51
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Falkenhagen A, Joshi S. Genetic Strategies for HIV Treatment and Prevention. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 13:514-533. [PMID: 30388625 PMCID: PMC6205348 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Conventional HIV gene therapy approaches are based on engineering HIV target cells that are non-permissive to viral replication. However, expansion of gene-modified HIV target cells has been limited in patients. Alternative genetic strategies focus on generating gene-modified producer cells that secrete antiviral proteins (AVPs). The secreted AVPs interfere with HIV entry, and, therefore, they extend the protection against infection to unmodified HIV target cells. Since any cell type can potentially secrete AVPs, hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cell lineages can function as producer cells. Secretion of AVPs from non-hematopoietic cells opens the possibility of using a genetic approach for HIV prevention. Another strategy aims at modifying cytotoxic T cells to selectively target and eliminate infected cells. This review provides an overview of the different genetic approaches for HIV treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Falkenhagen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sadhna Joshi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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52
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Jenkins J, Park J, Petersen K, Shajihan K, Kruthiventi S, Betenbaugh M. Adoptive T cell therapy: engineering and biomanufacturing chimeric antigen receptor-T cell. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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53
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Cullmann K, Blokland KEC, Sebe A, Schenk F, Ivics Z, Heinz N, Modlich U. Sustained and regulated gene expression by Tet-inducible "all-in-one" retroviral vectors containing the HNRPA2B1-CBX3 UCOE ®. Biomaterials 2018; 192:486-499. [PMID: 30508767 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genetic modification of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells may be necessary for the generation of effector cells for cellular therapies. Hereby, it can be important to induce transgene expression at restricted and defined time windows, especially if it interferes with pluripotency or differentiation. To achieve this, inducible expression systems can be used such as the tetracycline-inducible retroviral vector system, however, retroviral expression can be subjected to epigenetic silencing or to position-effect variegation. One strategy to overcome this is the incorporation of ubiquitous chromatin opening elements (UCOE®'s) into retroviral vectors to maintain a transcriptionally permissive chromatin state at the integration site. In this study, we developed Tet-inducible all-in-one gammaretroviral vectors carrying different sized UCOE®'s derived from the A2UCOE. The ability to prevent vector silencing by preserving the Tet-regulatory potential was investigated in different cell lines, and in murine and human iPS cells. A 670-bp fragment spanning the CBX3 promoter region of A2UCOE (U670) was the most potent element in preventing silencing, and conferred the strongest expression from the vector in the induced state. While longer fragments of A2UCOEs also sustained expression, vector titers and induction efficiencies were impaired. Finally, we demonstrate that U670 can be used for constitutive expression of the transactivator in the all-in-one vector for faithful regulation of transgenes by doxycycline, including the thrombopoietin receptor Mpl conferring cytokine-dependent cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Cullmann
- Research Group for Gene Modification in Stem Cells, Div. of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - Kaj E C Blokland
- Research Group for Gene Modification in Stem Cells, Div. of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - Attila Sebe
- Div. of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - Franziska Schenk
- Research Group for Gene Modification in Stem Cells, Div. of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - Zoltán Ivics
- Div. of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - Niels Heinz
- Research Group for Gene Modification in Stem Cells, Div. of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany; BioNTech Innovative Manufacturing Services GmbH, Idar-Oberstein, Germany
| | - Ute Modlich
- Research Group for Gene Modification in Stem Cells, Div. of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany.
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Elahi R, Khosh E, Tahmasebi S, Esmaeilzadeh A. Immune Cell Hacking: Challenges and Clinical Approaches to Create Smarter Generations of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1717. [PMID: 30108584 PMCID: PMC6080612 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells equipped with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR T cells) have recently provided promising advances as a novel immunotherapeutic approach for cancer treatment. CAR T cell therapy has shown stunning results especially in B-cell malignancies; however, it has shown less success against solid tumors, which is more supposed to be related to the specific characteristics of the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we discuss the structure of the CAR, current clinical advantages from finished and ongoing trials, adverse effects, challenges and controversies, new engineering methods of CAR, and clinical considerations that are associated with CAR T cell therapy both in hematological malignancies and solid tumors. Also, we provide a comprehensive description of recently introduced modifications for designing smarter models of CAR T cells. Specific hurdles and problems that limit the optimal function of CAR T cells, especially on solid tumors, and possible solutions according to new modifications and generations of CAR T cells have been introduced here. We also provide information of the future directions on how to enhance engineering the next smarter generations of CAR T cells in order to decrease the adverse effects and increase the potency and efficacy of CAR T cells against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Elahi
- School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Elnaz Khosh
- School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Safa Tahmasebi
- Department of Immunology, Health Faculty, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center (CGRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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55
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Brendel C, Rothe M, Santilli G, Charrier S, Stein S, Kunkel H, Abriss D, Müller-Kuller U, Gaspar B, Modlich U, Galy A, Schambach A, Thrasher AJ, Grez M. Non-Clinical Efficacy and Safety Studies on G1XCGD, a Lentiviral Vector for Ex Vivo Gene Therapy of X-Linked Chronic Granulomatous Disease. HUM GENE THER CL DEV 2018; 29:69-79. [PMID: 29664709 DOI: 10.1089/humc.2017.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a debilitating primary immunodeficiency affecting phagocyte function due to the absence of nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity. The vast majority of CGD patients in the Western world have mutations within the X-linked CYBB gene encoding for gp91phox (NOX2), the redox center of the NADPH oxidase complex (XCGD). Current treatments of XCGD are not entirely satisfactory, and prior attempts at autologous gene therapy using gammaretrovirus vectors did not provide long-term curative effects. A new strategy was developed based on the use of the lentiviral vector G1XCGD expressing high levels of the gp91phox transgene in myeloid cells. As a requisite for a clinical trial approval, standardized non-clinical studies were conducted in vitro and in mice in order to evaluate the pharmacodynamics and biosafety of the vector and the biodistribution of G1XCGD-transduced cells. Transduced CD34+ cells derived from XCGD patients engrafted and differentiated similarly to their non-transduced counterparts in xenograft mouse models and generated therapeutically relevant levels of NADPH activity in myeloid cells expressing gp91phox. Expression of functional gp91phox in hematopoietic cells did not affect their homing properties, which engrafted at high levels in mice. Extensive in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity studies found no evidence for adverse mutagenesis related to vector treatment. These studies paved the way for the approval of clinical trials in Europe and in the United States for the treatment of XCGD patients with G1XCGD gene-modified autologous hematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Brendel
- 1 Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy , Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany .,2 Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts.,3 Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts.,4 Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, Massachusetts.,5 Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Rothe
- 6 Hannover Medical School, Institute of Experimental Hematology , Hannover, Germany
| | - Giorgia Santilli
- 7 UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust London , United Kingdom
| | | | - Stefan Stein
- 1 Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy , Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hana Kunkel
- 1 Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy , Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniela Abriss
- 1 Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy , Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Uta Müller-Kuller
- 1 Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy , Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bobby Gaspar
- 7 UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust London , United Kingdom
| | - Ute Modlich
- 6 Hannover Medical School, Institute of Experimental Hematology , Hannover, Germany .,9 Research Group Gene Modification in Stem Cells , Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
| | | | - Axel Schambach
- 2 Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts.,6 Hannover Medical School, Institute of Experimental Hematology , Hannover, Germany .,10 Hannover Medical School , Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- 7 UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust London , United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Grez
- 1 Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy , Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
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56
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Flexible pseudotyping of retrovirus using recombinase-mediated cassette exchange. Biotechnol Lett 2018; 40:633-639. [PMID: 29353442 PMCID: PMC5862940 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-018-2515-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Develop an engineered cell line containing two flexible gene expression systems enabling the continuous production of tailor-made recombinant gammaretrovirus with predictable productivities through targeted integration. RESULTS Dual-FLEX cells (dFLEX) contain two independent recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) systems which confer flexibility to the expression of different transgene and envelope combinations. The flexible envelope expression in dFLEX cells was validated by pseudotyping retrovirus particles with three different viral envelope proteins-GaLV, 4070A and VSV-G. Our results show that dFLEX cells are able to provide high titers of infectious retroviral particles with a single-copy integration of the envelope constructs after RMCE. The integrated CRE/Lox tagging cassette was amenable to express envelope proteins both using constitutive (i.e. CMV) and inducible (i.e. Tet-on) promoters. CONCLUSIONS dFLEX cell line provides predictable productivities of recombinant retrovirus pseudotyped with different envelope proteins broadening the tropism of particles that can be generated and thus accelerating the research and development of retrovirus-based products.
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57
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Abstract
Curing a genetic disease by repairing the underlying genetic defect is a fascinating concept that has been addressed so far by gene compensation therapy. For this, a functional copy of the gene in question together with elements controlling its expression is produced as a vector and introduced ex vivo into the patient's own cells that subsequently are reinfused. Alternatively, vectors are administered directly in vivo. Although this strategy resulted in impressive therapeutic benefits for patients, the ultimate goal of gene therapy, i.e., a cure by repairing the actual genetic or epigenetic defect, remained an unresolved task. With the advent of designer DNA-binding domains, this goal is coming into reach. These domains are either combined with nucleases and used as molecular precision scissors for introducing DNA breaks at defined sites in the cell's genome preparing for position-selective DNA repair, or they are used as programmable DNA-binding units for positioning epigenome-modifying domains to predefined target sequences. However, for reaching its full potential, these components need to be delivered into cells in an efficient and safe manner. Here, we summarize current viral and non-viral delivery approaches applicable for genome and epigenome editing and discuss their respective advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Just
- Laboratory for Infection Biology & Gene Transfer, Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hildegard Büning
- Laboratory for Infection Biology & Gene Transfer, Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
- Laboratory for AAV Vector Development, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.
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58
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Galy A. Major Advances in the Development of Vectors for Clinical Gene Therapy of Hematopoietic Stem Cells from European Groups over the Last 25 Years. Hum Gene Ther 2017; 28:964-971. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Galy
- Integrare Research Unit UMR_S951, Genethon, Inserm, Univ Evry, EPHE, Evry, France
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59
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Kohlscheen S, Bonig H, Modlich U. Promises and Challenges in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Gene Therapy. Hum Gene Ther 2017; 28:782-799. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Kohlscheen
- Research Group for Gene Modification in Stem Cells, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy Frankfurt, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - Halvard Bonig
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Institute Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Medicine/Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ute Modlich
- Research Group for Gene Modification in Stem Cells, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy Frankfurt, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
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60
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Retroviral envelope proteins: Involvement in neuropathogenesis. J Neurol Sci 2017; 380:151-163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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61
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Keeler AM, ElMallah MK, Flotte TR. Gene Therapy 2017: Progress and Future Directions. Clin Transl Sci 2017; 10:242-248. [PMID: 28383804 PMCID: PMC5504480 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A M Keeler
- Horae Gene Therapy Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - M K ElMallah
- Horae Gene Therapy Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - T R Flotte
- Horae Gene Therapy Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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62
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Luo M, Huang H, Hou L, Shao S, Huang S, Zhao X. Construction and expression of a lentivirus expression vector carrying the VEGF165-EGFP fusion gene in breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:1745-1752. [PMID: 28454319 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)165 is one of the most abundant and potent angiogenic factors in both physiological and pathological conditions. However, the function and mechanism of VEGF165 in tumors and their environment remain to be elucidated. In the present study, a lentivirus vector (LV) that contained the VEGF165-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fusion gene was constructed and transfected into the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Following transfection, the expression of VEGF165 in MCF-7 cells was detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blotting. Further cellular localization of VEGF165 was observed through fluorescence microscopy. The titer of the recombinant lentivirus was 5.44×107 TU/ml in the LV-VEGF165-EGFP group and 5.00×108 TU/ml in the LV-EGFP negative control group. RT-qPCR and western blotting demonstrated that the expression of VEGF165 was significantly increased in the LV-VEGF165-EGFP group compared with the control group. The present study lays the foundation for in vitro and in vivo studies on tumor cell derived-VEGF165. Furthermore, the present fusion gene expression vector may provide a potential approach for gene therapy treatment of cancer and other diseases that require regulation of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Luo
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Huan Huang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Lei Hou
- Department of Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Shan Shao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Shangke Huang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xinhan Zhao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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63
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Thrasher AJ, Williams DA. Evolving Gene Therapy in Primary Immunodeficiency. Mol Ther 2017; 25:1132-1141. [PMID: 28366768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior to the first successful bone marrow transplant in 1968, patients born with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) invariably died. Today, with a widening availability of newborn screening, major improvements in the application of allogeneic procedures, and the emergence of successful hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSC/P) gene therapy, the majority of these children can be identified and cured. Here, we trace key steps in the development of clinical gene therapy for SCID and other primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs), and review the prospects for adoption of new targets and technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J Thrasher
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK; University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
| | - David A Williams
- Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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64
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Howard J, Murashov V, Schulte P. Synthetic biology and occupational risk. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2017; 14:224-236. [PMID: 27754800 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2016.1237031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic biology is an emerging interdisciplinary field of biotechnology that involves applying the principles of engineering and chemical design to biological systems. Biosafety professionals have done an excellent job in addressing research laboratory safety as synthetic biology and gene editing have emerged from the larger field of biotechnology. Despite these efforts, risks posed by synthetic biology are of increasing concern as research procedures scale up to industrial processes in the larger bioeconomy. A greater number and variety of workers will be exposed to commercial synthetic biology risks in the future, including risks to a variety of workers from the use of lentiviral vectors as gene transfer devices. There is a need to review and enhance current protection measures in the field of synthetic biology, whether in experimental laboratories where new advances are being researched, in health care settings where treatments using viral vectors as gene delivery systems are increasingly being used, or in the industrial bioeconomy. Enhanced worker protection measures should include increased injury and illness surveillance of the synthetic biology workforce; proactive risk assessment and management of synthetic biology products; research on the relative effectiveness of extrinsic and intrinsic biocontainment methods; specific safety guidance for synthetic biology industrial processes; determination of appropriate medical mitigation measures for lentiviral vector exposure incidents; and greater awareness and involvement in synthetic biology safety by the general occupational safety and health community as well as by government occupational safety and health research and regulatory agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Howard
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Washington, DC
| | - Vladimir Murashov
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Washington, DC
| | - Paul Schulte
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Washington, DC
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65
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Chandran JS, Scarrott JM, Shaw PJ, Azzouz M. Gene Therapy in the Nervous System: Failures and Successes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1007:241-257. [PMID: 28840561 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-60733-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Genetic disorders, caused by deleterious changes in the DNA sequence away from the normal genomic sequence, affect millions of people worldwide. Gene therapy as a treatment option for patients is an attractive proposition due to its conceptual simplicity. In principle, gene therapy involves correcting the genetic disorder by either restoring a normal functioning copy of a gene or reducing the toxicity arising from a mutated gene. In this way specific genetic function can be restored without altering the expression of other genes and the proteins they encode. The reality however is much more complex, and as a result the vector systems used to deliver gene therapies have by necessity continued to evolve and improve over time with respect to safety profile, efficiency, and long-term expression. In this chapter we examine the current approaches to gene therapy, assess the different gene delivery systems utilized, and highlight the failures and successes of relevant clinical trials. We do not intend for this chapter to be a comprehensive and exhaustive assessment of all clinical trials that have been conducted in the CNS, but instead will focus on specific diseases that have seen successes and failures with different gene therapy vehicles to gauge how preclinical models have informed the design of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanth S Chandran
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Joseph M Scarrott
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Mimoun Azzouz
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK.
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66
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Towards a Safer, More Randomized Lentiviral Vector Integration Profile Exploring Artificial LEDGF Chimeras. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164167. [PMID: 27788138 PMCID: PMC5082951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity to integrate transgenes into the host cell genome makes retroviral vectors an interesting tool for gene therapy. Although stable insertion resulted in successful correction of several monogenic disorders, it also accounts for insertional mutagenesis, a major setback in otherwise successful clinical gene therapy trials due to leukemia development in a subset of treated patients. Despite improvements in vector design, their use is still not risk-free. Lentiviral vector (LV) integration is directed into active transcription units by LEDGF/p75, a host-cell protein co-opted by the viral integrase. We engineered LEDGF/p75-based hybrid tethers in an effort to elicit a more random integration pattern to increase biosafety, and potentially reduce proto-oncogene activation. We therefore truncated LEDGF/p75 by deleting the N-terminal chromatin-reading PWWP-domain, and replaced this domain with alternative pan-chromatin binding peptides. Expression of these LEDGF-hybrids in LEDGF-depleted cells efficiently rescued LV transduction and resulted in LV integrations that distributed more randomly throughout the host-cell genome. In addition, when considering safe harbor criteria, LV integration sites for these LEDGF-hybrids distributed more safely compared to LEDGF/p75-mediated integration in wild-type cells. This approach should be broadly applicable to introduce therapeutic or suicide genes for cell therapy, such as patient-specific iPS cells.
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67
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Diener Y, Bosio A, Bissels U. Delivery of RNA-based molecules to human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells for modulation of gene expression. Exp Hematol 2016; 44:991-1001. [PMID: 27576131 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Gene modulation of human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) harbors great potential for therapeutic application of these cells and presents a versatile tool in basic research to enhance our understanding of HSPC biology. However, stable genetic modification might be adverse, particularly in clinical settings. Here, we review a broad range of approaches to transient, nonviral modulation of protein expression with a focus on RNA-based methods. We compare different delivery methods and describe the usefulness of RNA molecules for overexpression as well as downregulation of proteins in HSPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ute Bissels
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany.
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68
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Schubert ML, Hückelhoven A, Hoffmann JM, Schmitt A, Wuchter P, Sellner L, Hofmann S, Ho AD, Dreger P, Schmitt M. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy Targeting CD19-Positive Leukemia and Lymphoma in the Context of Stem Cell Transplantation. Hum Gene Ther 2016; 27:758-771. [PMID: 27479233 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2016.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel therapies with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-transduced T cells (TCs) sparked new hope for patients with relapsed or refractory CD19-positive leukemia or lymphoma even after stem cell therapies. This review focuses on CARs recognizing the B cell antigen CD19. Both retroviral and lentiviral vectors are used, encoding various anti-CD19 CAR constructs comprising costimulatory molecules such as CD28, CD137/4-1BB, and OX40 either alone (second-generation CARs) or in combination (third-generation CARs). Current, up-to-date published studies on anti-CD19 CAR therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) with observed side effects are discussed and an outlook on 58 ongoing trials is given. Clinical responses were achieved in up to 81% of ALL, 50% of CLL, and 40% of NHL patients. Factors with potential influence on the clinical outcome might be the design of the vector, the preconditioning regimen, and the number and quality of transfused CAR TCs. The applicability of clinical CAR TC therapy might include relapse after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT), and ineligibility for or "bridging" until alloSCT. In summary, CAR therapy represents a highly promising treatment option even in heavily pretreated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Luisa Schubert
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Angela Hückelhoven
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jean-Marc Hoffmann
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anita Schmitt
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Wuchter
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Leopold Sellner
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Hofmann
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anthony D Ho
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Dreger
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg, Germany
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Pessel-Vivares L, Houzet L, Lainé S, Mougel M. Insights into the nuclear export of murine leukemia virus intron-containing RNA. RNA Biol 2016; 12:942-9. [PMID: 26158194 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2015.1065375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The retroviral genome consists of an intron-containing transcript that has essential cytoplasmic functions in the infected cell. This viral transcript can escape splicing, circumvent the nuclear checkpoint mechanisms and be transported to the cytoplasm by hijacking the host machinery. Once in the cytoplasm, viral unspliced RNA acts as mRNA to be translated and as genomic RNA to be packaged into nascent viruses. The murine leukemia virus (MLV) is among the first retroviruses discovered and is classified as simple Retroviridae due to its minimal encoding capacity. The oncogenic and transduction abilities of MLV are extensively studied, whereas surprisingly the crucial step of its nuclear export has remained unsolved until 2014. Recent work has revealed the recruitment by MLV of the cellular NXF1/Tap-dependent pathway for export. Unconventionally, MLV uses of Tap to export both spliced and unspliced viral RNAs. Unlike other retroviruses, MLV does not harbor a unique RNA signal for export. Indeed, multiple sequences throughout the MLV genome appear to promote export of the unspliced MLV RNA. We review here the current understanding of the export mechanism and highlight the determinants that influence MLV export. As the molecular mechanism of MLV export is elucidated, we will gain insight into the contribution of the export pathway to the cytoplasmic fate of the viral RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Pessel-Vivares
- a CNRS, UM; CPBS ; Montpellier , France.,b Department of Infectious Diseases ; King's College London ; London , UK
| | - Laurent Houzet
- c Inserm U1085-IRSET; Université de Rennes 1; Structure Fédérative Recherche Biosit ; Rennes , France
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Hammill JA, Afsahi A, Bramson JL, Helsen CW. Viral Engineering of Chimeric Antigen Receptor Expression on Murine and Human T Lymphocytes. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1458:137-157. [PMID: 27581020 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3801-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The adoptive transfer of a bolus of tumor-specific T lymphocytes into cancer patients is a promising therapeutic strategy. In one approach, tumor specificity is conferred upon T cells via engineering expression of exogenous receptors, such as chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). Here, we describe the generation and production of both murine and human CAR-engineered T lymphocytes using retroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne A Hammill
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8N 3Z5
| | - Arya Afsahi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8N 3Z5
| | - Jonathan L Bramson
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8N 3Z5.
| | - Christopher W Helsen
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8N 3Z5
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71
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Retrovirus-based vectors for transient and permanent cell modification. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2015; 24:135-46. [PMID: 26433198 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Retroviral vectors are commonly employed for long-term transgene expression via integrating vector technology. However, three alternative retrovirus-based platforms are currently available that allow transient cell modification. Gene expression can be mediated from either episomal DNA or RNA templates, or selected proteins can be directly transferred through retroviral nanoparticles. The different technologies are functionally graded with respect to safety, expression magnitude and expression duration. Improvement of the initial technologies, including modification of vector designs, targeted increase in expression strength and duration as well as improved safety characteristics, has allowed maturation of retroviral systems into efficient and promising tools that meet the technological demands of a wide variety of potential application areas.
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Troyanovsky B, Bitko V, Fouty B, Solodushko V. Simple viral/minimal piggyBac hybrid vectors for stable production of self-inactivating gamma-retroviruses. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:379. [PMID: 26306622 PMCID: PMC4549879 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1354-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Transient production of gamma-retroviruses, including self-inactivating (SIN) retroviruses, is a common method for rapidly generating virus capable of gene delivery. Stable (continuous) production of virus is preferable to transient production for clinical and biotechnology purposes, however, because it allows for significant quantities of a uniform virus to be generated over a prolonged period of time, thus allowing for longitudinal functional studies and quality analysis. Unfortunately, stable production of SIN retroviruses is difficult to achieve.
Results We describe a novel method to rapidly and cost-effectively create packaging cells capable of continuously producing self-inactivating gamma-retroviruses. We imbedded the SIN proviral construct into a minimal piggyBac transposon vector and then integrated the hybrid vector into packaging cells that already stably expressed the viral gag-pro-pol and envelope genes. Cells that stably produced self-inactivating gamma-retroviruses could be identified (and purified) as early as 3 weeks after initial transfection; these cells produced virus for at least 9 weeks without a decline in titer. Conclusions This viral-minimal piggyBac hybrid vector allowed for the rapid generation and purification of packaging cells capable of stably producing self-inactivated gamma-retroviruses. This method can be applied to the large-scale production of viruses for use in research, biotechnology, and potentially, clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vira Bitko
- NanoBio Corporation, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.
| | - Brian Fouty
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama School of Medicine, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama School of Medicine, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA. .,Internal Medicine, University of South Alabama School of Medicine, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA.
| | - Victor Solodushko
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama School of Medicine, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama School of Medicine, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA.
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Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of chronic hepatitis and infects approximately three to four million people per year, about 170 million infected people in total, making it one of the major global health problems. In a minority of cases HCV is cleared spontaneously, but in most of the infected individuals infection progresses to a chronic state associated with high risk to develop liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular cancer, or liver failure. The treatment of HCV infection has evolved over the years. Interferon (IFN)-α in combination with ribavirin has been used for decades as standard therapy. More recently, a new standard-of-care treatment has been approved based on a triple combination with either HCV protease inhibitor telaprevir or boceprevir. In addition, various options for all-oral, IFN-free regimens are currently being evaluated. Despite substantial improvement of sustained virological response rates, some intrinsic limitations of these new direct-acting antivirals, including serious side effects, the risk of resistance development and high cost, urge the development of alternative or additional therapeutic strategies. Gene therapy represents a feasible alternative treatment. Small RNA technology, including RNA interference (RNAi) techniques and antisense approaches, is one of the potentially promising ways to investigate viral and host cell factors that are involved in HCV infection and replication. With this, newly developed gene therapy regimens will be provided to treat HCV. In this chapter, a comprehensive overview guides you through the current developments and applications of RNAi and microRNA-based gene therapy strategies in HCV treatment.
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74
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Knocking down schistosomes - promise for lentiviral transduction in parasites. Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:324-32. [PMID: 25933926 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Underpinned by major advances in our understanding of the genomes of schistosomes, progress in the development of functional genomic tools is providing unique prospects to gain insights into the intricacies of the biology of these blood flukes, their host relationships, and the diseases that they cause. This article reviews some key applications of double-stranded RNA interference (RNAi) in Schistosoma mansoni, appraises delivery systems for transgenesis and stable gene silencing, considers ways of increasing efficiency and specificity of gene silencing, and discusses the prospects of using a lentivirus delivery system for future functional genomic-phenomic explorations of schistosomes and other parasites. The ability to achieve effective and stable gene perturbation in parasites has major biological implications and could facilitate the development of new interventions.
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Hagen J, Scheerlinck JPY, Young ND, Gasser RB, Kalinna BH. Prospects for Vector-Based Gene Silencing to Explore Immunobiological Features of Schistosoma mansoni. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2015; 88:85-122. [PMID: 25911366 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a prevalent, socioeconomically important disease of humans caused by parasites of the genus Schistosoma (schistosomes or blood flukes). Currently, more than 200 million people worldwide are infected with schistosomes. Despite major research efforts, there is only one drug routinely used for effective treatment, and no vaccine is available to combat schistosomiasis. The purpose of the present article is to (1) provide a background on the parasites and different forms of disease; (2) describe key immunomolecular aspects of disease induced in the host; and (3) critically appraise functional genomic methods employed to explore parasite biology, parasite-host interactions and disease at the molecular level. Importantly, the article also describes the features and advantages of lentiviral delivery of artificial microRNAs to silence genes. It also discusses the first successful application of such an approach in schistosomes, in order to explore the immunobiological role of selected target proteins known to be involved in egg-induced disease. The lentiviral transduction system provides exciting prospects for future, fundamental investigations of schistosomes, and is likely to have broad applicability to other eukaryotic pathogens and infectious diseases. The ability to achieve effective and stable gene perturbation in parasites has major biotechnological implications, and might facilitate the development of radically new methods for the treatment and control of parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Hagen
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jean-Pierre Y Scheerlinck
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Neil D Young
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bernd H Kalinna
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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76
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Maggio I, Gonçalves MAFV. Genome editing at the crossroads of delivery, specificity, and fidelity. Trends Biotechnol 2015; 33:280-91. [PMID: 25819765 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Genome editing (GE) entails the modification of specific genomic sequences in living cells for the purpose of determining, changing, or expanding their function(s). Typically, GE occurs after delivering sequence-specific designer nucleases (e.g., ZFNs, TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas9) and donor DNA constructs into target cells. These designer nucleases can generate gene knockouts or gene knock-ins when applied alone or in combination with donor DNA templates, respectively. We review progress in this field, with an emphasis on designer nuclease and donor template delivery into mammalian target cell populations. We also discuss the impact that incremental improvements to these tools are having on the specificity and fidelity attainable with state-of-the-art DNA-editing procedures. Finally, we identify areas that warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignazio Maggio
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Manuel A F V Gonçalves
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Schott JW, Jaeschke NM, Hoffmann D, Maetzig T, Ballmaier M, Godinho T, Cathomen T, Schambach A. Deciphering the impact of parameters influencing transgene expression kinetics after repeated cell transduction with integration-deficient retroviral vectors. Cytometry A 2015; 87:405-18. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane W. Schott
- Institute of Experimental Hematology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
- Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Nico M. Jaeschke
- Institute of Experimental Hematology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
- Institute for Cell and Gene Therapy, University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Dirk Hoffmann
- Institute of Experimental Hematology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
- Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Tobias Maetzig
- Institute of Experimental Hematology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
- Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Matthias Ballmaier
- Central Research Facility Cell Sorting; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Tamaryin Godinho
- Institute of Experimental Hematology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
- Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Toni Cathomen
- Institute for Cell and Gene Therapy, University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
- Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
- Division of Hematology/Oncology; Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
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Abstract
The ability to introduce DNA elements into host cells and analyze the effects has revolutionized modern biology. Here we describe a protocol to generate Moloney murine leukemia virus (MMLV)-based, replication-incompetent pseudotyped retrovirus capable of infecting axolotls and incorporating genetic information into their genome. When pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-G glycoprotein, the retroviruses can infect a broad range of proliferative axolotl cell types. However, if the retrovirus is pseudotyped with an avian sarcoma leukosis virus (ASLV)-A envelope protein, only axolotl cells experimentally manipulated to express the cognate tumor virus A (TVA) receptor can be targeted by infections. These strategies enable robust transgene expression over many cell divisions, cell lineage tracing, and cell subtype targeting for gene expression.
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79
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Niederer HA, Bangham CRM. Integration site and clonal expansion in human chronic retroviral infection and gene therapy. Viruses 2014; 6:4140-64. [PMID: 25365582 PMCID: PMC4246213 DOI: 10.3390/v6114140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Retroviral vectors have been successfully used therapeutically to restore expression of genes in a range of single-gene diseases, including several primary immunodeficiency disorders. Although clinical trials have shown remarkable results, there have also been a number of severe adverse events involving malignant outgrowth of a transformed clonal population. This clonal expansion is influenced by the integration site profile of the viral integrase, the transgene expressed, and the effect of the viral promoters on the neighbouring host genome. Infection with the pathogenic human retrovirus HTLV-1 also causes clonal expansion of cells containing an integrated HTLV-1 provirus. Although the majority of HTLV-1-infected people remain asymptomatic, up to 5% develop an aggressive T cell malignancy. In this review we discuss recent findings on the role of the genomic integration site in determining the clonality and the potential for malignant transformation of cells carrying integrated HTLV-1 or gene therapy vectors, and how these results have contributed to the understanding of HTLV-1 pathogenesis and to improvements in gene therapy vector safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Niederer
- Department of Immunology, Wright-Fleming Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Charles R M Bangham
- Department of Immunology, Wright-Fleming Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.
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80
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Feldman SA, Xu H, Black MA, Park TS, Robbins PF, Kochenderfer JN, Morgan RA, Rosenberg SA. Use of the piggyBac transposon to create stable packaging cell lines for the production of clinical-grade self-inactivating γ-retroviral vectors. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2014; 25:253-60. [PMID: 25072603 PMCID: PMC4142856 DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2014.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Efforts to improve the biosafety of γ-retroviral-mediated gene therapy have resulted in a shift toward the use of self-inactivating (SIN) γ-retroviral vectors. However, scale-up and manufacturing of such vectors requires significant optimization of transient transfection-based processes or development of novel platforms for the generation of stable producer cell clones. To that end, we describe the use of the piggybac transposon to generate stable producer cell clones for the production of SIN γ-retroviral vectors. The piggybac transposon is a universal tool allowing for the stable integration of SIN γ-retroviral constructs into murine (PG13) and human 293-based Phoenix (GALV and RD114, respectively) packaging cell lines without reverse transcription. Following transposition, a high-titer clone is selected for manufacture of a master cell bank and subsequent γ-retroviral vector supernatant production. Packaging cell clones created using the piggybac transposon have comparable titers to non-SIN vectors generated via conventional methods. We describe herein the use of the piggybac transposon for the production of stable packaging cell clones for the manufacture of clinical-grade SIN γ-retroviral vectors for ex vivo gene therapy clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui Xu
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-1201
| | - Mary A. Black
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-1201
| | - Tristen S. Park
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-1201
| | - Paul F. Robbins
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-1201
| | - James N. Kochenderfer
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-1201
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Im EJ, Bais AJ, Yang W, Ma Q, Guo X, Sepe SM, Junghans RP. Recombination-deletion between homologous cassettes in retrovirus is suppressed via a strategy of degenerate codon substitution. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2014; 1:14022. [PMID: 25419532 PMCID: PMC4239131 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2014.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Transduction and expression procedures in gene therapy protocols may optimally transfer more than a single gene to correct a defect and/or transmit new functions to recipient cells or organisms. This may be accomplished by transduction with two (or more) vectors, or, more efficiently, in a single vector. Occasionally, it may be useful to coexpress homologous genes or chimeric proteins with regions of shared homology. Retroviridae include the dominant vector systems for gene transfer (e.g., gamma-retro and lentiviruses) and are capable of such multigene expression. However, these same viruses are known for efficient recombination–deletion when domains are duplicated within the viral genome. This problem can be averted by resorting to two-vector strategies (two-chain two-vector), but at a penalty to cost, convenience, and efficiency. Employing a chimeric antigen receptor system as an example, we confirm that coexpression of two genes with homologous domains in a single gamma-retroviral vector (two-chain single-vector) leads to recombination–deletion between repeated sequences, excising the equivalent of one of the chimeric antigen receptors. Here, we show that a degenerate codon substitution strategy in the two-chain single-vector format efficiently suppressed intravector deletional loss with rescue of balanced gene coexpression by minimizing sequence homology between repeated domains and preserving the final protein sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eung Jun Im
- Biotherapeutics Development Lab, Boston University School of Medicine, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA ; Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Anthony J Bais
- Biotherapeutics Development Lab, Boston University School of Medicine, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA ; Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Wen Yang
- Biotherapeutics Development Lab, Boston University School of Medicine, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA ; Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Qiangzhong Ma
- Biotherapeutics Development Lab, Boston University School of Medicine, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA ; Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Xiuyang Guo
- Biotherapeutics Development Lab, Boston University School of Medicine, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA ; Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Steven M Sepe
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Richard P Junghans
- Biotherapeutics Development Lab, Boston University School of Medicine, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA ; Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Bakhshinejad B, Sadeghizadeh M. Bacteriophages as vehicles for gene delivery into mammalian cells: prospects and problems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:1561-74. [PMID: 24955860 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.927437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The identification of more efficient gene delivery vehicles (GDVs) is essential to fulfill the expectations of clinical gene therapy. Bacteriophages, due to their excellent safety profile, extreme stability under a variety of harsh environmental conditions and the capability for being genetically manipulated, have drawn a flurry of interest to be applied as a newly arisen category of gene delivery platforms. AREAS COVERED The incessant evolutionary interaction of bacteriophages with human cells has turned them into a part of our body's natural ecosystem. However, these carriers represent several barriers to gene transduction of mammalian cells. The lack of evolvement of specialized machinery for targeted cellular internalization, endosomal, lysosomal and proteasomal escape, cytoplasmic entry, nuclear localization and intranuclear transcription poses major challenges to the expression of the phage-carried gene. In this review, we describe pros and cons of bacteriophages as GDVs, provide an insight into numerous barriers that bacteriophages face for entry into and subsequent trafficking inside mammalian cells and elaborate on the strategies used to bypass these barriers. EXPERT OPINION Tremendous genetic flexibility of bacteriophages to undergo numerous surface modifications through phage display technology has proven to be a turning point in the uncompromising efforts to surmount the limitations of phage-mediated gene expression. The revelatory outcomes of the studies undertaken within the recent years have been promising for phage-mediated gene delivery to move from concept to reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Bakhshinejad
- Tarbiat Modares University, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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83
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Non-integrating gamma-retroviral vectors as a versatile tool for transient zinc-finger nuclease delivery. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4656. [PMID: 24722320 PMCID: PMC3983605 DOI: 10.1038/srep04656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Designer nucleases, like zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), represent valuable tools for targeted genome editing. Here, we took advantage of the gamma-retroviral life cycle and produced vectors to transfer ZFNs in the form of protein, mRNA and episomal DNA. Transfer efficacy and ZFN activity were assessed in quantitative proof-of-concept experiments in a human cell line and in mouse embryonic stem cells. We demonstrate that retrovirus-mediated protein transfer (RPT), retrovirus-mediated mRNA transfer (RMT), and retrovirus-mediated episome transfer (RET) represent powerful methodologies for transient protein delivery or protein expression. Furthermore, we describe complementary strategies to augment ZFN activity after gamma-retroviral transduction, including serial transduction, proteasome inhibition, and hypothermia. Depending on vector dose and target cell type, gene disruption frequencies of up to 15% were achieved with RPT and RMT, and >50% gene knockout after RET. In summary, non-integrating gamma-retroviral vectors represent a versatile tool to transiently deliver ZFNs to human and mouse cells.
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84
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Pseudotyped murine leukemia virus for schistosome transgenesis: approaches, methods and perspectives. Transgenic Res 2014; 23:539-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s11248-013-9779-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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85
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Ciuculescu MF, Brendel C, Harris CE, Williams DA. Retroviral transduction of murine and human hematopoietic progenitors and stem cells. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1185:287-309. [PMID: 25062637 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1133-2_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Genetic modification of cells using retroviral vectors is the method of choice when the cell population is difficult to transfect and/or requires persistent transgene expression in progeny cells. There are innumerable potential applications for these procedures in laboratory research and clinical therapeutic interventions. One paradigmatic example is the genetic modification of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). These are rare nucleated cells which reside in a specialized microenvironment within the bone marrow, and have the potential to self-renew and/or differentiate into all hematopoietic lineages. Due to their enormous regenerative capacity in steady state or under stress conditions these cells are routinely used in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation to reconstitute the hematopoietic system in patients with metabolic, inflammatory, malignant, and other hematologic disorders. For patients lacking a matched bone marrow donor, gene therapy of autologous hematopoietic stem cells has proven to be an alternative as highlighted recently by several successful gene therapy trials. Genetic modification of HSPCs using retrovirus vectors requires ex vivo manipulation to efficiently introduce the new genetic material into cells (transduction). Optimal culture conditions are essential to facilitate this process while preserving the stemness of the cells. The most frequently used retroviral vector systems for the genetic modifications of HSPCs are derived either from Moloney murine leukemia-virus (Mo-MLV) or the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and are generally termed according to their genus gamma-retroviral (γ-RV) or lentiviral vectors (LV), respectively. This chapter describes in a step-by-step fashion some techniques used to produce research grade vector supernatants and to obtain purified murine or human hematopoietic stem cells for transduction, as well as follow-up methods for analysis of transduced cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marioara F Ciuculescu
- Boston Children's Hospital, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave., Karp 08125.3, 02115, Boston, MA, USA
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86
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Efficient transduction of hematopoietic stem cells and its potential for gene correction of hematopoietic diseases. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1114:441-50. [PMID: 24557921 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-761-7_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The ability to efficiently transduce hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) represents a powerful methodology by which to study the role of specific genes on HSC function, as well as to broaden the potential of gene therapy for hematopoietic related diseases. While retroviruses have been used extensively to transduce a variety of cell types, HIV-derived lentiviruses prove superior for transduction of quiescent HSC due to their ability to infect non-dividing cells. Quality of lentiviral supernatants and starting cells are vital to obtain reproducible consistent results, and therefore, here we describe the production of concentrated lentiviral preparations, the purification of HSC from total mouse bone marrow, and their transduction to obtain long-term HSC engraftment with persistent gene transfer and expression of the desired transgene.
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87
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Kaufmann KB, Büning H, Galy A, Schambach A, Grez M. Gene therapy on the move. EMBO Mol Med 2013; 5:1642-61. [PMID: 24106209 PMCID: PMC3840483 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201202287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The first gene therapy clinical trials were initiated more than two decades ago. In the early days, gene therapy shared the fate of many experimental medicine approaches and was impeded by the occurrence of severe side effects in a few treated patients. The understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms leading to treatment- and/or vector-associated setbacks has resulted in the development of highly sophisticated gene transfer tools with improved safety and therapeutic efficacy. Employing these advanced tools, a series of Phase I/II trials were started in the past few years with excellent clinical results and no side effects reported so far. Moreover, highly efficient gene targeting strategies and site-directed gene editing technologies have been developed and applied clinically. With more than 1900 clinical trials to date, gene therapy has moved from a vision to clinical reality. This review focuses on the application of gene therapy for the correction of inherited diseases, the limitations and drawbacks encountered in some of the early clinical trials and the revival of gene therapy as a powerful treatment option for the correction of monogenic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hildegard Büning
- Department I of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of CologneCologne, Germany
| | | | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical SchoolHannover, Germany
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | - Manuel Grez
- Institute for Biomedical ResearchGeorg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
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88
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Advances in siRNA delivery to T-cells: potential clinical applications for inflammatory disease, cancer and infection. Biochem J 2013; 455:133-47. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20130950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The specificity of RNAi and its ability to silence ‘undruggable’ targets has made inhibition of gene expression in T-cells with siRNAs an attractive potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of inflammatory disease, cancer and infection. However, delivery of siRNAs into primary T-cells represents a major hurdle to their use as potential therapeutic agents. Recent advances in siRNA delivery through the use of electroporation/nucleofection, viral vectors, peptides/proteins, nanoparticles, aptamers and other agents have now enabled efficient gene silencing in primary T-cells both in vitro and in vivo. Overcoming such barriers in siRNA delivery offers exciting new prospects for directly targeting T-cells systemically with siRNAs, or adoptively transferring T-cells back into patients following ex vivo manipulation with siRNAs. In the present review, we outline the challenges in delivering siRNAs into primary T-cells and discuss the mechanism and therapeutic opportunities of each delivery method. We emphasize studies that have exploited RNAi-mediated gene silencing in T-cells for the treatment of inflammatory disease, cancer and infection using mouse models. We also discuss the potential therapeutic benefits of manipulating T-cells using siRNAs for the treatment of human diseases.
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89
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Myeloprotection by cytidine deaminase gene transfer in antileukemic therapy. Neoplasia 2013; 15:239-48. [PMID: 23479503 DOI: 10.1593/neo.121954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene transfer of drug resistance (CTX-R) genes can be used to protect the hematopoietic system from the toxicity of anticancer chemotherapy and this concept recently has been proven by overexpression of a mutant O(6)-methylguaninemethyltransferase in the hematopoietic system of glioblastoma patients treated with temozolomide. Given its protection capacity against such relevant drugs as cytosine arabinoside (ara-C), gemcitabine, decitabine, or azacytidine and the highly hematopoiesis-specific toxicity profile of several of these agents, cytidine deaminase (CDD) represents another interesting candidate CTX-R gene and our group recently has established the myeloprotective capacity of CDD gene transfer in a number of murine transplant studies. Clinically, CDD overexpression appears particularly suited to optimize treatment strategies for acute leukemias and myelodysplasias given the efficacy of ara-C (and to a lesser degree decitabine and azacytidine) in these disease entities. This article will review the current state of the art with regard to CDD gene transfer and point out potential scenarios for a clinical application of this strategy. In addition, risks and potential side effects associated with this approach as well as strategies to overcome these problems will be highlighted.
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90
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Turan S, Bode J. Site‐specific recombinases: from tag‐and‐target‐ to tag‐and‐exchange‐based genomic modifications. FASEB J 2011; 25:4088-107. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-186940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Soeren Turan
- Institute for Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School Hannover Germany
| | - Juergen Bode
- Institute for Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School Hannover Germany
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91
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Lindemann D, Rethwilm A. Foamy virus biology and its application for vector development. Viruses 2011; 3:561-85. [PMID: 21994746 PMCID: PMC3185757 DOI: 10.3390/v3050561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Spuma- or foamy viruses (FV), endemic in most non-human primates, cats, cattle and horses, comprise a special type of retrovirus that has developed a replication strategy combining features of both retroviruses and hepadnaviruses. Unique features of FVs include an apparent apathogenicity in natural hosts as well as zoonotically infected humans, a reverse transcription of the packaged viral RNA genome late during viral replication resulting in an infectious DNA genome in released FV particles and a special particle release strategy depending capsid and glycoprotein coexpression and specific interaction between both components. In addition, particular features with respect to the integration profile into the host genomic DNA discriminate FV from orthoretroviruses. It appears that some inherent properties of FV vectors set them favorably apart from orthoretroviral vectors and ask for additional basic research on the viruses as well as on the application in Gene Therapy. This review will summarize the current knowledge of FV biology and the development as a gene transfer system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Lindemann
- Institut für Virologie, Medizinische Fakultät “Carl Gustav Carus”, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD)—Cluster of Excellence, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Axel Rethwilm
- Institut für Virologie und Immunbiologie, Universität Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany; E-Mail:
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