requires physical and/or chemical methods that involve harsh and environmentally hazardous conditions. Recently, wild-type and genetically engineered microorganisms have been harnessed for the biosynthesis of inorganic NMs under mild and environmentally friendly conditions. Microorganisms such as microalgae, fungi and bacteria, as well as bacteriophages, can be used as biofactories to produce single-element and multi-element inorganic NMs. This Review describes the emerging area of inorganic NM biosynthesis, emphasizing the mechanisms of inorganic-ion reduction and detoxification, while also highlighting the proteins and peptides involved. We show how analysing a Pourbaix diagram can help us devise strategies for the predictive biosynthesis of NMs with high producibility and crystallinity and also describe how to control the size and morphology of the product. Here, we survey biosynthetic inorganic NMs of 55 elements and their applications in catalysis, energy harvesting and storage, electronics, antimicrobials and biomedical therapy. Furthermore, a step-by-step flow chart is presented to aid the design and biosynthesis of inorganic NMs employing microbial cells. Future research in this area will add to the diversity of available inorganic NMs but should also address scalability and purity.
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64
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Salimiyan Rizi K, Aryan E, Meshkat Z, Ranjbar G, Sankian M, Ghazvini K, Farsiani H, Pourianfar HR, Rezayi M. The overview and perspectives of biosensors and Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A systematic review. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:1730-1750. [PMID: 32930412 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is referred to as a "consumption" or phthisis, which has been a fatal human disease for thousands of years. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) might have been responsible for the death of more humans than any other bacterial pathogens. Therefore, the rapid diagnosis of this bacterial infection plays a pivotal role in the timely and appropriate treatment of the patients, as well as the prevention of disease spread. More than 98% of TB cases are reported in developing countries, and due to the lack of well-equipped and specialized diagnostic laboratories, development of effective diagnostic methods based on biosensors is essential for this bacterium. In this review, original articles published in English were retrieved from multiple databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Cochrane Library during January 2010-October 2019. In addition, the reference lists of the articles were also searched. Among 109 electronically searched citations, 42 articles met the inclusion criteria. The highest potential and wide usage of biosensors for the diagnosis of M. tb and its drug resistance belonged to DNA electrochemical biosensors (isoniazid and rifampin strains). Use of biosensors is expanding for the detection of resistant strains of anti-TB antibiotics with high sensitivity and accuracy, while the speed of these sensory methods is considered essential as well. Furthermore, the lowest limit of detection (0.9 fg/ml) from an electrochemical DNA biosensor was based on graphene-modified iron-oxide chitosan hybrid deposited on fluorine tin oxide for the MPT64 antigen target. According to the results, the most common methods used for M. tb detection include acid-fast staining, cultivation, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Although molecular techniques (e.g., PCR and real-time PCR) are rapid and sensitive, they require sophisticated laboratory and apparatuses, as well as skilled personnel and expertise in the commentary of the results. Biosensors are fast, valid, and cost-efficient diagnostic method, and the improvement of their quality is of paramount importance in resource-constrained settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobra Salimiyan Rizi
- Department of Medical Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Qaem University Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ehsan Aryan
- Department of Medical Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Qaem University Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Meshkat
- Department of Medical Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Qaem University Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Golnaz Ranjbar
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Sankian
- Division of Immunobiochemistry, Immunology Research Centre, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kiarash Ghazvini
- Department of Medical Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Qaem University Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hadi Farsiani
- Department of Medical Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Qaem University Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid R Pourianfar
- Research Department of Industrial Fungi Biotechnology, Research Institute for Industrial Biotechnology, Academic Centre for Education, Culture and Research [ACECR]-Khorasan Razavi Province Branch, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Rezayi
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Nemati Z, Zamani Kouhpanji MR, Zhou F, Das R, Makielski K, Um J, Phan MH, Muela A, Fdez-Gubieda ML, Franklin RR, Stadler BJH, Modiano JF, Alonso J. Isolation of Cancer-Derived Exosomes Using a Variety of Magnetic Nanostructures: From Fe 3O 4 Nanoparticles to Ni Nanowires. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1662. [PMID: 32854239 PMCID: PMC7558559 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Isolating and analyzing tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) can provide important information about the state of a tumor, facilitating early diagnosis and prognosis. Since current isolation methods are mostly laborious and expensive, we propose herein a fast and cost-effective method based on a magnetic nanoplatform to isolate TEX. In this work, we have tested our method using three magnetic nanostructures: (i) Ni magnetic nanowires (MNWs) (1500 × 40 nm), (ii) Fe3O4 nanorods (NRs) (41 × 7 nm), and (iii) Fe3O4 cube-octahedral magnetosomes (MGs) (45 nm) obtained from magnetotactic bacteria. The magnetic response of these nanostructures has been characterized, and we have followed their internalization inside canine osteosarcoma OSCA-8 cells. An overall depiction has been obtained using a combination of Fluorescence and Scanning Electron Microscopies. In addition, Transmission Electron Microscopy images have shown that the nanostructures, with different signs of degradation, ended up being incorporated in endosomal compartments inside the cells. Small intra-endosomal vesicles that could be precursors for TEX have also been identified. Finally, TEX have been isolated using our magnetic isolation method and analyzed with a Nanoparticle tracking analyzer (NanoSight). We observed that the amount and purity of TEX isolated magnetically with MNWs was higher than with NRs and MGs, and they were close to the results obtained using conventional non-magnetic isolation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Nemati
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.R.Z.K.); (J.U.); (R.R.F.); (B.J.H.S.)
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (K.M.); (J.F.M.)
- Masonic Cancer Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Mohammad Reza Zamani Kouhpanji
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.R.Z.K.); (J.U.); (R.R.F.); (B.J.H.S.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Fang Zhou
- Shepherd Labs, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Raja Das
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering and Phenikaa Institute for Advanced Study (PIAS), Phenikaa University, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam;
- Phenikaa Research and Technology Institute (PRATI), A & A Green Phoenix Group, 167 Hoang Ngan, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Kelly Makielski
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (K.M.); (J.F.M.)
- Masonic Cancer Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Joseph Um
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.R.Z.K.); (J.U.); (R.R.F.); (B.J.H.S.)
| | - Manh-Huong Phan
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA;
| | - Alicia Muela
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (A.M.); (M.L.F.-G.)
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology, and Parasitology, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Mᵃ Luisa Fdez-Gubieda
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (A.M.); (M.L.F.-G.)
- Department of Electricity and Electronics, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Rhonda R. Franklin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.R.Z.K.); (J.U.); (R.R.F.); (B.J.H.S.)
| | - Bethanie J. H. Stadler
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.R.Z.K.); (J.U.); (R.R.F.); (B.J.H.S.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jaime F. Modiano
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (K.M.); (J.F.M.)
- Masonic Cancer Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Javier Alonso
- Department CITIMAC, University of Cantabria (UC), 39005 Santander, Spain
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Mansor M, Xu J. Benefits at the nanoscale: a review of nanoparticle-enabled processes favouring microbial growth and functionality. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:3633-3649. [PMID: 32705763 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are ubiquitous and co-occur with microbial life in every environment on Earth. Interactions between microbes and nanoparticles impact the biogeochemical cycles via accelerating various reaction rates and enabling biological processes at the smallest scales. Distinct from microbe-mineral interactions at large, microbe-nanoparticle interactions may involve higher levels of active recognition and utilization of the reactive, changeable, and thereby 'moldable' nano-sized inorganic phases by microbes, which has been given minimal attention in previous reviews. Here we have compiled the various cases of microbe-nanoparticle interactions with clear and potential benefits to the microbial cells and communities. Specifically, we discussed (i) the high bioavailabilities of nanoparticles due to increased specific surface areas and size-dependent solubility, with a focus on environmentally-relevant iron(III) (oxyhydr)oxides and pyrite, (ii) microbial utilization of nanoparticles as 'nano-tools' for electron transfer, chemotaxis, and storage units, and (iii) speculated benefits of precipitating 'moldable' nanoparticles in extracellular biomineralization. We further discussed emergent questions concerning cellular level responses to nanoparticle-associated cues, and the factors that affect nanoparticles' bioavailabilities beyond size-dependent effects. We end the review by proposing a framework towards more quantitative approaches and by highlighting promising techniques to guide future research in this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muammar Mansor
- Geomicrobiology, Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Geological Sciences, the University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, 79968, USA
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67
