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Keeley TP, Mann GE. Defining Physiological Normoxia for Improved Translation of Cell Physiology to Animal Models and Humans. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:161-234. [PMID: 30354965 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The extensive oxygen gradient between the air we breathe (Po2 ~21 kPa) and its ultimate distribution within mitochondria (as low as ~0.5-1 kPa) is testament to the efforts expended in limiting its inherent toxicity. It has long been recognized that cell culture undertaken under room air conditions falls short of replicating this protection in vitro. Despite this, difficulty in accurately determining the appropriate O2 levels in which to culture cells, coupled with a lack of the technology to replicate and maintain a physiological O2 environment in vitro, has hindered addressing this issue thus far. In this review, we aim to address the current understanding of tissue Po2 distribution in vivo and summarize the attempts made to replicate these conditions in vitro. The state-of-the-art techniques employed to accurately determine O2 levels, as well as the issues associated with reproducing physiological O2 levels in vitro, are also critically reviewed. We aim to provide the framework for researchers to undertake cell culture under O2 levels relevant to specific tissues and organs. We envisage that this review will facilitate a paradigm shift, enabling translation of findings under physiological conditions in vitro to disease pathology and the design of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Keeley
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni E Mann
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London , London , United Kingdom
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Pattappa G, Johnstone B, Zellner J, Docheva D, Angele P. The Importance of Physioxia in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Chondrogenesis and the Mechanisms Controlling Its Response. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E484. [PMID: 30678074 PMCID: PMC6387316 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage covers the surface of synovial joints and enables joint movement. However, it is susceptible to progressive degeneration with age that can be accelerated by either previous joint injury or meniscectomy. This degenerative disease is known as osteoarthritis (OA) and it greatly affects the adult population. Cell-based tissue engineering provides a possible solution for treating OA at its earliest stages, particularly focal cartilage lesions. A candidate cell type for treating these focal defects are Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs). However, present methods for differentiating these cells towards the chondrogenic lineage lead to hypertrophic chondrocytes and bone formation in vivo. Environmental stimuli that can stabilise the articular chondrocyte phenotype without compromising tissue formation have been extensively investigated. One factor that has generated intensive investigation in MSC chondrogenesis is low oxygen tension or physioxia (2⁻5% oxygen). In vivo articular cartilage resides at oxygen tensions between 1⁻4%, and in vitro results suggest that these conditions are beneficial for MSC expansion and chondrogenesis, particularly in suppressing the cartilage hypertrophy. This review will summarise the current literature regarding the effects of physioxia on MSC chondrogenesis with an emphasis on the pathways that control tissue formation and cartilage hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish Pattappa
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz Josef Strauss Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Brian Johnstone
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Johannes Zellner
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz Josef Strauss Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Denitsa Docheva
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz Josef Strauss Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Peter Angele
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz Josef Strauss Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
- Sporthopaedicum Regensburg, Hildegard von Bingen Strasse 1, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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Jonitz-Heincke A, Klinder A, Boy D, Salamon A, Hansmann D, Pasold J, Buettner A, Bader R. In Vitro Analysis of the Differentiation Capacity of Postmortally Isolated Human Chondrocytes Influenced by Different Growth Factors and Oxygen Levels. Cartilage 2019; 10:111-119. [PMID: 28715962 PMCID: PMC6376569 DOI: 10.1177/1947603517719318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the present in vitro study, we analyzed the chondrogenic differentiation capacity of human chondrocytes postmortally isolated from unaffected knee cartilage by the addition of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and/or insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and different oxygen levels. DESIGN After 14 and 35 days, DNA concentrations and protein contents of Col1, Col2, aggrecan as well as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) of chondrocytes cultivated as pellet cultures were analyzed. Additionally, expression rates of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-associated differentiation markers were assessed in monolayer cultures. RESULTS All cultivated chondrocytes were found to be CD29+/CD44+/CD105+/CD166+. Chondrocytic pellets stimulated with TGF-β1 showed enhanced synthesis rates of hyaline cartilage markers and reduced expression of the non-hyaline cartilage marker Col1 under hypoxic culture conditions. CONCLUSIONS Our results underline the substantial chondrogenic potential of human chondrocytes postmortally isolated from unaffected articular knee cartilage especially in case of TGF-β1 administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Jonitz-Heincke
- Department of Orthopaedics, Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany,Anika Jonitz-Heincke, Department of Orthopaedics, Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, University Medical Center Rostock, Doberaner Strasse 142, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Annett Klinder
- Department of Orthopaedics, Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Diana Boy
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Achim Salamon
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Doris Hansmann
- Department of Orthopaedics, Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Juliane Pasold
- Department of Orthopaedics, Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Andreas Buettner
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Rainer Bader
- Department of Orthopaedics, Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Combination of Epigallocatechin Gallate and Sulforaphane Counteracts In Vitro Oxidative Stress and Delays Stemness Loss of Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:5263985. [PMID: 30647811 PMCID: PMC6311758 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5263985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSCs) are characterized in vivo by a unique niche guarantying their homeostatic role in the body. Maintaining the functionality of stem cells ex vivo for clinical applications requires a continuous improvement of cell culture conditions. Cellular redox status plays an important role in stem cell biology as long as reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration is finely regulated and their adverse effects are excluded. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of two antioxidants, sulforaphane (SF) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), against in vitro oxidative stress due to hyperoxia and freeze-thawing cycles in AFSCs. Human AFSCs were isolated and characterized from healthy subjects. Assays of metabolic function and antioxidant activity were performed to investigate the effect of SF and EGCG cotreatment on AFSCs. Real-time PCR was used to investigate the effect of the cotreatment on pluripotency, senescence, osteogenic and adipogenic markers, and antioxidant enzymes. Alkaline phosphatase assays and Alizarin Red staining were used to confirm osteogenic differentiation. The cotreatment with SF and EGCG was effective in reducing ROS production, increasing GSH levels, and enhancing the endogenous antioxidant defences through the upregulation of glutathione reductase, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-1, and thioredoxin reductase. Intriguingly, the cotreatment sustained the stemness state by upregulating pluripotency markers such as OCT4 and NANOG. Moreover, the cotreatment influenced senescence-associated gene markers in respect to untreated cells. The cotreatment upregulated osteogenic gene markers and promoted osteogenic differentiation in vitro. SF and EGCG can be used in combination in AFSC culture as a strategy to preserve stem cell functionality.
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Zhou L, Niu X, Liang J, Li J, Li J, Cheng Y, Meng Y, Wang Q, Yang X, Wang G, Shi Y, Dang E, Zhang K. Efficient differentiation of vascular endothelial cells from dermal-derived mesenchymal stem cells induced by endothelial cell lines conditioned medium. Acta Histochem 2018; 120:734-740. [PMID: 30143315 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To directionally-differentiate dermis-derived mesenchymal stem cells (DMSCs) into vascular endothelial cells (VECs) in vitro, providing an experimental basis for studies on the pathogenesis and treatment of vascular diseases. METHODS After separation by adherent culture, VEC line supernatant, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), bone morphogenetic protein-4 and hypoxia were used for the differentiation of VECs from DMSCs. The cell type was authenticated by flow cytometry, matrigel angiogenesis assay in vitro, and immunofluorescent staining during differentiation. The VEGF concentration was investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS After 28 days of differentiation, the cell surface marker CD31 was significantly positive (80%-90%) by flow cytometry in the VEC line-conditioned culture, which was significantly higher than in the other groups. Differentiated DMSCs had the ability to ingest Dil-ac-LDL and vascularize in the conditioned culture, but not in the other groups. In the VEC line supernatant, the concentration of VEGF was very low. The VEGF concentration changed along with the differentiation into VECs in the medium of the conditioned culture group. CONCLUSION VEC line supernatant can induce the differentiation of DMSCs into VECs, possibly through the pathway except VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhou
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cell for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan City Centre Hospital, No. 1 Dong San Dao Xiang, Jiefang Road, Taiyuan 030009, Shanxi Province, China(1)
| | - Xuping Niu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cell for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan City Centre Hospital, No. 1 Dong San Dao Xiang, Jiefang Road, Taiyuan 030009, Shanxi Province, China(1)
| | - Jiannan Liang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cell for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan City Centre Hospital, No. 1 Dong San Dao Xiang, Jiefang Road, Taiyuan 030009, Shanxi Province, China(1)
| | - Junqin Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cell for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan City Centre Hospital, No. 1 Dong San Dao Xiang, Jiefang Road, Taiyuan 030009, Shanxi Province, China(1)
| | - Jiao Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cell for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan City Centre Hospital, No. 1 Dong San Dao Xiang, Jiefang Road, Taiyuan 030009, Shanxi Province, China(1)
| | - Yueai Cheng
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cell for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan City Centre Hospital, No. 1 Dong San Dao Xiang, Jiefang Road, Taiyuan 030009, Shanxi Province, China(1)
| | - Yanfeng Meng
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cell for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan City Centre Hospital, No. 1 Dong San Dao Xiang, Jiefang Road, Taiyuan 030009, Shanxi Province, China(1)
| | - Qiang Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cell for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan City Centre Hospital, No. 1 Dong San Dao Xiang, Jiefang Road, Taiyuan 030009, Shanxi Province, China(1)
| | - Xiaoli Yang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cell for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan City Centre Hospital, No. 1 Dong San Dao Xiang, Jiefang Road, Taiyuan 030009, Shanxi Province, China(1)
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 15 Changle Road West, Xi'an, 710032, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yu Shi
- Department of Haematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Erle Dang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 15 Changle Road West, Xi'an, 710032, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Kaiming Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cell for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan City Centre Hospital, No. 1 Dong San Dao Xiang, Jiefang Road, Taiyuan 030009, Shanxi Province, China(1).
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Elkhenany H, AlOkda A, El-Badawy A, El-Badri N. Tissue regeneration: Impact of sleep on stem cell regenerative capacity. Life Sci 2018; 214:51-61. [PMID: 30393021 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The circadian rhythm orchestrates many cellular functions, such as cell division, cell migration, metabolism and numerous intracellular biological processes. The physiological changes during sleep are believed to promote a suitable microenvironment for stem cells to proliferate, migrate and differentiate. These effects are mediated either directly by circadian clock genes or indirectly via hormones and cytokines. Hormones, such as melatonin and cortisol, are secreted in response to neural optic signals and act in harmony to regulate many biological functions during sleep. Herein, we correlate the effects of the main circadian genes on the expression of certain stem cell genes responsible for the regeneration of different tissues, including bone, cartilage, skin, and intestine. We also review the effects of different hormones and cytokines on stem cell activation or suppression and their relationship to the day/night cycle. The correlation of circadian rhythm with tissue regeneration could have implications in understanding the biology of sleep and tissue regeneration and in enhancing the efficacy and timing of surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Elkhenany
- Centre of Excellence for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine (CESC), Zewail City of Science and Technology, 12588, Egypt; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, 22785, Egypt
| | - Abdelrahman AlOkda
- Centre of Excellence for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine (CESC), Zewail City of Science and Technology, 12588, Egypt
| | - Ahmed El-Badawy
- Centre of Excellence for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine (CESC), Zewail City of Science and Technology, 12588, Egypt
| | - Nagwa El-Badri
- Centre of Excellence for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine (CESC), Zewail City of Science and Technology, 12588, Egypt.
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Bahsoun S, Coopman K, Forsyth NR, Akam EC. The Role of Dissolved Oxygen Levels on Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Culture Success, Regulatory Compliance, and Therapeutic Potential. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:1303-1321. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Soukaina Bahsoun
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Coopman
- Centre for Biological Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas R. Forsyth
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth C. Akam
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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58
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Futrega K, Mosaad E, Chambers K, Lott WB, Clements J, Doran MR. Bone marrow-derived stem/stromal cells (BMSC) 3D microtissues cultured in BMP-2 supplemented osteogenic induction medium are prone to adipogenesis. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 374:541-553. [PMID: 30136155 PMCID: PMC6267724 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2894-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (BMSC) may facilitate bone repair through secretion of factors that stimulate endogenous repair processes or through direct contribution to new bone through differentiation into osteoblast-like cells. BMSC microtissue culture and differentiation has been widely explored recently, with high-throughput platforms making large-scale manufacture of microtissues increasingly feasible. Bone-like BMSC microtissues could offer an elegant method to enhance bone repair, especially in small-volume non-union defects, where small diameter microtissues could be delivered orthoscopically. Using a high-throughput microwell platform, our data demonstrate that (1) BMSC in 3D microtissue culture result in tissue compaction, rather than growth, (2) not all mineralised bone-like matrix is incorporated in the bulk microtissue mass and (3) a significant amount of lipid vacuole formation is observed in BMSC microtissues exposed to BMP-2. These factors should be considered when optimising BMSC osteogenesis in microtissues or developing BMSC microtissue-based therapeutic delivery processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Futrega
- Stem Cell Therapies Laboratory, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, Australia.,Science and Engineering Faculty (SEF), Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, Australia
| | - E Mosaad
- Stem Cell Therapies Laboratory, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, Australia.,Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland (APCRC-Q), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI) & School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, Australia.,Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - K Chambers
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - W B Lott
- Stem Cell Therapies Laboratory, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, Australia.,Science and Engineering Faculty (SEF), Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, Australia
| | - J Clements
- Science and Engineering Faculty (SEF), Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, Australia
| | - M R Doran
- Stem Cell Therapies Laboratory, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, Australia. .,Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland (APCRC-Q), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI) & School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, Australia. .,Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland (UQ), Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, Australia. .,Australian National Centre for the Public Awareness of Science, Australian National University (ANU), Canberra, Australia.
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Rim YA, Nam Y, Park N, Lee J, Park SH, Ju JH. Repair potential of nonsurgically delivered induced pluripotent stem cell-derived chondrocytes in a rat osteochondral defect model. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:1843-1855. [PMID: 29770595 DOI: 10.1002/term.2705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are thought to be an alternative cell source for future regenerative medicine. hiPSCs may allow unlimited production of cell types that have low turnover rates and are difficult to obtain such as autologous chondrocytes. In this study, we generated hiPSC-derived chondrogenic pellets, and chondrocytes were isolated. To confirm the curative effects, chondrogenic pellets and isolated chondrocytes were transplanted into rat joints with osteochondral defects. Isolated hiPSC-derived chondrocytes were delivered in the defect by a single intra-articular injection. The generated hiPSC-derived chondrogenic pellets had increased chondrogenic marker expression and accumulated extracellular matrix proteins. Chondrocytes were successfully isolated from the pellets. Alcian blue staining and collagen type II were detected in the cells. Chondrogenic marker expression was also increased in the isolated cells. Transplanted chondrogenic pellets and chondrocytes both had curative effects in the osteochondral defect rat model. Detection of human proteins in the joints proved that the cells were successfully delivered into the defect. Chondrogenic pellets or chondrocytes generated from hiPSCs have potential as regenerative medicine for cartilage recovery or regeneration. Chondrocytes isolated from hiPSC-derived chondrogenic pellets had curative effects in damaged cartilage. Injectable hiPSC-derived chondrocytes show the possibility of noninvasive delivery of regenerative medicine for cartilage recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeri Alice Rim
- CiSTEM Laboratory, Catholic iPSC Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoojun Nam
- CiSTEM Laboratory, Catholic iPSC Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Narae Park
- CiSTEM Laboratory, Catholic iPSC Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jennifer Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ju
- CiSTEM Laboratory, Catholic iPSC Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Jia S, Wang J, Zhang T, Pan W, Li Z, He X, Yang C, Wu Q, Sun W, Xiong Z, Hao D. Multilayered Scaffold with a Compact Interfacial Layer Enhances Osteochondral Defect Repair. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:20296-20305. [PMID: 29808989 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b03445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Repairing osteochondral defect (OCD) using advanced biomaterials that structurally, biologically, and mechanically fulfill the criteria for stratified tissue regeneration remains a significant challenge for researchers. Here, a multilayered scaffold (MLS) with hierarchical organization and heterogeneous composition is developed to mimic the stratified structure and complex components of natural osteochondral tissues. Specifically, the intermediate compact interfacial layer within the MLS is designed to resemble the osteochondral interface to realize the closely integrated layered structure. Subsequently, macroscopic observations, histological evaluation, and biomechanical and biochemical assessments are performed to evaluate the ability of the MLS of repairing OCD in a goat model. By 48 weeks postimplantation, superior hyalinelike cartilage and sound subchondral bone are observed in the MLS group. Furthermore, the biomimetic MLS significantly enhances the biomechanical and biochemical properties of the neo-osteochondral tissue. Taken together, these results confirm the potential of this optimized MLS as an advanced strategy for OCD repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaijun Jia
- Department of Orthopaedics, Hong Hui Hospital , Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710054 , P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Science and Techonology on Thermostructural Composite Materials Laboratory , Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an 710068 , P. R. China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Science and Techonology on Thermostructural Composite Materials Laboratory , Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an 710068 , P. R. China
| | - Weimin Pan
- Department of Human Movement Studies , Xi'an Physical Education University , Xi'an 710068 , P. R. China
| | - Zhong Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Hong Hui Hospital , Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710054 , P. R. China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Orthopaedics, Hong Hui Hospital , Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710054 , P. R. China
| | - Chongfei Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital , The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an 710032 , P. R. China
| | - Qining Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Hong Hui Hospital , Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710054 , P. R. China
| | - Wei Sun
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Xiong
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
| | - Dingjun Hao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Hong Hui Hospital , Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710054 , P. R. China
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Music E, Futrega K, Doran MR. Sheep as a model for evaluating mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC)-based chondral defect repair. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2018; 26:730-740. [PMID: 29580978 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis results from the degradation of articular cartilage and is one of the leading global causes of pain and immobility. Cartilage has a limited capacity for self-repair. While repair can be enhanced through surgical intervention, current methods often generate inferior fibrocartilage and repair is transient. The development of tissue engineering strategies to improve repair outcomes is an active area of research. While small animal models such as rodents and rabbits are often used in early pre-clinical work, larger animals that better recapitulate the anatomy and loading of the human joint are required for late-stage preclinical evaluation. Because of their physiological similarities to humans, and low cost relative to other large animals, sheep are routinely used in orthopedic research, including cartilage repair studies. In recent years, there has been considerable research investment into the development of cartilage repair strategies that utilize mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC). In contrast to autologous chondrocytes derived from biopsies of articular cartilage, MSC offer some benefits including greater expansion capacity and elimination of the risk of morbidity at the cartilage biopsy site. The disadvantages of MSC are related to the challenges of inducing and maintaining a stable chondrocyte-like cell population capable of generating hyaline cartilage. Ovine MSC (oMSC) biology and their utility in sheep cartilage repair models have not been reviewed. Herein, we review the biological properties of MSC derived from sheep tissues, and the use of these cells to study articular cartilage repair in this large animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Music
- Queensland University of Technology, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - K Futrega
- Queensland University of Technology, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - M R Doran
- Queensland University of Technology, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Australian National Centre for the Public Awareness of Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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Using high throughput microtissue culture to study the difference in prostate cancer cell behavior and drug response in 2D and 3D co-cultures. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:592. [PMID: 29793440 PMCID: PMC5968610 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4473-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is increasing appreciation that non-cancer cells within the tumour microenvironment influence cancer progression and anti-cancer drug efficacy. For metastatic prostate cancer (PCa), the bone marrow microenvironment influences metastasis, drug response, and possibly drug resistance. Methods Using a novel microwell platform, the Microwell-mesh, we manufactured hundreds of 3D co-culture microtissues formed from PCa cells and bone marrow stromal cells. We used luciferase-expressing C42B PCa cells to enable quantification of the number of PCa cells in complex microtissue co-cultures. This strategy enabled us to quantify specific PCa cell growth and death in response to drug treatment, in different co-culture conditions. In parallel, we used Transwell migration assays to characterize PCa cell migration towards different 2D and 3D stromal cell populations. Results Our results reveal that PCa cell migration varied depending on the relative aggressiveness of the PCa cell lines, the stromal cell composition, and stromal cell 2D or 3D geometry. We found that C42B cell sensitivity to Docetaxel varied depending on culture geometry, and the presence or absence of different stromal cell populations. By contrast, the C42B cell response to Abiraterone Acetate was dependent on geometry, but not on the presence or absence of stromal cells. Conclusion In summary, stromal cell composition and geometry influences PCa cell migration, growth and drug response. The Microwell-mesh and microtissues are powerful tools to study these complex 3D interactions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4473-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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63
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Yeung P, Zhang W, Wang X, Yan C, Chan B. A human osteoarthritis osteochondral organ culture model for cartilage tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2018; 162:1-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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64
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Mosaad EO, Chambers KF, Futrega K, Clements JA, Doran MR. The Microwell-mesh: A high-throughput 3D prostate cancer spheroid and drug-testing platform. Sci Rep 2018; 8:253. [PMID: 29321576 PMCID: PMC5762676 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment following early diagnosis of Prostate cancer (PCa) is increasingly successful, whilst the treatment of advanced and metastatic PCa remains challenging. A major limitation in the development of new therapies is the prediction of drug efficacy using in vitro models. Classic in vitro 2-dimensional (2D) cell monolayer cultures are hypersensitive to anti-cancer drugs. As a result, there has been a surge in the development of platforms that enable three dimensional (3D) cultures thought to better replicate natural physiology and better predict drug efficacy. A deficiency associated with most 3D culture systems is that their complexity reduces the number of replicates and combination therapies that can be feasibly evaluated. Herein, we describe the use of a microwell platform that utilises a nylon mesh to retain 3D micro-tumours in discrete microwells; termed the Microwell-mesh. The Microwell-mesh enables the manufacture of ~150 micro-tumours per well in a 48-well plate, and response to anti-tumour drugs can be readily quantified. Our results demonstrate that 3D micro-tumours, unlike 2D monolayers, are not hypersensitive to Docetaxel or Abiraterone Acetate, providing a superior platform for the evaluation of sequential drug treatment. In summary, the Microwell-mesh provides an efficient 3D micro-tumour platform for single and sequential drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Mosaad
- Stem Cell Therapies Laboratory, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, Australia.,Biochemistry division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - K F Chambers
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - K Futrega
- Stem Cell Therapies Laboratory, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, Australia
| | - J A Clements
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland (APCRC-Q), Brisbane, Australia
| | - M R Doran
- Stem Cell Therapies Laboratory, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, Australia. .,Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland (APCRC-Q), Brisbane, Australia. .,Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, Australia. .,Australian National Centre for the Public Awareness of Science, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
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65
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Rettinger CL, Leung KP, Chan RK. Scaffold-Free, Size-Controlled Three-Dimensional Culture of Rabbit Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1773:21-30. [PMID: 29687378 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7799-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells are capable of self-renewal and differentiation along multiple cell lineages, and have potential applications in a wide range of therapies. ASCs are commonly cultured as monolayers on tissue culture plastic, but there are indications that they may lose their cell-specific properties with time in vitro. There has been a growing interest in culturing adherent cells using three-dimensional techniques based on the understanding that growing cells on plastic surfaces cannot truly recapitulate 3D in vivo conditions. Here we describe a novel method for generating and culturing rabbit ASCs as scaffold-free 3D cell aggregates using micropatterned wells via a forced aggregation technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Rettinger
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX, 78234-6315, USA
| | - Kai P Leung
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX, 78234-6315, USA
| | - Rodney K Chan
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX, 78234-6315, USA.
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66
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Tangtrongsup S, Kisiday JD. Modulating the oxidative environment during mesenchymal stem cells chondrogenesis with serum increases collagen accumulation in agarose culture. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:506-514. [PMID: 28548680 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is induced in culture conditions that have been associated with oxidative stress, although the extent to which the oxidative environment affects differentiation and extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation is not known. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the oxidative environment during MSCs chondrogenesis in conventional serum-free medium, and the effect of serum-supplementation on intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and chondrogenesis. Young adult equine MSCs were seeded into agarose and cultured in chondrogenic medium, with or without 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS), for up to 15 days. Samples were evaluated for intracellular ROS, the antioxidant glutathione, ECM and gene expression measures of chondrogenesis, and carbonylation as an indicator of oxidative damage. Intracellular ROS increased with time in culture, and was lower in medium supplemented with FBS. Glutathione decreased ∼12-fold during early chondrogenesis (p < 0.0001), and was not affected by FBS (p = 0.25). After 15 days of culture, FBS supplementation increased hydroxyproline accumulation ∼80% (p = 0.0002); otherwise, measures of chondrogenesis were largely unaffected. Protein carbonylation in chondrogenic MSCs cultures was not significantly different between serum-free and FBS cultures (p = 0.72). Supplementation with adult equine serum increased hydroxyproline accumulation by 45% over serum-free culture (p = 0.0006). In conclusion, this study characterized changes in the oxidative environment during MSC chondrogenesis, and suggested that lowering ROS may be an effective approach to increase collagen accumulation. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:506-514, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwimol Tangtrongsup
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, Colorado
| | - John D Kisiday
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, Colorado
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Confalonieri D, Schwab A, Walles H, Ehlicke F. Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products: A Guide for Bone Marrow-derived MSC Application in Bone and Cartilage Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2017; 24:155-169. [PMID: 28990462 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2017.0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Millions of people worldwide suffer from trauma- or age-related orthopedic diseases such as osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, or cancer. Tissue Engineering (TE) and Regenerative Medicine are multidisciplinary fields focusing on the development of artificial organs, biomimetic engineered tissues, and cells to restore or maintain tissue and organ function. While allogenic and future autologous transplantations are nowadays the gold standards for both cartilage and bone defect repair, they are both subject to important limitations such as availability of healthy tissue, donor site morbidity, and graft rejection. Tissue engineered bone and cartilage products represent a promising and alternative approach with the potential to overcome these limitations. Since the development of Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMPs) such as TE products requires the knowledge of diverse regulation and an extensive communication with the national/international authorities, the aim of this review is therefore to summarize the state of the art on the clinical applications of human bone marrow-derived stromal cells for cartilage and bone TE. In addition, this review provides an overview of the European legislation to facilitate the development and commercialization of new ATMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Confalonieri
- 1 Department Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg , Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Schwab
- 1 Department Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg , Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Heike Walles
- 1 Department Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg , Wuerzburg, Germany .,2 Translational Center Wuerzburg "Regenerative Therapies in Oncology and Musculoskeletal Disease," Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Ehlicke
- 1 Department Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg , Wuerzburg, Germany
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68
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Huang X, Hou Y, Zhong L, Huang D, Qian H, Karperien M, Chen W. Promoted Chondrogenesis of Cocultured Chondrocytes and Mesenchymal Stem Cells under Hypoxia Using In-situ Forming Degradable Hydrogel Scaffolds. Biomacromolecules 2017; 19:94-102. [PMID: 29211452 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of different oxygen tension (21% and 2.5% O2) on the chondrogenesis of different cell systems cultured in pH-degradable PVA hydrogels, including human articular chondrocytes (hACs), human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), and their cocultures with a hAC/hMSC ratio of 20/80. These hydrogels were prepared with vinyl ether acrylate-functionalized PVA (PVA-VEA) and thiolated PVA-VEA (PVA-VEA-SH) via Michael-type addition reaction. The rheology tests determined the gelation of the hydrogels was controlled within 2-7 min, dependent on the polymer concentrations. The different cell systems were cultured in the hydrogel scaffolds for 5 weeks, and the safranin O and GAG assay showed that hypoxia (2.5% O2) greatly promoted the cartilage matrix production with an order of hAC > hAC/hMSC > hMSC. The real time quantitative PCR (RT-PCR) revealed that the hMSC group exhibited the highest hypertrophic marker gene expression (COL10A1, ALPL, MMP13) as well as the dedifferentiated marker gene expression (COL1A1) under normoxia conditions (21% O2), while these expressions were greatly inhibited by coculturing with a 20% amount of hACs and significantly further repressed under hypoxia conditions, which was comparative to the sole hAC group. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) also showed that coculture of hMSC/hAC greatly reduced the catabolic gene expression of MMP1 and MMP3 compared with the hMSC group. It is obvious that the hypoxia conditions promoted the chondrogenesis of hMSC by adding a small amount of hACs, and also effectively inhibited their hypotrophy. We are convinced that coculture of hAC/hMSC using in situ forming hydrogel scaffolds is a promising approach to producing cell source for cartilage engineering without the huge needs of primary chondrocyte harvest and expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Huang
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA-Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Yong Hou
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Takustrasse 3, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - LeiLei Zhong
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA-Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Dechun Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Marcel Karperien
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA-Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Takustrasse 3, Berlin 14195, Germany
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69
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Wang H, Thorling CA, Xu ZP, Crawford DHG, Liang X, Liu X, Roberts MS. Visualization and Modeling of the In Vivo Distribution of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 43:2B.8.1-2B.8.17. [PMID: 29140565 DOI: 10.1002/cpsc.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This unit describes a protocol for elucidating the in vivo disposition of administered mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Specifically, direct visualization of donor cell spatiotemporal distribution and assessment of donor cell quantity in recipient organs are described. Protocols for data analysis are suggested, with the goal of developing a model to characterize and predict the physiological kinetics of administered MSCs. The use of this model is described, suggesting that it can be applied to abnormal conditions and has potential interspecies and inter-route predictive capability. These universal methods can be employed, regardless of the type of stem cell or disease, to guide future experiments and design treatment protocols. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haolu Wang
- Therapeutics Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Australia.,Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Camilla A Thorling
- Therapeutics Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Zhi Ping Xu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Darrell H G Crawford
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Gallipoli Medical Research Foundation, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Greenslopes, Australia
| | - Xiaowen Liang
- Therapeutics Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Xin Liu
- Therapeutics Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Michael S Roberts
- Therapeutics Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Australia.,School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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70
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Alves da Silva M, Martins A, Costa-Pinto AR, Monteiro N, Faria S, Reis RL, Neves NM. Electrospun Nanofibrous Meshes Cultured With Wharton's Jelly Stem Cell: An Alternative for Cartilage Regeneration, Without the Need of Growth Factors. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [PMID: 28902474 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Many efforts are being directed worldwide to the treatment of OA-focal lesions. The majority of those efforts comprise either the refinement of surgical techniques or combinations of biomaterials with various autologous cells. Herein, we tested electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibrous meshes for cartilage tissue engineering. For that, articular chondrocytes (hACs) isolated from human osteoarthritic joints and Wharton's Jelly Stem Cells (hWJSCs) are cultured on electrospun nanofiber meshes, without adding external growth factors. We observed higher glycosaminoglycans production and higher over-expression of cartilage-related genes from hWJSCs cultured with basal medium, when compared to hACs isolated from osteoarthritic joints. Moreover, the presence of sulfated proteoglycans and collagen type II is observed on both types of cell cultures. We believe that this effect is due to either the electrospun nanofibers topography or the intrinsic chondrogenic differentiation potential of hWJSCs. Therefore, we propose the electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds in combination with hWJSCs as a viable alternative to the commercial membranes used in autologous chondrogenic regeneration approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Alves da Silva
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Dept. of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, 4806-909 Taipas, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's Laboratório Associado PT Government Associate Laboratory, Portugal
| | - Albino Martins
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Dept. of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, 4806-909 Taipas, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's Laboratório Associado PT Government Associate Laboratory, Portugal
| | - Ana R Costa-Pinto
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Dept. of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, 4806-909 Taipas, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's Laboratório Associado PT Government Associate Laboratory, Portugal
| | - Nélson Monteiro
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Dept. of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, 4806-909 Taipas, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's Laboratório Associado PT Government Associate Laboratory, Portugal
| | - Susana Faria
- Prof. S. Faria, Department of Mathematics for Science and Technology, Research CMAT, University of Minho, Guimaraes, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Dept. of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, 4806-909 Taipas, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's Laboratório Associado PT Government Associate Laboratory, Portugal
| | - Nuno M Neves
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Dept. of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, 4806-909 Taipas, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's Laboratório Associado PT Government Associate Laboratory, Portugal
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71
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Cha JM, Park H, Shin EK, Sung JH, Kim O, Jung W, Bang OY, Kim J. A novel cylindrical microwell featuring inverted-pyramidal opening for efficient cell spheroid formation without cell loss. Biofabrication 2017; 9:035006. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aa8111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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72
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Futrega K, Atkinson K, Lott WB, Doran MR. Spheroid Coculture of Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells and Monolayer Expanded Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells in Polydimethylsiloxane Microwells Modestly Improves In Vitro Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cell Expansion. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2017; 23:200-218. [PMID: 28406754 PMCID: PMC5397247 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2016.0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
While two-dimensional (2D) monolayers of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have been shown to enhance hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) expansion in vitro, expanded cells do not engraft long term in human recipients. This outcome is attributed to the failure of 2D culture to recapitulate the bone marrow (BM) niche signal milieu. Herein, we evaluated the capacity of a novel three-dimensional (3D) coculture system to support HSPC expansion in vitro. A high-throughput polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microwell platform was used to manufacture thousands of uniform 3D multicellular coculture spheroids. Relative gene expression in 3D spheroid versus 2D adherent BM-derived MSC cultures was characterized and compared with literature reports. We evaluated coculture spheroids, each containing 25-400 MSCs and 10 umbilical cord blood (CB)-derived CD34+ progenitor cells. At low exogenous cytokine concentrations, 2D and 3D MSC coculture modestly improved overall hematopoietic cell and CD34+ cell expansion outcomes. By contrast, a substantial increase in CD34+CD38- cell yield was observed in PDMS microwell cultures, regardless of the presence or absence of MSCs. This outcome indicated that CD34+CD38- cell culture yield could be increased using the microwell platform alone, even without MSC coculture support. We found that the increase in CD34+CD38- cell yield observed in PDMS microwell cultures did not translate to enhanced engraftment in NOD/SCID gamma (NSG) mice or a modification in the relative human hematopoietic lineages established in engrafted mice. In summary, there was no statistical difference in CD34+ cell yield from 2D or 3D cocultures, and MSC coculture support provided only modest benefit in either geometry. While the high-throughput 3D microwell platform may provide a useful model system for studying cells in coculture, further optimization will be required to generate HSPC yields suitable for use in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Futrega
- 1 Stem Cell Therapies Laboratory, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kerry Atkinson
- 1 Stem Cell Therapies Laboratory, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, Australia
| | - William B Lott
- 1 Stem Cell Therapies Laboratory, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael R Doran
- 1 Stem Cell Therapies Laboratory, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, Australia .,2 Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute , Brisbane, Australia
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73
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Henrionnet C, Liang G, Roeder E, Dossot M, Wang H, Magdalou J, Gillet P, Pinzano A. * Hypoxia for Mesenchymal Stem Cell Expansion and Differentiation: The Best Way for Enhancing TGFß-Induced Chondrogenesis and Preventing Calcifications in Alginate Beads. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 23:913-922. [PMID: 28385113 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the respective influence of a sequential or a continuous hypoxia during expansion and transforming growth factor beta 1-driven chondrogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The differentiation was performed within alginate beads, a classical tool for the implantation of MSCs within the joint. The standard normoxic 2D (expansion) and 3D (differentiation) MSCs cultures served as reference. To determine the quality of chondrogenesis, we analyzed typical markers such as type II and X collagens, SOX9, COMP, versican, and aggrecan mRNAs using polymerase chain reaction and we assessed the production of type II collagen and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α by histological stainings. We simultaneously assessed the expression of osteogenic mRNAs (Alkaline Phosphatase, RUNX2, and Osteocalcin) and the presence of micro-calcifications by Alizarin red and Raman spectroscopy. Chondrogenic differentiation is clearly improved by hypoxia in 3D. Best results were obtained when the entire process, that is, 2D expansion and 3D differentiation, was performed under continuous 5% hypoxic condition. In addition, no calcification (hydroxyapatite, proved by RAMAN) was observed after 2D hypoxic expansion even in the case of a normoxic differentiation, in contrast with controls. Finally, a better chondrogenic differentiation of human MSCs is achieved when a reduced oxygen tension is applied during both expansion and differentiation times, avoiding in vitro osteogenic commitment of cells and subsequently the calcification deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gai Liang
- 1 UMR 7365 CNRS-Université de Lorraine , Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France .,2 Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
| | - Emilie Roeder
- 1 UMR 7365 CNRS-Université de Lorraine , Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France
| | - Manuel Dossot
- 3 LCPME, UMR 7564 CNRS Université de Lorraine , Villers-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Hui Wang
- 2 Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
| | - Jacques Magdalou
- 1 UMR 7365 CNRS-Université de Lorraine , Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France
| | - Pierre Gillet
- 1 UMR 7365 CNRS-Université de Lorraine , Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France
| | - Astrid Pinzano
- 1 UMR 7365 CNRS-Université de Lorraine , Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France
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74
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Leijs MJC, van Buul GM, Verhaar JAN, Hoogduijn MJ, Bos PK, van Osch GJVM. Pre-Treatment of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells With Inflammatory Factors or Hypoxia Does Not Influence Migration to Osteoarthritic Cartilage and Synovium. Am J Sports Med 2017; 45:1151-1161. [PMID: 28114800 DOI: 10.1177/0363546516682710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are promising candidates as a cell-based therapy for osteoarthritis (OA), although current results are modest. Pre-treatment of MSCs before application might improve their therapeutic efficacy. HYPOTHESIS Pre-treatment of MSCs with inflammatory factors or hypoxia will improve their migration and adhesion capacities toward OA-affected tissues. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS We used real-time polymerase chain reaction to determine the effects of different fetal calf serum (FCS) batches, platelet lysate (PL), hypoxia, inflammatory factors, factors secreted by OA tissues, and OA synovial fluid (SF) on the expression of 12 genes encoding chemokine or adhesion receptors. Migration of MSCs toward factors secreted by OA tissues was studied in vitro, and attachment of injected MSCs was evaluated in vivo in healthy and OA knees of male Wistar rats. RESULTS Different FCS batches, PL, or hypoxia did not influence the expression of the migration and adhesion receptor genes. Exposure to inflammatory factors altered the expression of CCR1, CCR4, CD44, PDGFRα, and PDGFRβ. MSCs migrated toward factors secreted by OA tissues in vitro. Neither pre-treatment with inflammatory factors nor the presence of OA influenced MSC migration in vitro or adhesion in vivo. CONCLUSION Factors secreted by OA tissues increase MSC migration in vitro. In vivo, no difference in MSC adhesion was found between OA and healthy knees. Pre-treatment with inflammatory factors influenced the expression of migration and adhesion receptors of MSCs but not their migration in vitro or adhesion in vivo. CLINICAL RELEVANCE To improve the therapeutic capacity of intra-articular injection of MSCs, they need to remain intra-articular for a longer period of time. Pre-treatment of MSCs with hypoxia or inflammatory factors did not increase the migration or adhesion capacity of MSCs and will therefore not likely prolong their intra-articular longevity. Alternative approaches to prolong the intra-articular presence of MSCs should be developed to increase the therapeutic effect of MSCs in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten J C Leijs
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jan A N Verhaar
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Pieter K Bos
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerjo J V M van Osch
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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75
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Rodenas-Rochina J, Kelly DJ, Gómez Ribelles JL, