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D'Amore C, Borgo C, Sarno S, Salvi M. Role of CK2 inhibitor CX-4945 in anti-cancer combination therapy - potential clinical relevance. Cell Oncol 2020; 43:1003-1016. [PMID: 33052585 PMCID: PMC7717057 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-020-00566-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein kinase CK2 inhibition has long been considered as an attractive anti-cancer strategy based on the following considerations: CK2 is a pro-survival kinase, it is frequently over-expressed in human tumours and its over-expression correlates with a worse prognosis. Preclinical evidence strongly supports the feasibility of this target and, although dozens of CK2 inhibitors have been described in the literature so far, CX-4945 (silmitasertib) was the first that entered into clinical trials for the treatment of both human haematological and solid tumours. However, kinase inhibitor monotherapies turned out to be effective only in a limited number of malignancies, probably due to the multifaceted causes that underlie them, supporting the emerging view that multi-targeted approaches to treat human tumours could be more effective. CONCLUSIONS In this review, we will address combined anti-cancer therapeutic strategies described so far which involve the use of CX-4945. Data from preclinical studies clearly show the ability of CX-4945 to synergistically cooperate with different classes of anti-neoplastic agents, thereby contributing to an orchestrated anti-tumour action against multiple targets. Overall, these promising outcomes support the translation of CX-4945 combined therapies into clinical anti-cancer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio D'Amore
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Christian Borgo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefania Sarno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mauro Salvi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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52
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Lettieri A, Borgo C, Zanieri L, D’Amore C, Oleari R, Paganoni A, Pinna LA, Cariboni A, Salvi M. Protein Kinase CK2 Subunits Differentially Perturb the Adhesion and Migration of GN11 Cells: A Model of Immature Migrating Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235951. [PMID: 31779225 PMCID: PMC6928770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 (CK2) is a highly conserved and ubiquitous kinase is involved in crucial biological processes, including proliferation, migration, and differentiation. CK2 holoenzyme is a tetramer composed by two catalytically active (α/α’) and two regulatory (β) subunits and exerts its function on a broad range of targets. In the brain, it regulates different steps of neurodevelopment, such as neural differentiation, neuritogenesis, and synaptic plasticity. Interestingly, CK2 mutations have been recently linked to neurodevelopmental disorders; however, the functional requirements of the individual CK2 subunits in neurodevelopment have not been yet investigated. Here, we disclose the role of CK2 on the migration and adhesion properties of GN11 cells, an established model of mouse immortalized neurons, by different in vitro experimental approaches. Specifically, the cellular requirement of this kinase has been assessed pharmacologically and genetically by exploiting CK2 inhibitors and by generating subunit-specific CK2 knockout GN11 cells (with a CRISPR/Cas9-based approach). We show that CK2α’ subunit has a primary role in increasing cell adhesion and reducing migration properties of GN11 cells by activating the Akt-GSK3β axis, whereas CK2α subunit is dispensable. Further, the knockout of the CK2β regulatory subunits counteracts cell migration, inducing dramatic alterations in the cytoskeleton not observed in CK2α’ knockout cells. Collectively taken, our data support the view that the individual subunits of CK2 play different roles in cell migration and adhesion properties of GN11 cells, supporting independent roles of the different subunits in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Lettieri
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.L.); (L.Z.); (R.O.); (A.P.)
| | - Christian Borgo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy; (C.B.); (C.D.)
| | - Luca Zanieri
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.L.); (L.Z.); (R.O.); (A.P.)
| | - Claudio D’Amore
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy; (C.B.); (C.D.)
| | - Roberto Oleari
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.L.); (L.Z.); (R.O.); (A.P.)
| | - Alyssa Paganoni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.L.); (L.Z.); (R.O.); (A.P.)
| | - Lorenzo A. Pinna
- CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Anna Cariboni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.L.); (L.Z.); (R.O.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Mauro Salvi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy; (C.B.); (C.D.)
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (M.S.)
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Mendis AS, Thabrew I, Ediriweera MK, Samarakoon SR, Tennekoon KH, Adhikari A, de Silva ED. Isolation of a New Sesquiterpene Lactone From Vernonia Zeylanica (L) Less and its Anti-Proliferative Effects in Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 19:410-424. [DOI: 10.2174/1871520619666181128163359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background/Objective:
Vernonia zeylanica (L) less is an endemic plant to Sri Lanka. The present
study was designed to isolate potential cytotoxic compound/s from chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts of V.
zeylanica by bio-activity guided isolation and to evaluate its anti-proliferative effects in three breast cancer
phenotypes (MCF -7, MDA-MB-231, SKBR-3).
Methods:
Combined chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts were subjected to chromatographic separations to
isolate a compound (1) and the structure of the isolated compound was elucidated using 1H, 13C and mass spectroscopic
techniques. Cytotoxic effects of the compound were evaluated by the sulforhodamine B (SRB) and the
MTT (3- (4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assays. Effects of the compound on
apoptosis were evaluated by fluorescent microscopy, caspase 3/7 activation, DNA fragmentation and real time
PCR. Effects of the compound on the expression of heat shock protein complex were also evaluated by real time
PCR and immunofluorescence.
Results:
Isolated compound was identified as a new sesquiterpene lactone (vernolactone). The compound mediated
significant cytotoxic effects in SKBR-3 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, with little effect in MCF-7
and normal mammary epithelial MCF-10A cells. Morphological changes, DNA fragmentation, increased
caspase 3/7 activities and up-regulation of p53, Bax and down regulation of Survivin confirmed the proapoptotic
effects of the compound. Significant inhibition of HSP complex related genes were also observed in SKBR-3
and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.
Conclusion:
Overall results indicate that vernolactone can mediate its cytotoxic effects via apoptosis and modulating
the HSP complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuka S. Mendis
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, 90, Cumaratunga Munidasa Mawatha, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka
| | - Ira Thabrew
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, 90, Cumaratunga Munidasa Mawatha, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka
| | - Meran K. Ediriweera
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, 90, Cumaratunga Munidasa Mawatha, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka
| | - Sameera R. Samarakoon
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, 90, Cumaratunga Munidasa Mawatha, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka
| | - Kamani H. Tennekoon
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, 90, Cumaratunga Munidasa Mawatha, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka
| | - Achyut Adhikari
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Egodage D. de Silva
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, 90, Cumaratunga Munidasa Mawatha, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka
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Thiazole- and selenazole-comprising high-affinity inhibitors possess bright microsecond-scale photoluminescence in complex with protein kinase CK2. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:5062-5068. [PMID: 30217463 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A previously disclosed protein kinase (PK) CK2-selective inhibitor 4-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)benzoic acid (ATB) and its selenium-containing counterpart (ASB) revealed remarkable room temperature phosphorescence when bound to the ATP pocket of the protein kinase CK2. Conjugation of these fragments with a mimic of CK2 substrate peptide resulted in bisubstrate inhibitors with increased affinity towards the kinase. Attachment of the fluorescent acceptor dye 5-TAMRA to the conjugates led to significant enhancement of intensity of long-lifetime (microsecond-scale) photoluminescence of both sulfur- and selenium-containing compounds. The developed photoluminescent probes make possible selective determination of the concentration of CK2 in cell lysates and characterization of CK2 inhibitors by means of time-gated measurement of photoluminescence.
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55
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Ishii T, Warabi E, Mann GE. Circadian control of p75 neurotrophin receptor leads to alternate activation of Nrf2 and c-Rel to reset energy metabolism in astrocytes via brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 119:34-44. [PMID: 29374533 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Circadian clock genes regulate energy metabolism partly through neurotrophins in the body. The low affinity neurotrophin receptor p75NTR is a clock component directly regulated by the transcriptional factor Clock:Bmal1 complex. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is expressed in the brain and plays a key role in coordinating metabolic interactions between neurons and astrocytes. BDNF transduces signals through TrkB and p75NTR receptors. This review highlights a novel molecular mechanism by which BDNF via circadian control of p75NTR leads to daily resetting of glucose and glycogen metabolism in brain astrocytes to accommodate their functional interaction with neurons. Astrocytes store glycogen as an energy reservoir to provide active neurons with the glycolytic metabolite lactate. Astrocytes predominantly express the truncated receptor TrkB.T1 which lacks an intracellular receptor tyrosine kinase domain. TrkB.T1 retains the capacity to regulate cell morphology through regulation of Rho GTPases. In contrast, p75NTR mediates generation of the bioactive lipid ceramide upon stimulation with BDNF and inhibits PKA activation. As ceramide directly activates PKCζ, we discuss the importance of the TrkB.T1-p75NTR-ceramide-PKCζ signaling axis in the stimulation of glycogen and lipid synthesis and activation of RhoA. Ceramide-PKCζ-casein kinase 2 signaling activates Nrf2 to support oxidative phosphorylation via upregulation of antioxidant enzymes. In the absence of p75NTR, TrkB.T1 functionally interacts with adenosine A2AR and dopamine D1R receptors to enhance cAMP-PKA signaling and activate Rac1 and NF-κB c-Rel, favoring glycogen hydrolysis, gluconeogenesis and aerobic glycolysis. Thus, diurnal changes in p75NTR levels in astrocytes resets energy metabolism via BDNF to accommodate their metabolic interaction with neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Ishii
- School of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0863, Japan.
| | - Eiji Warabi
- School of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0863, Japan
| | - Giovanni E Mann
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
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56
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Hareza A, Bakun M, Świderska B, Dudkiewicz M, Koscielny A, Bajur A, Jaworski J, Dadlez M, Pawłowski K. Phosphoproteomic insights into processes influenced by the kinase-like protein DIA1/C3orf58. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4599. [PMID: 29666759 PMCID: PMC5896498 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Many kinases are still ‘orphans,’ which means knowledge about their substrates, and often also about the processes they regulate, is lacking. Here, DIA1/C3orf58, a member of a novel predicted kinase-like family, is shown to be present in the endoplasmic reticulum and to influence trafficking via the secretory pathway. Subsequently, DIA1 is subjected to phosphoproteomics analysis to cast light on its signalling pathways. A liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry proteomic approach with phosphopeptide enrichment is applied to membrane fractions of DIA1-overexpressing and control HEK293T cells, and phosphosites dependent on the presence of DIA1 are elucidated. Most of these phosphosites belonged to CK2- and proline-directed kinase types. In parallel, the proteomics of proteins immunoprecipitated with DIA1 reported its probable interactors. This pilot study provides the basis for deeper studies of DIA1 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Hareza
- Department of Experimental Design and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warszawa, Poland.,International Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Magda Bakun
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Bianka Świderska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Dudkiewicz
- Department of Experimental Design and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Alicja Koscielny
- International Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Anna Bajur
- Department of Experimental Design and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warszawa, Poland.,International Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Warszawa, Poland.,Current affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jacek Jaworski
- International Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Michał Dadlez
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Pawłowski
- Department of Experimental Design and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warszawa, Poland.,Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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57
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Vilardell J, Girardi C, Marin O, Cozza G, Pinna LA, Ruzzene M. The importance of negative determinants as modulators of CK2 targeting. The lesson of Akt2 S131. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193479. [PMID: 29494643 PMCID: PMC5832243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
CK2 is a pleiotropic S/T protein kinase (formerly known as casein kinase 2) which is attracting increasing interest as therapeutic target, and the identification of its substrates is a crucial step in determining its involvement in different pathological conditions. We recently found that S131 of Akt2 (homologous to the well established CK2 target S129 of Akt1) is not phosphorylated by CK2 either in vitro or in vivo, although the consensus sequence recognized by CK2 (S/T-x-x-E/D/pS/pT) is conserved in it. Here, by exploiting synthetic peptides, in cell transfection experiments, and computational analysis, we show that a single sequence element, a T at position n+1, hampers phosphorylation, causing an α-helix structure organization which prevents the recognition of its own consensus by CK2. Our results highlight the role of negative determinants as crucial modulators of CK2 targeting and corroborate the concept that Akt1 and Akt2 display isoform specific features. Experiments with synthetic peptides suggest that Akt2 S131 could be phosphorylated by kinases of the Plk (Polo-like kinase) family, which are insensitive to the presence of the n+1 T. The low phylogenetic conservation of the Akt2 sequence around S131, as opposed to the extremely well-conserved Akt1 homologous sequence, would indicate a dominant positive role in the selective pressure only for the Akt1 phosphoacceptor site committed to undergo phosphorylation by CK2. By contrast, Akt2 S131 may mediate the response to specific physio/pathological conditions, being consequently shielded against basal CK2 targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Vilardell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Cristina Girardi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Oriano Marin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Cozza
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo A. Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Ruzzene
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Padova, Italy
- * E-mail:
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58
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CK2 Oppositely Modulates l-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia via Striatal Projection Neurons Expressing D1 or D2 Receptors. J Neurosci 2017; 37:11930-11946. [PMID: 29097596 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0443-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that casein kinase 2 (CK2) negatively regulates dopamine D1 and adenosine A2A receptor signaling in the striatum. Ablation of CK2 in D1 receptor-positive striatal neurons caused enhanced locomotion and exploration at baseline, whereas CK2 ablation in D2 receptor-positive neurons caused increased locomotion after treatment with A2A antagonist, caffeine. Because both, D1 and A2A receptors, play major roles in the cellular responses to l-DOPA in the striatum, these findings prompted us to examine the impact of CK2 ablation on the effects of l-DOPA treatment in the unilateral 6-OHDA lesioned mouse model of Parkinson's disease. We report here that knock-out of CK2 in striatonigral neurons reduces the severity of l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID), a finding that correlates with lowered pERK but unchanged pPKA substrate levels in D1 medium spiny neurons as well as in cholinergic interneurons. In contrast, lack of CK2 in striatopallidal neurons enhances LID and ERK phosphorylation. Coadministration of caffeine with a low dose of l-DOPA reduces dyskinesia in animals with striatopallidal knock-out to wild-type levels, suggesting a dependence on adenosine receptor activity. We also detect reduced Golf levels in the striatonigral but not in the striatopallidal knock-out in response to l-DOPA treatment.Our work shows, in a rodent model of PD, that treatment-induced dyskinesia and striatal ERK activation are bidirectionally modulated by ablating CK2 in D1- or D2-positive projection neurons, in male and female mice. The results reveal that CK2 regulates signaling events critical to LID in each of the two main populations of striatal neurons.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT To date, l-DOPA is the most effective treatment for PD. Over time, however, its efficacy decreases, and side effects including l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) increase, affecting up to 78% of patients within 10 years of therapy (Hauser et al., 2007). It is understood that supersensitivity of the striatonigral pathway underlies LID, however, D2 agonists were also shown to induce LID (Bezard et al., 2001; Delfino et al., 2004). Our work implicates a novel player in the expression of LID, the kinase CK2: knock-out of CK2 in striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons has opposing effects on LID. The bidirectional modulation of dyskinesia reveals a central role for CK2 in striatal physiology and indicates that both pathways contribute to LID.
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An Updated View on an Emerging Target: Selected Papers from the 8th International Conference on Protein Kinase CK2. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:ph10020033. [PMID: 28333082 PMCID: PMC5490390 DOI: 10.3390/ph10020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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