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Rahman A, Lin J, Jaramillo FE, Bazylinski DA, Jeffryes C, Dahoumane SA. In Vivo Biosynthesis of Inorganic Nanomaterials Using Eukaryotes-A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:E3246. [PMID: 32708767 PMCID: PMC7397067 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bionanotechnology, the use of biological resources to produce novel, valuable nanomaterials, has witnessed tremendous developments over the past two decades. This eco-friendly and sustainable approach enables the synthesis of numerous, diverse types of useful nanomaterials for many medical, commercial, and scientific applications. Countless reviews describing the biosynthesis of nanomaterials have been published. However, to the best of our knowledge, no review has been exclusively focused on the in vivo biosynthesis of inorganic nanomaterials. Therefore, the present review is dedicated to filling this gap by describing the many different facets of the in vivo biosynthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) using living eukaryotic cells and organisms-more specifically, live plants and living biomass of several species of microalgae, yeast, fungus, mammalian cells, and animals. It also highlights the strengths and weaknesses of the synthesis methodologies and the NP characteristics, bio-applications, and proposed synthesis mechanisms. This comprehensive review also brings attention to enabling a better understanding between the living organisms themselves and the synthesis conditions that allow their exploitation as nanobiotechnological production platforms as these might serve as a robust resource to boost and expand the bio-production and use of desirable, functional inorganic nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashiqur Rahman
- Center for Midstream Management and Science, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX 77710, USA;
- Center for Advances in Water and Air Quality & The Dan F. Smith Department of Chemical Engineering, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX 77710, USA; (J.L.); (C.J.)
| | - Julia Lin
- Center for Advances in Water and Air Quality & The Dan F. Smith Department of Chemical Engineering, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX 77710, USA; (J.L.); (C.J.)
| | - Francisco E. Jaramillo
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Hacienda San José s/n, San Miguel de Urcuquí 100119, Ecuador;
| | - Dennis A. Bazylinski
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada at Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004, USA;
| | - Clayton Jeffryes
- Center for Advances in Water and Air Quality & The Dan F. Smith Department of Chemical Engineering, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX 77710, USA; (J.L.); (C.J.)
| | - Si Amar Dahoumane
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Hacienda San José s/n, San Miguel de Urcuquí 100119, Ecuador;
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Cao Z, Liu J. Bacteria and bacterial derivatives as drug carriers for cancer therapy. J Control Release 2020; 326:396-407. [PMID: 32681947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The application of bacteria and bacteria-derived membrane vesicles (MVs) has promising potential to make a great impact on the development of controllable targeted drug delivery for combatting cancer. Comparing to most other traditional drug delivery systems, bacteria and their MVs have unique capabilities as drug carriers for cancer treatment. They can overcome physical barriers to target and accumulate in tumor tissues and initiate antitumor immune responses. Furtherly, they are able to be modified both genetically and chemically, to produce and transport anticancer agents into tumor tissues with improved safety and efficacy of cancer treatment but decreased cytotoxic effects to normal cells. In this review, we present some examples of tumor-targeting bacteria and bacteria-derived MVs for the delivery of anticancer drugs, including chemo-therapeutic, radio-therapeutic, photothermal-therapeutic, and immuno-therapeutic agents. We also discuss the advantages as well as the limitations of these tumor-targeting bacteria and their MVs used as platforms for controlled delivery of anticancer therapeutic agents, and further highlight their great potential on clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenping Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Jinyao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China.
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69
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Alphandéry E. Applications of magnetotactic bacteria and magnetosome for cancer treatment: A review emphasizing on practical and mechanistic aspects. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:1444-1452. [PMID: 32561298 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) synthesize iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs), called magnetosomes, with large sizes leading to a ferrimagnetic behavior and a stable magnetic moment at physiological temperature, a chain structure that prevents NP aggregation and promotes uniform NP distribution, and a mineral core of magnetite/maghemite composition, which can be stabilized by an organic coating. Such properties can favor magnetosome administration to humans under certain optimized non-toxic conditions of fabrication. In this review, I describe the fabrication methods, physico-chemical properties, and the anti-tumor activity of different types of MTB/magnetosome preparations, highlighting the bio-compatibility and excellent anti-tumor activity of purified non-pyrogenic magnetosome minerals stabilized by a synthetic chemical compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Alphandéry
- Paris Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590, IRD, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, IMPMC, 75005 Paris, France; Nanobacterie SARL, 36 Boulevard Flandrin, 75116, Paris, France; Institute of Anatomy, UZH University of Zurich, Institute of Anatomy, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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70
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Qin W, Wang CY, Ma YX, Shen MJ, Li J, Jiao K, Tay FR, Niu LN. Microbe-Mediated Extracellular and Intracellular Mineralization: Environmental, Industrial, and Biotechnological Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1907833. [PMID: 32270552 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201907833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microbe-mediated mineralization is ubiquitous in nature, involving bacteria, fungi, viruses, and algae. These mineralization processes comprise calcification, silicification, and iron mineralization. The mechanisms for mineral formation include extracellular and intracellular biomineralization. The mineral precipitating capability of microbes is often harnessed for green synthesis of metal nanoparticles, which are relatively less toxic compared with those synthesized through physical or chemical methods. Microbe-mediated mineralization has important applications ranging from pollutant removal and nonreactive carriers, to other industrial and biomedical applications. Herein, the different types of microbe-mediated biomineralization that occur in nature, their mechanisms, as well as their applications are elucidated to create a backdrop for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chen-Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu-Xuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Min-Juan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kai Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Franklin R Tay
- College of Graduate Studies, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Li-Na Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
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71
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Molcan M, Kopcansky P, Timko M, Rajnak M, Gojzewski H, Cēbers A. Dispersion of magnetic susceptibility in a suspension of flexible ferromagnetic rods. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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72
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Special Issue: Biogenic Nanomaterials: Versatility and Applications. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092034. [PMID: 32349390 PMCID: PMC7249163 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Cypriano J, Bahri M, Dembelé K, Baaziz W, Leão P, Bazylinski DA, Abreu F, Ersen O, Farina M, Werckmann J. Insight on thermal stability of magnetite magnetosomes: implications for the fossil record and biotechnology. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6706. [PMID: 32317676 PMCID: PMC7174351 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63531-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetosomes are intracellular magnetic nanocrystals composed of magnetite (Fe3O4) or greigite (Fe3S4), enveloped by a lipid bilayer membrane, produced by magnetotactic bacteria. Because of the stability of these structures in certain environments after cell death and lysis, magnetosome magnetite crystals contribute to the magnetization of sediments as well as providing a fossil record of ancient microbial ecosystems. The persistence or changes of the chemical and magnetic features of magnetosomes under certain conditions in different environments are important factors in biotechnology and paleomagnetism. Here we evaluated the thermal stability of magnetosomes in a temperature range between 150 and 500 °C subjected to oxidizing conditions by using in situ scanning transmission electron microscopy. Results showed that magnetosomes are stable and structurally and chemically unaffected at temperatures up to 300 °C. Interestingly, the membrane of magnetosomes was still observable after heating the samples to 300 °C. When heated between 300 °C and 500 °C cavity formation in the crystals was observed most probably associated to the partial transformation of magnetite into maghemite due to the Kirkendall effect at the nanoscale. This study provides some insight into the stability of magnetosomes in specific environments over geological periods and offers novel tools to investigate biogenic nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jefferson Cypriano
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mounib Bahri
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Kassiogé Dembelé
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg, France.,Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Walid Baaziz
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pedro Leão
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dennis A Bazylinski
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada at Las Vegas, Las Vegas, 89154-4004, USA
| | - Fernanda Abreu
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ovidiu Ersen
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marcos Farina
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jacques Werckmann
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas, LABNANO, rua Xavier Sigaud, 150, CEP, 22290-180, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Wang P, Kim T, Harada M, Contag C, Huang X, Smith BR. Nano-immunoimaging. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2020; 5:628-653. [PMID: 32226975 DOI: 10.1039/c9nh00514e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Immunoimaging is a rapidly growing field stoked in large part by the intriguing triumphs of immunotherapy. On the heels of immunotherapy's successes, there exists a growing need to evaluate tumor response to therapy particularly immunotherapy, stratify patients into responders vs. non-responders, identify inflammation, and better understand the fundamental roles of immune system components to improve both immunoimaging and immunotherapy. Innovative nanomaterials have begun to provide novel opportunities for immunoimaging, in part due to their sensitivity, modularity, capacity for many potentially varied ligands (high avidity), and potential for multifunctionality/multimodality imaging. This review strives to comprehensively summarize the integration of nanotechnology and immunoimaging, and the field's potential for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, 775 Woodlot Drive, Room #1118, East Lansing, MI 488824, USA. and Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 488824, USA
| | - Taeho Kim
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, 775 Woodlot Drive, Room #1118, East Lansing, MI 488824, USA. and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 488824, USA
| | - Masako Harada
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, 775 Woodlot Drive, Room #1118, East Lansing, MI 488824, USA. and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 488824, USA
| | - Christopher Contag
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, 775 Woodlot Drive, Room #1118, East Lansing, MI 488824, USA. and Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 488824, USA and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 488824, USA and Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 488824, USA
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, 775 Woodlot Drive, Room #1118, East Lansing, MI 488824, USA. and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 488824, USA and Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 488824, USA
| | - Bryan Ronain Smith
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, 775 Woodlot Drive, Room #1118, East Lansing, MI 488824, USA. and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 488824, USA and Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94306, USA
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75
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Bacteria as genetically programmable producers of bioactive natural products. Nat Rev Chem 2020; 4:172-193. [PMID: 37128046 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-0176-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Next to plants, bacteria account for most of the biomass on Earth. They are found everywhere, although certain species thrive only in specific ecological niches. These microorganisms biosynthesize a plethora of both primary and secondary metabolites, defined, respectively, as those required for the growth and maintenance of cellular functions and those not required for survival but offering a selective advantage for the producer under certain conditions. As a result, bacterial fermentation has long been used to manufacture valuable natural products of nutritional, agrochemical and pharmaceutical interest. The interactions of secondary metabolites with their biological targets have been optimized by millions of years of evolution and they are, thus, considered to be privileged chemical structures, not only for drug discovery. During the last two decades, functional genomics has allowed for an in-depth understanding of the underlying biosynthetic logic of secondary metabolites. This has, in turn, paved the way for the unprecedented use of bacteria as programmable biochemical workhorses. In this Review, we discuss the multifaceted use of bacteria as biological factories in diverse applications and highlight recent advances in targeted genetic engineering of bacteria for the production of valuable bioactive compounds. Emphasis is on current advances to access nature's abundance of natural products.
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76
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Lai W, Li D, Wang Q, Nan X, Xiang Z, Ma Y, Liu Y, Chen J, Tian J, Fang Q. A Protein Corona Adsorbed to a Bacterial Magnetosome Affects Its Cellular Uptake. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:1481-1498. [PMID: 32189964 PMCID: PMC7065717 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s220082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose It is well known that when exposed to human blood plasma, nanoparticles are predominantly coated by a layer of proteins, forming a corona that will mediate the subsequent cell interactions. Magnetosomes are protein-rich membrane nanoparticles which are synthesized by magnetic bacteria; these have gained a lot of attention owing to their unique magnetic and biochemical characteristics. Nevertheless, whether bacterial magnetosomes have a corona after interacting with the plasma, and how such a corona affects nanoparticle–cell interactions is yet to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to characterize corona formation around a bacterial magnetosome and to assess the functional consequences. Methods Magnetosomes were isolated from the magnetotactic bacteria, M. gryphiswaldense (MSR-1). Size, morphology, and zeta potential were measured by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. A quantitative characterization of plasma corona proteins was performed using LC-MS/MS. Protein absorption was further examined by circular dichroism and the effect of the corona on cellular uptake was investigated by microscopy and spectroscopy. Results Various serum proteins were found to be selectively adsorbed on the surface of the bacterial magnetosomes following plasma exposure, forming a corona. Compared to the pristine magnetosomes, the acquired corona promoted efficient cellular uptake by human vascular endothelial cells. Using a protein-interaction prediction method, we identified cell surface receptors that could potentially associate with abundant corona components. Of these, one abundant corona protein, ApoE, may be responsible for internalization of the magnetosome-corona complex through LDL receptor-mediated internalization. Conclusion Our findings provide clues as to the physiological response to magnetosomes and also reveal the corona composition of this membrane-coated nanomaterial after exposure to blood plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Lai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingsong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Nan
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhichu Xiang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Ma
- Aviation Service Department, Yantai Engineering & Technology College, Yantai 264000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiankui Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiesheng Tian
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology and College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaojun Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
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Mickoleit F, Jérôme V, Freitag R, Schüler D. Bacterial Magnetosomes as Novel Platform for the Presentation of Immunostimulatory, Membrane-Bound Ligands in Cellular Biotechnology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:e1900231. [PMID: 32293150 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cell-cell interactions involving specific membrane proteins are critical triggers in cellular development. Ex vivo strategies to mimic these effects currently use soluble proteins or (recombinant) presenter cells, albeit with mixed results. A promising alternative are bacterial magnetosomes, which can be selectively transformed into cell-free membrane-protein presenters by genetic engineering. In this study, the human CD40 Ligand (CD40L), a key ligand for B cell activation, is expressed on the particle surface. Functionality is demonstrated on sensor cells expressing the human CD40 receptor. Binding of CD40L magnetosomes to these cells triggers a signaling cascade leading to the secretion of embryonic alkaline phosphatase. Concomitantly, the CD40-CD40L interaction is strong enough to allow cell recovery by magnetic sorting. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of magnetosomes as promising cell-free tools for cellular biotechnology, based on the display of membrane-bound target molecules, thereby creating a biomimetic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Mickoleit
- Department Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, D-95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Valérie Jérôme
- Department Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, D-95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ruth Freitag
- Department Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, D-95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Dirk Schüler
- Department Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, D-95447, Bayreuth, Germany
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Abstract
Many species of bacteria can manufacture materials on a finer scale than those that are synthetically made. These products are often produced within intracellular compartments that bear many hallmarks of eukaryotic organelles. One unique and elegant group of organisms is at the forefront of studies into the mechanisms of organelle formation and biomineralization. Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) produce organelles called magnetosomes that contain nanocrystals of magnetic material, and understanding the molecular mechanisms behind magnetosome formation and biomineralization is a rich area of study. In this Review, we focus on the genetics behind the formation of magnetosomes and biomineralization. We cover the history of genetic discoveries in MTB and key insights that have been found in recent years and provide a perspective on the future of genetic studies in MTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley C. McCausland
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Arash Komeili
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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Grasso G, Zane D, Dragone R. Microbial Nanotechnology: Challenges and Prospects for Green Biocatalytic Synthesis of Nanoscale Materials for Sensoristic and Biomedical Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 10:E11. [PMID: 31861471 PMCID: PMC7023511 DOI: 10.3390/nano10010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are increasingly being used in new products and devices with a great impact on different fields from sensoristics to biomedicine. Biosynthesis of nanomaterials by microorganisms is recently attracting interest as a new, exciting approach towards the development of 'greener' nanomanufacturing compared to traditional chemical and physical approaches. This review provides an insight about microbial biosynthesis of nanomaterials by bacteria, yeast, molds, and microalgae for the manufacturing of sensoristic devices and therapeutic/diagnostic applications. The last ten-year literature was selected, focusing on scientific works where aspects like biosynthesis features, characterization, and applications have been described. The knowledge, challenges, and potentiality of microbial-mediated biosynthesis was also described. Bacteria and microalgae are the main microorganism used for nanobiosynthesis, principally for biomedical applications. Some bacteria and microalgae have showed the ability to synthetize unique nanostructures: bacterial nanocellulose, exopolysaccharides, bacterial nanowires, and biomineralized nanoscale materials (magnetosomes, frustules, and coccoliths). Yeasts and molds are characterized by extracellular synthesis, advantageous for possible reuse of cell cultures and reduced purification processes of nanomaterials. The intrinsic variability of the microbiological systems requires a greater protocols standardization to obtain nanomaterials with increasingly uniform and reproducible chemical-physical characteristics. A deeper knowledge about biosynthetic pathways and the opportunities from genetic engineering are stimulating the research towards a breakthrough development of microbial-based nanosynthesis for the future scaling-up and possible industrial exploitation of these promising 'nanofactories'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Grasso
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche—Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, ‘Sapienza’ Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy (R.D.)
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Probing the Nanostructure and Arrangement of Bacterial Magnetosomes by Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.01513-19. [PMID: 31604767 PMCID: PMC6881800 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01513-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explores lab-based small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) as a novel quantitative stand-alone technique to monitor the size, shape, and arrangement of magnetosomes during different stages of particle biogenesis in the model organism Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense. The SAXS data sets contain volume-averaged, statistically accurate information on both the diameter of the inorganic nanocrystal and the enveloping protein-rich magnetosome membrane. As a robust and nondestructive in situ technique, SAXS can provide new insights into the physicochemical steps involved in the biosynthesis of magnetosome nanoparticles as well as their assembly into well-ordered chains. The proposed fit model can easily be adapted to account for different particle shapes and arrangements produced by other strains of magnetotactic bacteria, thus rendering SAXS a highly versatile method. Magnetosomes are membrane-enveloped single-domain ferromagnetic nanoparticles enabling the navigation of magnetotactic bacteria along magnetic field lines. Strict control over each step of biomineralization generates particles of high crystallinity, strong magnetization, and remarkable uniformity in size and shape, which is particularly interesting for many biomedical and biotechnological applications. However, to understand the physicochemical processes involved in magnetite biomineralization, close and precise monitoring of particle production is required. Commonly used techniques, such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) or Fe measurements, allow only for semiquantitative assessment of the magnetosome formation without routinely revealing quantitative structural information. In this study, lab-based small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is explored as a means to monitor the different stages of magnetosome biogenesis in the model organism Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense. SAXS is evaluated as a quantitative stand-alone technique to analyze the size, shape, and arrangement of magnetosomes in cells cultivated under different growth conditions. By applying a simple and robust fitting procedure based on spheres aligned in linear chains, it is demonstrated that the SAXS data sets contain information on both the diameter of the inorganic crystal and the protein-rich magnetosome membrane. The analyses corroborate a narrow particle size distribution with an overall magnetosome radius of 19 nm in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense. Furthermore, the averaged distance between individual magnetosomes is determined, revealing a chain-like particle arrangement with a center-to-center distance of 53 nm. Overall, these data demonstrate that SAXS can be used as a novel stand-alone technique allowing for the at-line monitoring of magnetosome biosynthesis, thereby providing accurate information on the particle nanostructure. IMPORTANCE This study explores lab-based small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) as a novel quantitative stand-alone technique to monitor the size, shape, and arrangement of magnetosomes during different stages of particle biogenesis in the model organism Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense. The SAXS data sets contain volume-averaged, statistically accurate information on both the diameter of the inorganic nanocrystal and the enveloping protein-rich magnetosome membrane. As a robust and nondestructive in situ technique, SAXS can provide new insights into the physicochemical steps involved in the biosynthesis of magnetosome nanoparticles as well as their assembly into well-ordered chains. The proposed fit model can easily be adapted to account for different particle shapes and arrangements produced by other strains of magnetotactic bacteria, thus rendering SAXS a highly versatile method.
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Cypriano J, Werckmann J, Vargas G, Lopes dos Santos A, Silva KT, Leão P, Almeida FP, Bazylinski DA, Farina M, Lins U, Abreu F. Uptake and persistence of bacterial magnetite magnetosomes in a mammalian cell line: Implications for medical and biotechnological applications. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215657. [PMID: 31013301 PMCID: PMC6478323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria biomineralize intracellular magnetic nanocrystals surrounded by a lipid bilayer called magnetosomes. Due to their unique characteristics, magnetite magnetosomes are promising tools in Biomedicine. However, the uptake, persistence, and accumulation of magnetosomes within mammalian cells have not been well studied. Here, the endocytic pathway of magnetite magnetosomes and their effects on human cervix epithelial (HeLa) cells were studied by electron microscopy and high spatial resolution nano-analysis techniques. Transmission electron microscopy of HeLa cells after incubation with purified magnetosomes showed the presence of magnetic nanoparticles inside or outside endosomes within the cell, which suggests different modes of internalization, and that these structures persisted beyond 120 h after internalization. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectra of internalized magnetosome crystals showed no structural or chemical changes in these structures. Although crystal morphology was preserved, iron oxide crystalline particles of approximately 5 nm near internalized magnetosomes suggests that minor degradation of the original mineral structures might occur. Cytotoxicity and microscopy analysis showed that magnetosomes did not result in any apparent effect on HeLa cells viability or morphology. Based on our results, magnetosomes have significant biocompatibility with mammalian cells and thus have great potential in medical, biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jefferson Cypriano
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jacques Werckmann
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriele Vargas
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriana Lopes dos Santos
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Karen T. Silva
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro Leão
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando P. Almeida
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dennis A. Bazylinski
- School of life Sciences, University of Nevada at Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Marcos Farina
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ulysses Lins
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Abreu
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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