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Abstract
Conventional influenza vaccines are based on predicting the circulating viruses year by year, conferring limited effectiveness since the antigenicity of vaccine strains does not always match the circulating viruses. This necessitates development of universal influenza vaccines that provide broader and lasting protection against pan-influenza viruses. The discovery of the highly conserved immunogens (epitopes) of influenza viruses provides attractive targets for universal vaccine design. Here we review the current understanding with broadly protective immunogens (epitopes) and discuss several important considerations to achieve the goal of universal influenza vaccines.
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Wang Q, Zhang Y, Zou P, Wang M, Fu W, She J, Song Z, Xu J, Huang J, Wu F. Self-Assembly M2e-Based Peptide Nanovaccine Confers Broad Protection Against Influenza Viruses. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1961. [PMID: 32922379 PMCID: PMC7457018 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular domain of influenza M2 protein (M2e) is highly conserved and is a promising target for development of universal influenza vaccines. Here, we synthesized a peptide vaccine consisting of M2e epitope linked to a fibrillizing peptide, which could self-assemble into nanoparticle in physiological salt solutions. When administrated into mice without additional adjuvant, the influenza A M2e epitope-bearing nanoparticles induced antibodies against M2e of different influenza subtypes. Comparing with other M2e-based vaccine, these M2e nanoparticles did not induce immune response against the fibrillizing peptide, demonstrating minimal immunogenicity of vaccine carrier. Furthermore, vaccination with M2e-based nanoparticles did not only protect mice against homologous challenge of influenza PR8 H1N1 virus, but also provide protection against heterologous challenge of highly pathogenic avian influenza H7N9 virus. These results indicated that M2e-based self-assembled nanoparticle vaccine is safe and can elicit cross-protection, therefore is a promising candidate of universal influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qimin Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuling Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zou
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meixiang Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihui Fu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialei She
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhigang Song
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinghe Huang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Samal S, Shrivastava T, Sonkusre P, Rizvi ZA, Kumar R, Ahmed S, Vishwakarma P, Yadav N, Bansal M, Chauhan K, Pokhrel S, Das S, Tambare P, Awasthi A. Tetramerizing tGCN4 domain facilitates production of Influenza A H1N1 M2e higher order soluble oligomers that show enhanced immunogenicity in vivo. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:14352-14366. [PMID: 32817314 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
One strategy for the development of a next generation influenza vaccine centers upon using conserved domains of the virus to induce broader and long-lasting immune responses. The production of artificial proteins by mimicking native-like structures has shown to be a promising approach for vaccine design against diverse enveloped viruses. The amino terminus of influenza A virus matrix 2 ectodomain (M2e) is highly conserved among influenza subtypes, and previous studies have shown M2e-based vaccines are strongly immunogenic, making it an attractive target for further exploration. We hypothesized that stabilizing M2e protein in the mammalian system might influence the immunogenicity of M2e with the added advantage to robustly produce the large scale of proteins with native-like fold and hence can act as an efficient vaccine candidate. In this study, we created an engineered construct in which the amino terminus of M2e is linked to the tetramerizing domain tGCN4, expressed the construct in a mammalian system, and tested for immunogenicity in BALB/c mice. We have also constructed a stand-alone M2e construct (without tGCN4) and compared the protein expressed in mammalian cells and in Escherichia coli using in vitro and in vivo methods. The mammalian-expressed protein was found to be more stable, more antigenic than the E. coli protein, and form higher-order oligomers. In an intramuscular protein priming and boosting regimen in mice, these proteins induced high titers of antibodies and elicited a mixed Th1/Th2 response. These results highlight the mammalian-expressed M2e soluble proteins as a promising vaccine development platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweety Samal
- Infection and Immunology, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, Faridabad, India
| | - Tripti Shrivastava
- Infection and Immunology, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, Faridabad, India
| | - Praveen Sonkusre
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Zaigham Abbas Rizvi
- Infection and Immunology, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, Faridabad, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Infection and Immunology, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, Faridabad, India
| | - Shubbir Ahmed
- Infection and Immunology, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, Faridabad, India
| | - Preeti Vishwakarma
- Infection and Immunology, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, Faridabad, India
| | - Naveen Yadav
- Infection and Immunology, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, Faridabad, India
| | - Manish Bansal
- Infection and Immunology, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, Faridabad, India
| | - Kanchana Chauhan
- Infection and Immunology, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, Faridabad, India
| | - Sebanta Pokhrel
- Infection and Immunology, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, Faridabad, India
| | - Supratik Das
- Infection and Immunology, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, Faridabad, India
| | - Padmakar Tambare
- Infection and Immunology, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, Faridabad, India
| | - Amit Awasthi
- Infection and Immunology, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, Faridabad, India
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Jang YH, Seong BL. Call for a paradigm shift in the design of universal influenza vaccines by harnessing multiple correlates of protection. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:1441-1455. [PMID: 32783765 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1801629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The genetic variability and diversity of influenza viruses, and the expansion of their hosts, present a significant threat to human health. The development of a universal influenza vaccine is urgently needed to tackle seasonal epidemics, pandemics, vaccine mismatch, and zoonotic transmissions to humans. AREAS COVERED Despite the identification of broadly neutralizing antibodies against influenza viruses, designing a universal influenza vaccine that induces such broadly neutralizing antibodies at protective levels in humans has remained challenging. Besides neutralizing antibodies, multiple correlates of protection have recently emerged as crucially important for eliciting broad protection against diverse influenza viruses. This review discusses the immune responses required for broad protection against influenza viruses, and suggests a paradigm shift from an HA stalk-based approach to other approaches that can induce multiple immunological correlates of protection for the development of a universal influenza vaccine. EXPERT OPINION To develop a truly universal influenza vaccine, multiple correlates of protection should be considered, including antibody responses and T cell immunity. Balanced induction of neutralizing antibodies, antibody effector functions, and T cell immunity will contribute to the most effective vaccination strategy. Live-attenuated influenza vaccines provide an attractive platform to improve the breadth and potency of vaccines for broader protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Han Jang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology Major in Bio-Vaccine Engineering, Andong National University , Andong, South Korea
| | - Baik L Seong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University , Seoul, South Korea.,Vaccine Innovation Technology Alliance (VITAL)-Korea, Yonsei University , Seoul, South Korea
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55
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Bazhan S, Antonets D, Starostina E, Ilyicheva T, Kaplina O, Marchenko V, Durymanov A, Oreshkova S, Karpenko L. Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of Influenza A DNA Vaccines Encoding Artificial Antigens Based on Conservative Hemagglutinin Stem Region and M2 Protein in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030448. [PMID: 32784907 PMCID: PMC7565880 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Development of a universal vaccine capable to induce antibody responses against a broad range of influenza virus strains attracts growing attention. Hemagglutinin stem and the exposed fragment of influenza virus M2 protein are promising targets for induction of cross-protective humoral and cell-mediated response, since they contain conservative epitopes capable to induce antibodies and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) to a wide range of influenza virus subtypes. Methods: In this study, we generated DNA vaccine constructs encoding artificial antigens AgH1, AgH3, and AgM2 designed on the basis of conservative hemagglutinin stem fragments of two influenza A virus subtypes, H1N1 and H3N2, and conservative M2 protein, and evaluate their immunogenicity and protective efficacy. To obtain DNA vaccine constructs, genes encoding the designed antigens were cloned into a pcDNA3.1 vector. Expression of the target genes in 293T cells transfected with DNA vaccine constructs has been confirmed by synthesis of specific mRNA. Results: Immunization of BALB/c mice with DNA vaccines encoding these antigens was shown to evoke humoral and T-cell immune responses as well as a moderated statistically significant cross-protective effect against two heterologous viruses A/California/4/2009 (H1N1pdm09) and A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2). Conclusions: The results demonstrate a potential approach to creating a universal influenza vaccine based on artificial antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Bazhan
- Theoretical Department, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo 630559, Novosibirsk Region, Russia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-383-363-47-00 (ext. 2001)
| | - Denis Antonets
- Theoretical Department, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo 630559, Novosibirsk Region, Russia;
| | - Ekaterina Starostina
- Bioengineering Department, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo 630559, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (E.S.); (O.K.); (S.O.); (L.K.)
| | - Tatyana Ilyicheva
- Department of Zoonotic Infections and Influenza, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo 630559, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (T.I.); (V.M.); (A.D.)
| | - Olga Kaplina
- Bioengineering Department, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo 630559, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (E.S.); (O.K.); (S.O.); (L.K.)
| | - Vasiliy Marchenko
- Department of Zoonotic Infections and Influenza, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo 630559, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (T.I.); (V.M.); (A.D.)
| | - Alexander Durymanov
- Department of Zoonotic Infections and Influenza, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo 630559, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (T.I.); (V.M.); (A.D.)
| | - Svetlana Oreshkova
- Bioengineering Department, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo 630559, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (E.S.); (O.K.); (S.O.); (L.K.)
| | - Larisa Karpenko
- Bioengineering Department, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo 630559, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (E.S.); (O.K.); (S.O.); (L.K.)
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56
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Hajam IA, Kirthika P, Hewawaduge C, Jawalagatti V, Park S, Senevirathne A, Lee JH. Oral immunization with an attenuated Salmonella Gallinarum encoding the H9N2 haemagglutinin and M2 ectodomain induces protective immune responses against H9N2 infection in chickens. Avian Pathol 2020; 49:486-495. [PMID: 32483989 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2020.1775782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
H9N2, a low pathogenic avian influenza virus, causes significant economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. Herein, we describe the construction of an attenuated Salmonella Gallinarum (SG) strain for expression and delivery of H9N2 haemagglutinin (HA) 1 (SG-HA1), HA2 (SG-HA2) and/or the conserved matrix protein 2 ectodomain (SG-M2e). We demonstrated that recombinant SG strains expressing HA1, HA2 and M2e antigens were immunogenic and safe in a chicken model. Chickens (n = 8) were vaccinated once orally with SG alone, SG-HA1, SG-HA2, SG-M2e, or mixture of SG-HA1, SG-HA2 and SG-M2e, or vaccinated once intramuscularly with an oil-adjuvant inactivated H9N2 vaccine. Our results demonstrated that vaccination with SG mutants encoding influenza antigens, administered individually or as a mixture, elicited significantly (P < 0.05) greater antigen-specific humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in chickens compared with those vaccinated with SG alone. A conventional H9N2 vaccine induced significantly (P < 0.05) greater HA1 and HA2 antibody responses than SG-based H9N2 vaccine strains, but significantly (P < 0.05) less robust M2e-specific responses. Upon challenge with the virulent H9N2 virus on day 28 post-vaccination, chickens vaccinated with either the SG-based H9N2 or conventional H9N2 vaccines exhibited comparable lung inflammation and viral loads, although both were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than in the group vaccinated with SG alone. In conclusion, our results showed that SG-based vaccination stimulated efficient immune responses against virulent H9N2. Further studies are needed to fully develop this approach as a preventive strategy for low pathogenic avian influenza viruses affecting poultry. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS S. gallinarum expressing HA1, HA2 and M2e antigens are immunogenic and safe. Salmonella has dual function of acting as a delivery system and as a natural adjuvant. Vaccine constructs elicit specific humoral and cell-mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad Ahmed Hajam
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Perumalraja Kirthika
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chamith Hewawaduge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | | | - SungWoo Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Amal Senevirathne
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
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57
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Freyn AW, Ramos da Silva J, Rosado VC, Bliss CM, Pine M, Mui BL, Tam YK, Madden TD, de Souza Ferreira LC, Weissman D, Krammer F, Coughlan L, Palese P, Pardi N, Nachbagauer R. A Multi-Targeting, Nucleoside-Modified mRNA Influenza Virus Vaccine Provides Broad Protection in Mice. Mol Ther 2020; 28:1569-1584. [PMID: 32359470 PMCID: PMC7335735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses are respiratory pathogens of public health concern worldwide with up to 650,000 deaths occurring each year. Seasonal influenza virus vaccines are employed to prevent disease, but with limited effectiveness. Development of a universal influenza virus vaccine with the potential to elicit long-lasting, broadly cross-reactive immune responses is necessary for reducing influenza virus prevalence. In this study, we have utilized lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated, nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccines to intradermally deliver a combination of conserved influenza virus antigens (hemagglutinin stalk, neuraminidase, matrix-2 ion channel, and nucleoprotein) and induce strong immune responses with substantial breadth and potency in a murine model. The immunity conferred by nucleoside-modified mRNA-lipid nanoparticle vaccines provided protection from challenge with pandemic H1N1 virus at 500 times the median lethal dose after administration of a single immunization, and the combination vaccine protected from morbidity at a dose of 50 ng per antigen. The broad protective potential of a single dose of combination vaccine was confirmed by challenge with a panel of group 1 influenza A viruses. These findings support the advancement of nucleoside-modified mRNA-lipid nanoparticle vaccines expressing multiple conserved antigens as universal influenza virus vaccine candidates.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/metabolism
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/chemistry
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Injections, Intradermal
- Liposomes
- Mice
- NIH 3T3 Cells
- Nanoparticles
- Neuraminidase/chemistry
- Neuraminidase/genetics
- Nucleocapsid Proteins/chemistry
- Nucleocapsid Proteins/genetics
- Nucleosides/chemistry
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/chemistry
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- mRNA Vaccines
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec W Freyn
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jamile Ramos da Silva
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Vaccine Development Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victoria C Rosado
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Carly M Bliss
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Matthew Pine
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Ying K Tam
- Acuitas Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Luís Carlos de Souza Ferreira
- Vaccine Development Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Drew Weissman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Lynda Coughlan
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Peter Palese
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Norbert Pardi
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Raffael Nachbagauer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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58
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Abd Raman HS, Tan S, August JT, Khan AM. Dynamics of Influenza A (H5N1) virus protein sequence diversity. PeerJ 2020; 7:e7954. [PMID: 32518710 PMCID: PMC7261124 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza A (H5N1) virus is a global concern with potential as a pandemic threat. High sequence variability of influenza A viruses is a major challenge for effective vaccine design. A continuing goal towards this is a greater understanding of influenza A (H5N1) proteome sequence diversity in the context of the immune system (antigenic diversity), the dynamics of mutation, and effective strategies to overcome the diversity for vaccine design. Methods Herein, we report a comprehensive study of the dynamics of H5N1 mutations by analysis of the aligned overlapping nonamer positions (1–9, 2–10, etc.) of more than 13,000 protein sequences of avian and human influenza A (H5N1) viruses, reported over at least 50 years. Entropy calculations were performed on 9,408 overlapping nonamer position of the proteome to study the diversity in the context of immune system. The nonamers represent the predominant length of the binding cores for peptides recognized by the cellular immune system. To further dissect the sequence diversity, each overlapping nonamer position was quantitatively analyzed for four patterns of sequence diversity motifs: index, major, minor and unique. Results Almost all of the aligned overlapping nonamer positions of each viral proteome exhibited variants (major, minor, and unique) to the predominant index sequence. Each variant motif displayed a characteristic pattern of incidence change in relation to increased total variants. The major variant exhibited a restrictive pyramidal incidence pattern, with peak incidence at 50% total variants. Post this peak incidence, the minor variants became the predominant motif for majority of the positions. Unique variants, each sequence observed only once, were present at nearly all of the nonamer positions. The diversity motifs (index and variants) demonstrated complex inter-relationships, with motif switching being a common phenomenon. Additionally, 25 highly conserved sequences were identified to be shared across viruses of both hosts, with half conserved to several other influenza A subtypes. Discussion The presence of distinct sequences (nonatypes) at nearly all nonamer positions represents a large repertoire of reported viral variants in the proteome, which influence the variability dynamics of the viral population. This work elucidated and provided important insights on the components that make up the viral diversity, delineating inherent patterns in the organization of sequence changes that function in the viral fitness-selection. Additionally, it provides a catalogue of all the mutational changes involved in the dynamics of H5N1 viral diversity for both avian and human host populations. This work provides data relevant for the design of prophylactics and therapeutics that overcome the diversity of the virus, and can aid in the surveillance of existing and future strains of influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Swan Tan
- School of Data Sciences, Perdana University, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Joseph Thomas August
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Asif M Khan
- School of Data Sciences, Perdana University, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America.,Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Beykoz, Istanbul, Turkey
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59
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Gauthier L, Babych M, Segura M, Bourgault S, Archambault D. Identification of a novel TLR5 agonist derived from the P97 protein of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Immunobiology 2020; 225:151962. [PMID: 32747018 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.151962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
By modulating specific immune responses against antigens, adjuvants are used in many vaccine preparations to enhance protective immunity. The C-terminal domain of the protein P97 (P97c) of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, which is the etiologic agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia, has been shown to increase the specific humoral response against an antigen when this antigen is merged with P97c and delivered by adenovectors. However, the immunostimulating mechanism of this protein remains unknown. In the present study, recombinantly expressed P97c triggered a concentration-dependent TLR5 activation and stimulates the production of interleukin-8 from HEK-Blue mTLR5 cells. Circular dichroism spectroscopy and prediction of 3-dimensional conformation exposed a relevant secondary and tertiary structural homology between P97c and flagellin, the known potent TLR5 agonist. P97c adjuvanticity was evaluated by fusing the conserved epitope of the ectodomain matrix 2 protein (M2e) of the influenza A virus to the protein. Mice immunized with P97c-3M2e revealed a high antibody titer against the M2e epitope associated with a mixed Th1/Th2 immune response. Overall, this study identifies a novel agonist of the pattern recognition receptor TLR5 and reveals that P97c is a potential adjuvant through the activation of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Gauthier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada; The Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada; Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, PROTEO, Québec, Canada; Centre d'Excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines-Fondation Courtois (CERMO-FC), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Margaryta Babych
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, PROTEO, Québec, Canada; Centre d'Excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines-Fondation Courtois (CERMO-FC), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Mariela Segura
- The Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada; Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada
| | - Steve Bourgault
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada; The Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada; Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, PROTEO, Québec, Canada; Centre d'Excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines-Fondation Courtois (CERMO-FC), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
| | - Denis Archambault
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada; The Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada; Centre d'Excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines-Fondation Courtois (CERMO-FC), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
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60
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Wei CJ, Crank MC, Shiver J, Graham BS, Mascola JR, Nabel GJ. Next-generation influenza vaccines: opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020; 19:239-252. [PMID: 32060419 PMCID: PMC7223957 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal influenza vaccines lack efficacy against drifted or pandemic influenza strains. Developing improved vaccines that elicit broader immunity remains a public health priority. Immune responses to current vaccines focus on the haemagglutinin head domain, whereas next-generation vaccines target less variable virus structures, including the haemagglutinin stem. Strategies employed to improve vaccine efficacy involve using structure-based design and nanoparticle display to optimize the antigenicity and immunogenicity of target antigens; increasing the antigen dose; using novel adjuvants; stimulating cellular immunity; and targeting other viral proteins, including neuraminidase, matrix protein 2 or nucleoprotein. Improved understanding of influenza antigen structure and immunobiology is advancing novel vaccine candidates into human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Jen Wei
- Sanofi Global Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michelle C Crank
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gary J Nabel
- Sanofi Global Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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An approach to the influenza chimeric subunit vaccine (3M2e-HA2-NP) provides efficient protection against lethal virus challenge. Biotechnol Lett 2020; 42:1147-1159. [PMID: 32152828 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-02822-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vaccination is the most effective preventive strategy for influenza disease. As the virus undergoes high antigenic drift, it requires a constant reformulation to obtain high protection. RESULTS Immunogenicity of a purified chimeric protein containing conserved regions of influenza A/H1N1 viruses including the Hemagglutinin stalk domain, Nucleoprotein, and Matrix protein produced in a prokaryotic system was assessed in vitro and in vivo, alone or in combination with adjuvants by evaluating antibody responses, cytokine production, lymphocyte proliferative assay, and mortality rate after challenge. The animals that received the chimeric protein had specific antibody responses, elicited memory CD4 cells, cytokines of Th1 and Th2 cells and showed 75% protection against influenza virus lethal challenge. The animals injected with the chimeric protein supplemented with Alum showed improved immune responses, but they had 67% protection. In other words, although Alum adjuvant enriched the chimera specific immune responses potently, it could not enhance its protectivity. CONCLUSION Regarding the immunogenicity and protectivity of the chimeric protein construct against influenza, findings of the study suggested that the chimeric protein could be considered as a promising influenza vaccine candidate.
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Hajam IA, Senevirathne A, Hewawaduge C, Kim J, Lee JH. Intranasally administered protein coated chitosan nanoparticles encapsulating influenza H9N2 HA2 and M2e mRNA molecules elicit protective immunity against avian influenza viruses in chickens. Vet Res 2020; 51:37. [PMID: 32143695 PMCID: PMC7060564 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00762-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) represent an efficient vaccination tool to deliver immunogenic antigens to the antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which subsequently stimulate protective immune responses against infectious diseases. Herein, we prepared CNPs encapsulating mRNA molecules followed by surface coating with conserved H9N2 HA2 and M2e influenza proteins. We demonstrated that CNPs efficiently delivered mRNA molecules into APCs and had effectively penetrated the mucosal barrier to reach to the immune initiation sites. To investigate the potential of CNPs delivering influenza antigens to stimulate protective immunity, we intranasally vaccinated chickens with empty CNPs, CNPs delivering HA2 and M2e in both mRNA and protein formats (CNPs + RNA + Pr) or CNPs delivering antigens in protein format only (CNPs + Pr). Our results demonstrated that chickens vaccinated with CNPs + RNA + Pr elicited significantly (p < 0.05) higher systemic IgG, mucosal IgA antibody responses and cellular immune responses compared to the CNPs + Pr vaccinated group. Consequently, upon challenge with either H7N9 or H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs), efficient protection, in the context of viral load and lung pathology, was observed in chickens vaccinated with CNPs + RNA + Pr than CNPs + Pr vaccinated group. In conclusion, we show that HA2 and M2e antigens elicited a broad spectrum of protection against AIVs and incorporation of mRNAs in vaccine formulation is an effective strategy to induce superior immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad Ahmed Hajam
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Amal Senevirathne
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Chamit Hewawaduge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehyoung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.
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63
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Chen JR, Liu YM, Tseng YC, Ma C. Better influenza vaccines: an industry perspective. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:33. [PMID: 32059697 PMCID: PMC7023813 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-0626-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective measure at preventing influenza virus infections. However, current seasonal influenza vaccines are only protective against closely matched circulating strains. Even with extensive monitoring and annual reformulation our efforts remain one step behind the rapidly evolving virus, often resulting in mismatches and low vaccine effectiveness. Fortunately, many next-generation influenza vaccines are currently in development, utilizing an array of innovative techniques to shorten production time and increase the breadth of protection. This review summarizes the production methods of current vaccines, recent advances that have been made in influenza vaccine research, and highlights potential challenges that are yet to be overcome. Special emphasis is put on the potential role of glycoengineering in influenza vaccine development, and the advantages of removing the glycan shield on influenza surface antigens to increase vaccine immunogenicity. The potential for future development of these novel influenza vaccine candidates is discussed from an industry perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yo-Min Liu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.,Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | | | - Che Ma
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
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Gasanova TV, Koroleva AA, Skurat EV, Ivanov PA. Complexes Formed via Bioconjugation of Genetically Modified TMV Particles with Conserved Influenza Antigen: Synthesis and Characterization. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2020; 85:224-233. [PMID: 32093598 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920020091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recently we obtained complexes between genetically modified Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) particles and proteins carrying conserved influenza antigen such as M2e epitope. Viral vector TMV-N-lys based on TMV-U1 genome was constructed by insertion of chemically active lysine into the exposed N-terminal part of the coat protein. Nicotiana benthamiana plants were agroinjected and TMV-N-lys virions were purified from non-inoculated leaves. Preparation was analyzed by SDS-PAGE/Coomassie staining; main protein with electrophoretic mobility of 21 kDa was detected. Electron microscopy confirmed the stability of modified particles. Chemical conjugation of TMV-N-lys virions and target influenza antigen M2e expressed in E. coli was performed using 5 mM 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide and 1 mM N-hydroxysuccinimide. The efficiency of chemical conjugation was confirmed by Western blotting. For additional characterization we used conventional electron microscopy. The diameter of the complexes did not differ significantly from the initial TMV-N-lys virions, but complexes formed highly organized and extensive network with dense "grains" on the surface. Dynamic light scattering demonstrated that the single peaks, reflecting the complexes TMV-N-lys/DHFR-M2e were significantly shifted relative to the control TMV-N-lys virions. The indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with TMV- and DHFR-M2e-specific antibodies showed that the complexes retain stability during overnight adsorption. Thus, the results allow using these complexes for immunization of animals with the subsequent preparation of a candidate universal vaccine against the influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Gasanova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - A A Koroleva
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - E V Skurat
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - P A Ivanov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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Wang Y, Deng L, Gonzalez GX, Luthra L, Dong C, Ma Y, Zou J, Kang SM, Wang BZ. Double-Layered M2e-NA Protein Nanoparticle Immunization Induces Broad Cross-Protection against Different Influenza Viruses in Mice. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901176. [PMID: 31840437 PMCID: PMC6980908 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The development of a universal influenza vaccine is an ideal strategy to eliminate public health threats from influenza epidemics and pandemics. This ultimate goal is restricted by the low immunogenicity of conserved influenza epitopes. Layered protein nanoparticles composed of well-designed conserved influenza structures have shown improved immunogenicity with new physical and biochemical features. Herein, structure-stabilized influenza matrix protein 2 ectodomain (M2e) and M2e-neuraminidase fusion (M2e-NA) recombinant proteins are generated and M2e protein nanoparticles and double-layered M2e-NA protein nanoparticles are produced by ethanol desolvation and chemical crosslinking. Immunizations with these protein nanoparticles induce immune protection against different viruses of homologous and heterosubtypic NA in mice. Double-layered M2e-NA protein nanoparticles induce higher levels of humoral and cellular responses compared with their comprising protein mixture or M2e nanoparticles. Strong cytotoxic T cell responses are induced in the layered M2e-NA protein nanoparticle groups. Antibody responses contribute to the heterosubtypic NA immune protection. The protective immunity is long lasting. These results demonstrate that double-layered protein nanoparticles containing structure-stabilized M2e and NA can be developed into a universal influenza vaccine or a synergistic component of such vaccines. Layered protein nanoparticles can be a general vaccine platform for different pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 100 Piedmont Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, USA
| | | | - Gilbert X. Gonzalez
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 100 Piedmont Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, USA
| | - Latika Luthra
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 100 Piedmont Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, USA
| | - Chunhong Dong
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 100 Piedmont Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, USA
| | - Yao Ma
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 100 Piedmont Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, USA
| | - Jun Zou
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 100 Piedmont Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, USA
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 100 Piedmont Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, USA
| | - Bao-Zhong Wang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 100 Piedmont Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, USA
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Jazayeri SD, Poh CL. Development of Universal Influenza Vaccines Targeting Conserved Viral Proteins. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:E169. [PMID: 31683888 PMCID: PMC6963725 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is still the most efficient way to prevent an infection with influenza viruses. Nevertheless, existing commercial vaccines face serious limitations such as availability during epidemic outbreaks and their efficacy. Existing seasonal influenza vaccines mostly induce antibody responses to the surface proteins of influenza viruses, which frequently change due to antigenic shift and or drift, thus allowing influenza viruses to avoid neutralizing antibodies. Hence, influenza vaccines need a yearly formulation to protect against new seasonal viruses. A broadly protective or universal influenza vaccine must induce effective humoral as well as cellular immunity against conserved influenza antigens, offer good protection against influenza pandemics, be safe, and have a fast production platform. Nanotechnology has great potential to improve vaccine delivery, immunogenicity, and host immune responses. As new strains of human epidemic influenza virus strains could originate from poultry and swine viruses, development of a new universal influenza vaccine will require the immune responses to be directed against viruses from different hosts. This review discusses how the new vaccine platforms and nanoparticles can be beneficial in the development of a broadly protective, universal influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Davoud Jazayeri
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia.
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67
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Mezhenskaya D, Isakova-Sivak I, Rudenko L. M2e-based universal influenza vaccines: a historical overview and new approaches to development. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:76. [PMID: 31629405 PMCID: PMC6800501 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0572-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The influenza A virus was isolated for the first time in 1931, and the first attempts to develop a vaccine against the virus began soon afterwards. In addition to causing seasonal epidemics, influenza viruses can cause pandemics at random intervals, which are very hard to predict. Vaccination is the most effective way of preventing the spread of influenza infection. However, seasonal vaccination is ineffective against pandemic influenza viruses because of antigenic differences, and it takes approximately six months from isolation of a new virus to develop an effective vaccine. One of the possible ways to fight the emergence of pandemics may be by using a new type of vaccine, with a long and broad spectrum of action. The extracellular domain of the M2 protein (M2e) of influenza A virus is a conservative region, and an attractive target for a universal influenza vaccine. This review gives a historical overview of the study of M2 protein, and summarizes the latest developments in the preparation of M2e-based universal influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Mezhenskaya
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Acad. Pavlov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - Irina Isakova-Sivak
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Acad. Pavlov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia.
| | - Larisa Rudenko
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Acad. Pavlov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
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68
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Jang YH, Seong BL. The Quest for a Truly Universal Influenza Vaccine. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:344. [PMID: 31649895 PMCID: PMC6795694 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an unmet public health need for a universal influenza vaccine (UIV) to provide broad and durable protection from influenza virus infections. The identification of broadly protective antibodies and cross-reactive T cells directed to influenza viral targets present a promising prospect for the development of a UIV. Multiple targets for cross-protection have been identified in the stalk and head of hemagglutinin (HA) to develop a UIV. Recently, neuraminidase (NA) has received significant attention as a critical component for increasing the breadth of protection. The HA stalk-based approaches have shown promising results of broader protection in animal studies, and their feasibility in humans are being evaluated in clinical trials. Mucosal immune responses and cross-reactive T cell immunity across influenza A and B viruses intrinsic to live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) have emerged as essential features to be incorporated into a UIV. Complementing the weakness of the stand-alone approaches, prime-boost vaccination combining HA stalk, and LAIV is under clinical evaluation, with the aim to increase the efficacy and broaden the spectrum of protection. Preexisting immunity in humans established by prior exposure to influenza viruses may affect the hierarchy and magnitude of immune responses elicited by an influenza vaccine, limiting the interpretation of preclinical data based on naive animals, necessitating human challenge studies. A consensus is yet to be achieved on the spectrum of protection, efficacy, target population, and duration of protection to define a “universal” vaccine. This review discusses the recent advancements in the development of UIVs, rationales behind cross-protection and vaccine designs, and challenges faced in obtaining balanced protection potency, a wide spectrum of protection, and safety relevant to UIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Han Jang
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Baik Lin Seong
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.,Vaccine Translational Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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69
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Sun W, Zheng A, Miller R, Krammer F, Palese P. An Inactivated Influenza Virus Vaccine Approach to Targeting the Conserved Hemagglutinin Stalk and M2e Domains. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7030117. [PMID: 31540436 PMCID: PMC6789539 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Universal influenza virus vaccine candidates that focus on the conserved hemagglutinin (HA) stalk domain and the extracellular domain of the matrix protein 2 (M2e) have been developed to increase the breadth of protection against multiple strains. In this study, we report a novel inactivated influenza virus vaccine approach that combines these two strategies. We inserted a human consensus M2e epitope into the immunodominant antigenic site (Ca2 site) of three different chimeric HAs (cHAs). Sequential immunization with inactivated viruses containing these modified cHAs substantially enhanced M2e antibody responses while simultaneously boosting stalk antibody responses. The combination of additional M2e antibodies with HA stalk antibodies resulted in superior antibody-mediated protection in mice against challenge viruses expressing homologous or heterosubtypic hemagglutinin and neuraminidase compared to vaccination strategies that targeted the HA stalk or M2e epitopes in isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Sun
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Allen Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Robert Miller
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Peter Palese
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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70
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Ding P, Jin Q, Chen X, Yang S, Guo J, Xing G, Deng R, Wang A, Zhang G. Nanovaccine Confers Dual Protection Against Influenza A Virus And Porcine Circovirus Type 2. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:7533-7548. [PMID: 31571862 PMCID: PMC6754344 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s218057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influenza A virus (IAV) is known for its high variability and poses a huge threat to the health of humans and animals. Pigs play a central role in the cross-species reassortment of IAV. Ectodomain of matrix protein 2 (M2e) is the most conserved protective antigen in IAV and can be used to develop nanovaccines through nanoparticles displaying to increase its immunogenicity. However, the high immunogenicity of nanoparticles can cause the risk of off-target immune response, and excess unwanted antibodies may interfere with the protective efficacy of M2e-specific antibodies. Therefore, it is necessary to select reasonable nanoparticles to make full use of antibodies against nanoparticles while increasing the level of M2e-specific antibodies. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the most susceptible virus in pigs and can promote IAV infection. It is meaningful to develop a vaccine that can simultaneously control swine influenza virus (SIV) and PCV2. METHODS In the present study, M2e of different copy numbers were inserted into the capsid (Cap) protein of PCV2 and expressed in Escherichia coli to form self-assembled chimeric virus-like particles (VLPs) nanovaccine. BALB/c mice and pigs were immunized with these nanovaccines to explore optimal anti-IAV and anti-PCV2 immunity. RESULTS Cap is capable of carrying at least 81 amino acid residues (three copies of M2e) at its C-terminal without impairing VLPs formation. Cap-3M2e VLPs induced the highest levels of M2e-specific immune responses, conferring protection against lethal challenge of IAVs from different species and induced specific immune responses consistent with PCV2 commercial vaccines in mice. In addition, Cap-3M2e VLPs induced high levels of M2e-specific antibodies and PCV2-specific neutralizing antibodies in pigs. CONCLUSION Cap-3M2e VLP is an economical and promising bivalent nanovaccine, which provides dual protection against IAV and PCV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyang Ding
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou450002, People’s Republic of China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou450002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qianyue Jin
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou450002, People’s Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou450002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Suzhen Yang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou450002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junqing Guo
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou450002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangxu Xing
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou450002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruiguang Deng
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou450002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aiping Wang
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou225009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou450002, People’s Republic of China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou450002, People’s Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou450001, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou225009, People’s Republic of China
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Bimler L, Song AY, Le DT, Murphy Schafer A, Paust S. AuNP-M2e + sCpG vaccination of juvenile mice generates lifelong protective immunity to influenza A virus infection. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2019; 16:23. [PMID: 31507643 PMCID: PMC6720989 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-019-0162-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Influenza virus infection causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Humans fail to make a universally protective memory response to influenza A because of high mutation rates in the immune-dominant influenza epitopes. We seek the development of a universal influenza A vaccine. The extracellular domain of the M2-ion channel (M2e) is an ideal antigenic target, as it is highly conserved, has a low mutation rate, and is essential for viral entry and replication. Considering the potential of a universal influenza vaccine for lifelong protection, we aimed to examine this potential using a recently published gold nanoparticle M2e vaccine with CpG as an adjuvant (AuNP-M2e + sCpG). Intranasal vaccination induces an M2e-specific memory response, which is protective against lethal infection with H1N1, H3N2, and H5N1 serotypes, in young BALB/c mice. Protection with AuNP-M2e + sCpG has been published up to 8 months after vaccination. However, the highest risk population during most influenza seasons is adults over 65 years old. Additionally, the efficacy of many vaccines decrease after aging and requiring booster vaccinations to remain effective. Results To determine if the AuNP-M2e + sCpG vaccine is a viable option as a universal vaccination capable of protection through geriatric age, we tested if the AuNP-M2e + sCpG vaccination loses efficacy after aging mice to geriatric age (over 18 months). Our data shows that mice aged 15 months after vaccination (~ 18-21 months old) retain significant M2e-specific antibody titers in total IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b. These mice are significantly protected from lethal influenza challenge (H1N1, 8.3 PFU). Further, these antibody titers increase upon infection with influenza A and remain elevated for 3 months, suggesting the elderly mice retain effective M2e-specific memory B cells. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that protective M2e-specific memory in mice developed at a young age can persist until geriatric age. Additionally, this memory is protective and M2e-specific B cells produced by vaccination with AuNP-M2e + sCpG are maintained and functional. If the results of this study persist in humans, they suggest that a universal influenza A vaccine could be administered early in life and maintain lifelong protection into geriatric age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Bimler
- 1Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030 USA.,2Graduate Program in Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 USA.,3Developing Investigative Scholar's Program (DISP), Rice University, Houston, TX 77030 USA.,4Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Immunology Building 313/114, 10466 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California, 92037 USA
| | - Amber Y Song
- 1Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030 USA.,3Developing Investigative Scholar's Program (DISP), Rice University, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Duy T Le
- 1Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030 USA.,2Graduate Program in Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 USA.,3Developing Investigative Scholar's Program (DISP), Rice University, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Ashleigh Murphy Schafer
- 1Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030 USA.,5Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Silke Paust
- 1Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030 USA.,2Graduate Program in Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 USA.,3Developing Investigative Scholar's Program (DISP), Rice University, Houston, TX 77030 USA.,4Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Immunology Building 313/114, 10466 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California, 92037 USA.,5Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 USA
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Kim JK, Cheong S, Lee MK. Evaluation of Protective Immunity of Peptide Vaccines Composed of a 15-mer N-terminal Matrix Protein 2 and a Helper T-Cell Epitope Derived from Influenza A Virus. Immune Netw 2019; 19:e29. [PMID: 31501717 PMCID: PMC6722272 DOI: 10.4110/in.2019.19.e29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The matrix protein 2 of influenza A virus (IFAV) has a relatively conserved ectodomain (M2e) composed of 23 amino acids, and M2e-based vaccines have been suggested to induce broad protective immunity in mice. In this study, we investigated whether N-terminal sequence of M2e (nM2e)-based vaccines with more conserved nM2e could induce influenza viral neutralizing activity. We constructed linear peptide vaccines with an nM2e sequence for PR8 virus (nM2Pr) connected to a probable 17-mer IFAV-derived helper T-cell epitope (ThE: T1, T2, or T3) at its N- or C-terminus. The peptide vaccines induced significant production of nM2e Abs regardless of either type or location of the ThE-epitope in BALB/c mice, while only T3 was effective in C57BL/6 mice. The Abs against nM2Pr-T3 elicited broader binding affinities to the nM2e peptides derived from various IFAVs than those against T3-nM2Pr. In addition, the nM2e-based vaccines efficiently protected the immunized mice from the lethal challenge of PR8 virus. These results suggest that the more conserved nM2e without cysteine will be useful for development of universal peptide vaccines than M2e.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Ki Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University College of Pharmacy, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Sinyoung Cheong
- Bionano Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Myung Kyu Lee
- Bionano Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
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73
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Padilla-Quirarte HO, Lopez-Guerrero DV, Gutierrez-Xicotencatl L, Esquivel-Guadarrama F. Protective Antibodies Against Influenza Proteins. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1677. [PMID: 31379866 PMCID: PMC6657620 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The influenza A virus infection continues to be a threat to the human population. The seasonal variation of the virus and the likelihood of periodical pandemics caused by completely new virus strains make it difficult to produce vaccines that efficiently protect against this infection. Antibodies (Abs) are very important in preventing the infection and in blocking virus propagation once the infection has taken place. However, the precise protection mechanism provided by these Abs still needs to be established. Furthermore, most research has focused on Abs directed to the globular head domain of hemagglutinin (HA). However, other domains of HA (like the stem) and other proteins are also able to elicit protective Ab responses. In this article, we review the current knowledge about the role of both neutralizing and non-neutralizing anti-influenza proteins Abs that play a protective role during infection or vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbey O Padilla-Quirarte
- LIV, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico.,Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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74
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Current and Novel Approaches in Influenza Management. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7020053. [PMID: 31216759 PMCID: PMC6630949 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7020053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/1970] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a disease that poses a significant health burden worldwide. Vaccination is the best way to prevent influenza virus infections. However, conventional vaccines are only effective for a short period of time due to the propensity of influenza viruses to undergo antigenic drift and antigenic shift. The efficacy of these vaccines is uncertain from year-to-year due to potential mismatch between the circulating viruses and vaccine strains, and mutations arising due to egg adaptation. Subsequently, the inability to store these vaccines long-term and vaccine shortages are challenges that need to be overcome. Conventional vaccines also have variable efficacies for certain populations, including the young, old, and immunocompromised. This warrants for diverse efficacious vaccine developmental approaches, involving both active and passive immunization. As opposed to active immunization platforms (requiring the use of whole or portions of pathogens as vaccines), the rapidly developing passive immunization involves administration of either pathogen-specific or broadly acting antibodies against a kind or class of pathogens as a treatment to corresponding acute infection. Several antibodies with broadly acting capacities have been discovered that may serve as means to suppress influenza viral infection and allow the process of natural immunity to engage opsonized pathogens whilst boosting immune system by antibody-dependent mechanisms that bridge the innate and adaptive arms. By that; passive immunotherapeutics approach assumes a robust tool that could aid control of influenza viruses. In this review, we comment on some improvements in influenza management and promising vaccine development platforms with an emphasis on the protective capacity of passive immunotherapeutics especially when coupled with the use of antivirals in the management of influenza infection.
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75
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Targeting M2e to DEC-205 induces an enhanced serum antibody-dependent heterosubtypic protection against influenza A virus infection. Vaccine 2019; 37:2624-2633. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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76
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Kim J, Hajam IA, Lee JH. Human antigen presenting cells stimulated with Salmonella delivered influenza antigens induce cytokine production and proliferation of human CD4 + T cells in vitro. J Immunol Methods 2019; 470:20-26. [PMID: 31028753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether the human antigen presenting cells (APCs) can process and present Salmonella expressing H7N9 hemagglutinin (Sal-HA), neuraminidase (Sal-NA) or M2 ectodomain (Sal-M2e) to T cells and subsequently activate CD4+ T cell responses in vitro. In this study, APCs generated from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were first treated with mitomycin-C, followed by stimulation with Sal-HA, Sal-M2e, Sal-NA or Salmonella alone for 24 h. Subsequently, stimulated APCs were coincubated with untreated PBMCs (1:10) of the same individual for 24 or 72 h and then analysed for cytokine induction and T cell proliferations by qRT-PCR assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Our results demonstrated that APCs stimulated with Sal-HA, Sal-M2e or Sal-NA induced significantly (p < .05) higher CD3+CD4+ T cell proliferations compared to the APCs treated with Salmonella alone. Our data further revealved that APCs treated with Sal-HA induced significantly (p < .05) higher CD3+CD4+ T cell responses compared to the APCs treated with either Sal-M2e or Sal-NA, which both induced almost comparable levels. The T cell proliferation responses were further measured by lymphocyte proliferation assay and the results showed that Sal-HA and Sal-M2e stimulated APCs induced significantly (p < .05) higher proliferations in T cells compared to the APCs stimulated with either Sal-NA or Salmonella alone. With respect to cytokine inductions, APCs treated with either Sal-HA or Sal-M2e induced significantly (p < .05) higher mRNA transcription levels of proinflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12 and IL-23), Th1 (IFN-γ), Th17 (IL-17 and IL-21) and Th2 (IL-10 and TGF-β) cytokines in T cells compared to Sal-NA or Salmonella alone treated APCs. In conclusion, we show that Salmonella system can efficiently deliver vaccine antigens to APCs and is, thus, capable to elicit heterologous antigen-specific adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehyoung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Irshad Ahmed Hajam
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea.
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77
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Liu X, Ding L, Yuan J, Liao J, Duan L, Wang W, Tan W, Yu W, Zhou B, Chen X, Yang Z. Identification of a Novel Universal Potential Epitope on the Cytoplasmic Tail of H7N9 Virus Hemagglutinin. Virol Sin 2019; 34:334-337. [PMID: 31016481 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00110-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 51900, China
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 51900, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen (The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Jian Liao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen (The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Lian Duan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen (The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Wenfei Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Weiguo Tan
- Lab for Tuberculosis Research, Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Weiye Yu
- Lab for Tuberculosis Research, Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Boping Zhou
- Longhua Branch of Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Xinchun Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Zheng Yang
- Lab for Tuberculosis Research, Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, 518020, China. .,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen (The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518000, China.
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78
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Kim MC, Kim KH, Lee JW, Lee YN, Choi HJ, Jung YJ, Kim YJ, Compans RW, Prausnitz MR, Kang SM. Co-Delivery of M2e Virus-Like Particles with Influenza Split Vaccine to the Skin Using Microneedles Enhances the Efficacy of Cross Protection. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11040188. [PMID: 31003421 PMCID: PMC6523215 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11040188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
It is a high priority to develop a simple and effective delivery method for a cross-protective influenza vaccine. We investigated skin immunization by microneedle (MN) patch with human influenza split vaccine and virus-like particles containing heterologous M2 extracellular (M2e) domains (M2e5x virus-like particles (VLP)) as a cross-protective influenza vaccine candidate. Co-delivery of influenza split vaccine and M2e5x VLP to the skin by MN patch was found to confer effective protection against heterosubtypic influenza virus by preventing weight loss and reducing lung viral loads. Compared to intramuscular immunization, MN-based delivery of combined split vaccine and M2e5x VLPs shaped cellular immune responses toward T helper type 1 responses increasing IgG2a isotype antibodies as well as IFN-γ producing cells in mucosal and systemic sites. This study provides evidence that potential immunological and logistic benefits of M2e5x VLP with human influenza split vaccine delivered by MN patch can be used to develop an easy-to-administer cross-protective influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Chul Kim
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
- Komipharm Co., Ltd., Siheung, Gyeonggi-do 15094, Korea.
| | - Ki-Hye Kim
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Jeong Woo Lee
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - Yu-Na Lee
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongsangbukdo 39660, Korea.
| | - Hyo-Jick Choi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada.
| | - Yu-Jin Jung
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Richard W Compans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Mark R Prausnitz
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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79
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Hajam IA, Kim J, Lee JH. Intranasally administered polyethylenimine adjuvanted influenza M2 ectodomain induces partial protection against H9N2 influenza A virus infection in chickens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 209:78-83. [PMID: 30885310 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether intranasally coadministered four tandem copies of extracellular domains of M2 (M2e) and polyethyleneimine (PEI), a mucosal adjuvant, can protect chickens against H9N2 influenza A virus infection. Groups of chickens were intranasally vaccinated with M2e plus PEI adjuvant, M2e alone or PEI adjuvant, and antibody (serum IgG and mucosal IgA) and cellular (CD4+ T cells and IFN-γ levels) immune responses were measured post-vaccination. We demonstrated that the chickens vaccinated with M2e plus PEI adjuvant showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher M2e-specific systemic IgG and mucosal IgA responses compared to the chickens that received either M2e alone or PEI adjuvant. The IgA responses measured in lungs were almost comparable to that of the serum IgG levels. Upon restimulation of the vaccinated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with M2e antigen, significantly (p < 0.05) higher IFN-γ levels were observed only in M2e plus PEI adjuvant vaccinated group. Lymphoproliferative and CD4+ T cell responses, as measured by MTT-based assay and flow cytometry, respectively, were also observed significantly (p < 0.05) higher in M2e plus PEI adjuvant vaccinated chickens. On challenge with the H9N2 virus (104TCID50) at 28th day post-vaccination, M2e plus PEI adjuvant vaccinated group exhibited lower lung inflammation and viral load compared to the chickens treated with either M2e alone or PEI adjuvant. In summary, we show that intranasally coadministered M2e and PEI adjuvant can elicit humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and can reduce viremia levels in chickens post H9N2 infection in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad Ahmed Hajam
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehyoung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.
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80
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Abstract
Annually recurring seasonal influenza causes massive economic loss and poses severe threats to public health worldwide. The current seasonal influenza vaccines are the most effective means of preventing influenza infections but possess major weaknesses. Seasonal influenza vaccines require annual updating of the vaccine strains. However, it is an unreachable task to accurately predict the future circulating strains. Vaccines with mismatched strains dramatically compromise the vaccine efficacy. In addition, the seasonal influenza vaccines are ineffective against an unpredictable pandemic. A universal influenza vaccine would overcome these weaknesses of the seasonal vaccines and abolish the threat of influenza pandemics. One approach under investigation is to design influenza vaccine immunogens based on conserved, type-specific amino acid sequences and conformational epitopes, rather than strain-specific. Such vaccines can elicit broadly reactive humoral and cellular immunity. Universal influenza vaccine development has intensively employed nanotechnology because the structural and morphological properties of nanoparticles dramatically improve vaccine immunogenicity and the induced immunity duration. Layered protein nanoparticles can decrease off-target immune responses, fine-tune antigen recognition and processing, and facilitate comprehensive immune response induction. Herein, we review the designs of effective nanoparticle universal influenza vaccines, the recent discoveries of specific nanoparticle features that contribute to immunogenicity enhancement, and recent progress in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Deng
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University, 145 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-3965, United States
| | - Bao-Zhong Wang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University, 145 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-3965, United States
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81
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Budama-Kilinc Y, Cakir-Koc R, Ozdemir B, Kaya Z, Badur S. Production and characterization of a conserved M2e peptide-based specific IgY antibody: evaluation of the diagnostic potential via conjugation with latex nanoparticles. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 48:930-939. [PMID: 30388960 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2018.1525564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies play an important role in combating and controlling viral diseases such as influenza. Immunoglobulin Y (IgY) antibodies have several advantages such as a less invasive manufacturing process, ease of isolation, higher affinity compared with IgG antibodies, and cost-effectiveness. To date, although specific IgY production has been performed for different strains of influenza A, to the best of our knowledge, an IgY against the M2e peptide has not been produced. In the current study, IgY antibodies are produced, purified, and characterized using the M2e peptide sequence for the first time with the intent to apply them for the diagnosis of influenza A virus. Anti-M2e IgY antibodies are obtained from eggs using a two-step purification method. The activity and characterization of the antibodies are determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, a nano-spectrophotometer, an SDS-Page assay, and a Western Blot analysis. Finally, anti-M2e IgY antibodies are conjugated to the latex nanoparticles, and the reaction between the influenza A virus and the nanoparticles is demonstrated using light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. In conclusion, this study shows that anti-M2e IgY antibodies can contribute to the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of the influenza A virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rabia Cakir-Koc
- a Bioengineering Department , Yildiz Technical University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Burak Ozdemir
- b Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences , Yildiz Technical University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Zeynep Kaya
- b Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences , Yildiz Technical University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Selim Badur
- c GlaxoSmithKline-Vaccine , Istanbul , Turkey
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82
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Design of a Universal Influenza A Vaccine Candidate Based on M2e.FliC; Immunoinformatics Analysis, Protein Modeling, and Its Expression in Escherichia coli. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.66592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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83
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Hajam IA, Kim J, Lee JH. Salmonella Gallinarum delivering M2eCD40L in protein and DNA formats acts as a bivalent vaccine against fowl typhoid and H9N2 infection in chickens. Vet Res 2018; 49:99. [PMID: 30285855 PMCID: PMC6389227 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0593-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fowl typhoid (FT), a septicemic disease caused by Salmonella Gallinarum (SG), and H9N2 influenza infection are two economically important diseases that affect poultry industry worldwide. Herein, we exploited a live attenuated SG mutant (JOL967) to deliver highly conserved extracellular domains of H9N2 M2 (M2e) to induce protective immunity against both H9N2 infection and FT. To increase the immunogenicity of M2e, we physically linked it with CD40L and cloned the fusion gene into either prokaryotic constitutive expression vector pJHL65 or mammalian expression vector pcDNA3.1+. Then pJHL65-M2eCD40L or pcDNA-M2eCD40L recombinant plasmid was electroporated into JOL967 strain and the resultant clones were designated as JOL2074 and JOL2076, respectively. We demonstrated that the chickens vaccinated once orally with a co-mix of JOL2074 and JOL2076 strains elicited significantly (p < 0.05) higher M2e-specific humoral and cell-mediated immunity compared to JOL2074 alone vaccinated group. However, SG-specific immune responses were comparable in both the vaccination groups. On challenge with the virulent H9N2 virus (105 TCID50) at 28th day post-vaccination, chickens that received a co-mix of JOL2074 plus JOL2076 strains exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) lower lung inflammation and viral load in both lungs and cloacal samples than JOL2074 alone vaccinated group. Against challenge with the lethal wild-type SG, both the vaccination groups exhibited only 12.5% mortality compared to 75% mortality observed in the control group. In conclusion, we show that SG delivering M2eCD40L can act as a bivalent vaccine against FT and H9N2 infection and further studies are warranted to develop this SG-M2eCD40L vaccine as a broadly protective vaccine against avian influenza virus subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad Ahmed Hajam
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596 Republic of Korea
| | - Jehyoung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596 Republic of Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596 Republic of Korea
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84
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Chen N, Gallovic MD, Tiet P, Ting JPY, Ainslie KM, Bachelder EM. Investigation of tunable acetalated dextran microparticle platform to optimize M2e-based influenza vaccine efficacy. J Control Release 2018; 289:114-124. [PMID: 30261204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Influenza places a significant health and economic burden on society. Efficacy of seasonal influenza vaccines can be suboptimal due to poor matching between vaccine and circulating viral strains. An influenza vaccine that is broadly protective against multiple virus strains would significantly improve vaccine efficacy. The highly conserved ectodomain of matrix protein 2 (M2e) and 3'3' cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) were selected as the antigen and adjuvant, respectively, to develop the basis for a potential universal influenza vaccine. The magnitude and kinetics of adaptive immune responses can have great impact on vaccine efficacy. M2e and cGAMP were therefore formulated within acetalated dextran (Ace-DEX) microparticles (MPs) of varying degradation profiles to examine the effect of differential vaccine delivery on humoral, cellular, and protective immunity. All Ace-DEX MP vaccines containing M2e and cGAMP elicited potent humoral and cellular responses in vivo and offered substantial protection against a lethal influenza challenge, suggesting significant vaccine efficacy. Serum antibodies from Ace-DEX MP vaccinated mice also demonstrated cross reactivity against M2e sequences of various viral strains, which indicates the potential for broadly protective immunity. Of all the formulations tested, the slowest-degrading M2e or cGAMP MPs elicited the greatest antibody production, cellular response, and protection against a viral challenge. This indicated the importance of flexible control over antigen and adjuvant delivery. Overall, robust immune responses, cross reactivity against multiple viral strains, and tunable delivery profiles make the Ace-DEX MP platform a powerful subunit vaccine delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naihan Chen
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Matthew D Gallovic
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Pamela Tiet
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jenny P-Y Ting
- Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Institute for Inflammatory Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Center for Translational Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kristy M Ainslie
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eric M Bachelder
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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85
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Plotkin SA. The Influenza Vaccine Mess. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2018; 7:178-180. [PMID: 29982613 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piy057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley A Plotkin
- Emeritus Professor of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Doylestown, Pennsylvania
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86
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Heterosubtypic influenza protection elicited by double-layered polypeptide nanoparticles in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E7758-E7767. [PMID: 30065113 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1805713115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a persistent threat to public health. Here we report that double-layered peptide nanoparticles induced robust specific immunity and protected mice against heterosubtypic influenza A virus challenges. We fabricated the nanoparticles by desolvating a composite peptide of tandem copies of nucleoprotein epitopes into nanoparticles as cores and cross-linking another composite peptide of four tandem copies of influenza matrix protein 2 ectodomain epitopes to the core surfaces as a coating. Delivering the nanoparticles via dissolvable microneedle patch-based skin vaccination further enhanced the induced immunity. These peptide-only, layered nanoparticles demonstrated a strong antigen depot effect and migrated into spleens and draining (inguinal) lymph nodes for an extended period compared with soluble antigens. This increased antigen-presentation time correlated with the stronger immune responses in the nanoparticle-immunized group. The protection conferred by nanoparticle immunization was transferable by passive immune serum transfusion and depended partially on a functional IgG receptor FcγRIV. Using a conditional cell depletion, we found that CD8+ T cells were involved in the protection. The immunological potency and stability of the layered peptide nanoparticles indicate applications for other peptide-based vaccines and peptide drug delivery.
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87
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Ping X, Hu W, Xiong R, Zhang X, Teng Z, Ding M, Li L, Chang C, Xu K. Generation of a broadly reactive influenza H1 antigen using a consensus HA sequence. Vaccine 2018; 36:4837-4845. [PMID: 29960799 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
H1N1, one of the most prevalent influenza A virus subtypes affecting the human population, can cause infections varying from mild respiratory syndrome to severe pneumonia. The current H1N1 vaccine needs to be updated annually and does not protect against future outbreaks. Here, we downloaded 2,656 HA protein sequences of human H1N1 viruses from the NCBI influenza database (up to the date of Aug. 2012) and constructed a phylogenetic tree of these H1 proteins via the neighbor-joining method using MEGA 5.0 software. A consensus H1 protein (CH1) was generated and was further modified with published conserved T-cell and B-cell epitopes. Interestingly, this CH1 protein is genetically similar to an H1 isolate obtained during the 1980s (A/Memphis/7/1980), indicating that a universal HA antigen may exist in nature. Vaccination with a DNA vaccine expressing CH1 elicited broadly reactive T-cell and B-cell responses to heterologous H1N1 viruses, though this vaccine did not successfully neutralize pdm09 H1N1 viruses. A combination of CH1 and pdm09 HA in a DNA vaccination neutralized pdm09 H1N1 viruses and protected mice from lethal infections by all representative H1N1 viruses. Moreover, a recombinant chimeric PR8-CH1 virus carrying HA sequence of the consensus H1 and all other seven genes from the PR8 strain was highly attenuated in mice, with a lethal dose (LD50) of more than 106 pfu. Vaccination with PR8-CH1 virus provided complete protection against infections by heterologous H1N1 strains. Taken together, a universal H1 antigen, CH1, was developed by constructing a consensus HA sequence, and the PR8-CH1 virus containing this consensus sequence elicited broadly protective immunity against heterologous H1N1 viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianqiang Ping
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 YueYang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Weibin Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 YueYang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Rui Xiong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 YueYang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 MeiLong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 1380 Zhongshan West Road, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Zheng Teng
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 1380 Zhongshan West Road, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Minyi Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 YueYang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 MeiLong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Li Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 YueYang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chong Chang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 YueYang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ke Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 YueYang Road, Shanghai 200031, China.
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Feng M, Yuan Z, Xia W, Huang X, Wang X, Yan Y, Liao M, Zhou J. Monoclonal antibody against the universal M2 epitope of influenza A virus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:5645-5656. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Pusch E, Renz H, Skevaki C. Respiratory virus-induced heterologous immunity: Part of the problem or part of the solution? ALLERGO JOURNAL 2018; 27:28-45. [PMID: 32300267 PMCID: PMC7149200 DOI: 10.1007/s15007-018-1580-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To provide current knowledge on respiratory virus-induced heterologous immunity (HI) with a focus on humoral and cellular cross-reactivity. Adaptive heterologous immune responses have broad implications on infection, autoimmunity, allergy and transplant immunology. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved might ultimately open up possibilities for disease prevention, for example by vaccination. Methods A structured literature search was performed using Medline and PubMed to provide an overview of the current knowledge on respiratory-virus induced adaptive HI. Results In HI the immune response towards one antigen results in an alteration of the immune response towards a second antigen. We provide an overview of respiratory virus-induced HI, including viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus (RV), coronavirus (CoV) and influenza virus (IV). We discuss T cell receptor (TCR) and humoral cross-reactivity as mechanisms of HI involving those respiratory viruses. Topics covered include HI between respiratory viruses as well as between respiratory viruses and other pathogens. Newly developed vaccines, which have the potential to provide protection against multiple virus strains are also discussed. Furthermore, respiratory viruses have been implicated in the development of autoimmune diseases, such as narcolepsy, Guillain-Barré syndrome, type 1 diabetes or myocarditis. Finally, we discuss the role of respiratory viruses in asthma and the hygiene hypothesis, and review our recent findings on HI between IV and allergens, which leads to protection from experimental asthma. Conclusion Respiratory-virus induced HI may have protective but also detrimental effects on the host. Respiratory viral infections contribute to asthma or autoimmune disease development, but on the other hand, a lack of microbial encounter is associated with an increasing number of allergic as well as autoimmune diseases. Future research might help identify the elements which determine a protective or detrimental outcome in HI-based mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Pusch
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstraße, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Harald Renz
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstraße, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Chrysanthi Skevaki
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstraße, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bacterial flagellin, as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), can activate both innate and adaptive immunity. Its unique structural characteristics endow an effective and flexible adjuvant activity, which allow the design of different types of vaccine strategies to prevent various diseases. This review will discuss recent progress in the mechanism of action of flagellin and its prospects for use as a vaccine adjuvant. AREAS COVERED Herein we summarize various types of information related to flagellin adjuvants from PubMed, including structures, signaling pathways, natural immunity, and extensive applications in vaccines, and it discusses the immunogenicity, safety, and efficacy of flagellin-adjuvanted vaccines in clinical trials. EXPERT COMMENTARY It is widely accepted that as an adjuvant, flagellin can induce an enhanced antigen-specific immune response. Flagellin adjuvants will allow more effective flagellin-based vaccines to enter clinical trials. Furthermore, vaccine formulations containing PAMPs are crucial to exert the maximum potential of vaccine antigens. Therefore, combinations of flagellin-adjuvanted vaccines with other adjuvants that act in a synergistic manner, particularly TLR ligands, represent a promising method for tailoring targeted vaccines to meet specific requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baofeng Cui
- a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture , Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou , China.,b Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , China
| | - Xinsheng Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture , Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou , China.,b Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , China
| | - Yuzhen Fang
- a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture , Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou , China.,b Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , China
| | - Peng Zhou
- a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture , Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou , China.,b Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , China
| | - Yongguang Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture , Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou , China.,b Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , China
| | - Yonglu Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture , Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou , China.,b Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , China
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91
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Pusch E, Renz H, Skevaki C. Respiratory virus-induced heterologous immunity: Part of the problem or part of the solution? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 27:79-96. [PMID: 32226720 PMCID: PMC7100437 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-018-0056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To provide current knowledge on respiratory virus-induced heterologous immunity (HI) with a focus on humoral and cellular cross-reactivity. Adaptive heterologous immune responses have broad implications on infection, autoimmunity, allergy and transplant immunology. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved might ultimately open up possibilities for disease prevention, for example by vaccination. Methods A structured literature search was performed using Medline and PubMed to provide an overview of the current knowledge on respiratory-virus induced adaptive HI. Results In HI the immune response towards one antigen results in an alteration of the immune response towards a second antigen. We provide an overview of respiratory virus-induced HI, including viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus (RV), coronavirus (CoV) and influenza virus (IV). We discuss T cell receptor (TCR) and humoral cross-reactivity as mechanisms of HI involving those respiratory viruses. Topics covered include HI between respiratory viruses as well as between respiratory viruses and other pathogens. Newly developed vaccines which have the potential to provide protection against multiple virus strains are also discussed. Furthermore, respiratory viruses have been implicated in the development of autoimmune diseases, such as narcolepsy, Guillain–Barré syndrome, type 1 diabetes or myocarditis. Finally, we discuss the role of respiratory viruses in asthma and the hygiene hypothesis, and review our recent findings on HI between IV and allergens, which leads to protection from experimental asthma. Conclusion Respiratory-virus induced HI may have protective but also detrimental effects on the host. Respiratory viral infections contribute to asthma or autoimmune disease development, but on the other hand, a lack of microbial encounter is associated with an increasing number of allergic as well as autoimmune diseases. Future research might help identify the elements which determine a protective or detrimental outcome in HI-based mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Pusch
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstraße, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Harald Renz
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstraße, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Chrysanthi Skevaki
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstraße, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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92
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The exciting potential of modular nanoparticles for rapid development of highly effective vaccines. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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93
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Jang YH, Kim JY, Byun YH, Son A, Lee JY, Lee YJ, Chang J, Seong BL. Pan-Influenza A Protection by Prime-Boost Vaccination with Cold-Adapted Live-Attenuated Influenza Vaccine in a Mouse Model. Front Immunol 2018; 9:116. [PMID: 29449842 PMCID: PMC5799225 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infections continually pose a major public health threat with seasonal epidemics and sporadic pandemics worldwide. While currently licensed influenza vaccines provide only strain-specific protection, antigenic drift and shift occasionally render the viruses resistant to the host immune responses, which highlight the need for a vaccine that provides broad protection against multiple subtypes. In this study, we suggest a vaccination strategy using cold-adapted, live attenuated influenza vaccines (CAIVs) to provide a broad, potent, and safe cross-protection covering antigenically distinct hemagglutinin (HA) groups 1 and 2 influenza viruses. Using a mouse model, we tested different prime-boost combinations of CAIVs for their ability to induce humoral and T-cell responses, and protective efficacy against H1 and H5 (HA group 1) as well as H3 and H7 (HA group 2) influenza viruses. Notably, even in the absence of antibody-mediated neutralizing activity or HA inhibitory activity in vitro, CAIVs provided a potent protection against heterologous and heterosubtypic lethal challenges in vivo. Heterologous combination of prime (H1)-boost (H5) vaccine strains showed the most potent cross-protection efficacy. In vivo depletion experiments demonstrated not only that T cells and natural killer cells contributed to the cross-protection, but also the involvement of antibody-dependent mechanisms for the cross-protection. Vaccination-induced antibodies did not enhance the infectivity of heterologous viruses, and prime vaccination did not interfere with neutralizing antibody generation by the boost vaccination, allaying vaccine safety concerns associated with heterogeneity between the vaccines and challenge strains. Our data show that CAIV-based strategy can serve as a simple but powerful option for developing a "truly" universal influenza vaccine providing pan-influenza A protection, which has not been achieved yet by other vaccine strategies. The promising results of potency, breadth, and safety demonstrated in the mouse model support further studies in higher animal models for clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Han Jang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joo Young Kim
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Ho Byun
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ahyun Son
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Yoon Lee
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoon Jae Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun Chang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Baik Lin Seong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.,Vaccine Translational Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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94
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Kim JH, Hajam IA, Lee JH. Oral immunization with a novel attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium encoding influenza HA, M2e and NA antigens protects chickens against H7N9 infection. Vet Res 2018; 49:12. [PMID: 29391053 PMCID: PMC5796500 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0509-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Attenuated Salmonella strains constitute a promising technology for the development of efficient protein-based influenza vaccines. H7N9, a low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus, is a major public health concern and currently there are no effective vaccines against this subtype. Herein, we constructed a novel attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium strain for the delivery and expression of H7N9 hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA) or the conserved extracellular domain of the matrix protein 2 (M2e). We demonstrated that the constructed Salmonella strains exhibited efficient HA, NA and M2e expressions, respectively, and the constructs were safe and immunogenic in chickens. Our results showed that chickens immunized once orally with Salmonella (Sal) mutants encoding HA (Sal-HA), M2e (Sal-M2e) or NA (Sal-NA), administered either alone or in combination, induced both antigen-specific humoral and cell mediated immune (CMI) responses, and protected chickens against the lethal H7N9 challenge. However, chickens immunized with Sal-HA+Sal-M2e+Sal-NA vaccine constructs exhibited efficient mucosal and CMI responses compared to the chickens that received only Sal-HA, Sal-M2e or Sal-M2e+Sal-NA vaccine. Further, chickens immunized with Sal-HA+Sal-M2e+Sal-NA constructs cleared H7N9 infection at a faster rate compared to the chickens that were vaccinated with Sal-HA, Sal-M2e or Sal-M2e+Sal-NA, as indicated by the reduced viral shedding in cloacal swabs of the immunized chickens. We conclude that this vaccination strategy, based on HA, M2e and NA, stimulated efficient induction of immune protection against the lethal H7N9 LPAI virus and, therefore, further studies are warranted to develop this approach as a potential prophylaxis against LPAI viruses affecting poultry birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je Hyoung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Irshad Ahmed Hajam
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.
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Comparison of the efficacy of a commercial inactivated influenza A/H1N1/pdm09 virus (pH1N1) vaccine and two experimental M2e-based vaccines against pH1N1 challenge in the growing pig model. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191739. [PMID: 29381710 PMCID: PMC5790244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine influenza A viruses (IAV-S) found in North American pigs are diverse and the lack of cross-protection among heterologous strains is a concern. The objective of this study was to compare a commercial inactivated A/H1N1/pdm09 (pH1N1) vaccine and two novel subunit vaccines, using IAV M2 ectodomain (M2e) epitopes as antigens, in a growing pig model. Thirty-nine 2-week-old IAV negative pigs were randomly assigned to five groups and rooms. At 3 weeks of age and again at 5 weeks of age, pigs were vaccinated intranasally with an experimental subunit particle vaccine (NvParticle/M2e) or a subunit complex-based vaccine (NvComplex/M2e) or intramuscularly with a commercial inactivated vaccine (Inact/pH1N1). At 7 weeks of age, the pigs were challenged with pH1N1 virus or sham-inoculated. Necropsy was conducted 5 days post pH1N1 challenge (dpc). At the time of challenge one of the Inact/pH1N1 pigs had seroconverted based on IAV nucleoprotein-based ELISA, Inact/pH1N1 pigs had significantly higher pdm09H1N1 hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers compared to all other groups, and M2e-specific IgG responses were detected in the NvParticle/M2e and the NvComplex/M2e pigs with significantly higher group means in the NvComplex/M2e group compared to SHAMVAC-NEG pigs. After challenge, nasal IAV RNA shedding was significantly reduced in Inact/pH1N1 pigs compared to all other pH1N1 infected groups and this group also had reduced IAV RNA in oral fluids. The macroscopic lung lesions were characterized by mild-to-severe, multifocal-to-diffuse, cranioventral dark purple consolidated areas typical of IAV infection and were similar for NvParticle/M2e, NvComplex/M2e and SHAMVAC-IAV pigs. Lesions were significantly less severe in the SHAMVAC-NEG and the Inact/pH1N1pigs. Under the conditions of this study, a commercial Inact/pH1N1 specific vaccine effectively protected pigs against homologous challenge as evidenced by reduced clinical signs, virus shedding in nasal secretions and oral fluids and reduced macroscopic and microscopic lesions whereas intranasal vaccination with experimental M2e epitope-based subunit vaccines did not. The results further highlight the importance using IAV-S type specific vaccines in pigs.
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96
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Double-layered protein nanoparticles induce broad protection against divergent influenza A viruses. Nat Commun 2018; 9:359. [PMID: 29367723 PMCID: PMC5783933 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02725-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Current influenza vaccines provide limited protection against circulating influenza A viruses. A universal influenza vaccine will eliminate the intrinsic limitations of the seasonal flu vaccines. Here we report methodology to generate double-layered protein nanoparticles as a universal influenza vaccine. Layered nanoparticles are fabricated by desolvating tetrameric M2e into protein nanoparticle cores and coating these cores by crosslinking headless HAs. Representative headless HAs of two HA phylogenetic groups are constructed and purified. Vaccinations with the resulting protein nanoparticles in mice induces robust long-lasting immunity, fully protecting the mice against challenges by divergent influenza A viruses of the same group or both groups. The results demonstrate the importance of incorporating both structure-stabilized HA stalk domains and M2e into a universal influenza vaccine to improve its protective potency and breadth. These potent disassemblable protein nanoparticles indicate a wide application in protein drug delivery and controlled release. Relatively well conserved domains of influenza A virus (IAV) proteins are potential candidates for the development of a universal IAV vaccine. Here, Deng et al. combine two such conserved antigens (M2e and HA stalk) in a double-layered protein nanoparticle and show that it protects against divergent IAVs in mice.
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97
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M2e-tetramer-specific memory CD4 T cells are broadly protective against influenza infection. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:273-289. [PMID: 28295019 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Matrix protein 2 ectodomain (M2e) is considered an attractive component of a broadly protective, universal influenza A vaccine. Here we challenge the canonical view that antibodies against M2e are the prime effectors of protection. Intranasal immunizations of Balb/c mice with CTA1-3M2e-DD-generated M2e-specific memory CD4 T cells that were I-Ad restricted and critically protected against infection, even in the complete absence of antibodies, as observed in JhD mice. Whereas some M2e-tetramer-specific memory CD4 T cells resided in spleen and lymph nodes, the majority were lung-resident Th17 cells, that rapidly expanded upon a viral challenge infection. Indeed, immunized IL-17A-/- mice were significantly less well protected compared with wild-type mice despite exhibiting comparable antibody levels. Similarly, poor protection was also observed in congenic Balb/B (H-2b) mice, which failed to develop M2e-specific CD4 T cells, but exhibited comparable antibody levels. Lung-resident CD69+ CD103low M2e-specific memory CD4 T cells were αβ TCR+ and 50% were Th17 cells that were associated with an early influx of neutrophils after virus challenge. Adoptively transferred M2e memory CD4 T cells were strong helper T cells, which accelerated M2e- but more importantly also hemagglutinin-specific IgG production. Thus, for the first time we demonstrate that M2e-specific memory CD4 T cells are broadly protective.
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98
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Herrera-Rodriguez J, Meijerhof T, Niesters HG, Stjernholm G, Hovden AO, Sørensen B, Ökvist M, Sommerfelt MA, Huckriede A. A novel peptide-based vaccine candidate with protective efficacy against influenza A in a mouse model. Virology 2017; 515:21-28. [PMID: 29223787 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Current influenza vaccines mainly induce antibody responses to the variable hemagglutinin proteins of the virus strains included in the vaccine. Instead, a broadly protective influenza vaccine should aim at inducing antibody- and/or cell-mediated immunity against conserved viral proteins. Vacc-FLU is a peptide based vaccine combining conserved B and T cell epitopes. Peptide selection was done using a proprietary peptide design platform technology focusing on responses to human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-restricted epitopes. Immunization of wild-type mice and mice transgenic for HLA-A2.1 with the peptide mix successfully induced both humoral and cell mediated immune responses. Partial protection from severe weight loss upon challenge was observed in both mouse strains but was stronger and observed at lower vaccine doses in transgenic mice. Our results show that the Vacc-FLU peptide mix is capable of inducing IFNγ-producing T cells and antibody-producing B cells which can protect from severe disease symptoms upon infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Herrera-Rodriguez
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tjarko Meijerhof
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hubert G Niesters
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Birger Sørensen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Bionor Pharma AS, P.O. Box 1477 Vika, NO-0116 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mats Ökvist
- Bionor Pharma AS, P.O. Box 1477 Vika, NO-0116 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Anke Huckriede
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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99
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Influenza A Virus M2 Protein: Roles from Ingress to Egress. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122649. [PMID: 29215568 PMCID: PMC5751251 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) matrix protein 2 (M2) is among the smallest bona fide, hence extensively studied, ion channel proteins. The M2 ion channel activity is not only essential for virus replication, but also involved in modulation of cellular homeostasis in a variety of ways. It is also the target for ion channel inhibitors, i.e., anti-influenza drugs. Thus far, several studies have been conducted to elucidate its biophysical characteristics, structure-function relationships of the ion channel, and the M2-host interactome. In this review, we discuss M2 protein synthesis and assembly into an ion channel, its roles in IAV replication, and the pathophysiological impact on the host cell.
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100
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Anderson AJ, Snelling TL, Moore HC, Blyth CC. Advances in Vaccines to Prevent Viral Respiratory Illnesses in Children. Paediatr Drugs 2017; 19:523-531. [PMID: 28808938 DOI: 10.1007/s40272-017-0257-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Childhood vaccination has played a critical role in the reduction of morbidity and mortality from communicable diseases, including specific respiratory pathogens. Acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) of both bacterial and viral aetiology continues to impact global child health. Key bacterial pathogens including Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenza type b are specifically targeted with current vaccination programmes, while at present there are less effective strategies for the prevention of viral disease. Influenza vaccines, including both live attenuated intranasal vaccines and inactivated influenza vaccines, are limited by seasonal strain variation and unsustained immunity. Research into the development of a universal influenza vaccine is ongoing; potential targets are the conserved regions of the virus such as the M2e antigen and hemagglutinin stalk. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza virus 3 (PIV3) are the viral pathogens most commonly causing ALRI in children, particularly the infant population. Currently, no vaccine exists for either virus. Over the last decade, promising advances have been made. Protection of neonates via maternal RSV immunisation is being assessed in a phase III clinical trial, with many other candidates for RSV and PIV3 at less advanced stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleisha J Anderson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Princess Margaret Hospital, Roberts Rd, Subiaco, WA, Australia
| | - Tom L Snelling
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Princess Margaret Hospital, Roberts Rd, Subiaco, WA, Australia.,Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Roberts Rd, Subiaco, WA, Australia
| | - Hannah C Moore
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Roberts Rd, Subiaco, WA, Australia
| | - Christopher C Blyth
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Princess Margaret Hospital, Roberts Rd, Subiaco, WA, Australia. .,Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Roberts Rd, Subiaco, WA, Australia. .,Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital, University of Western Australia, Roberts Rd, Subiaco, WA, Australia. .,PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Department of Microbiology, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
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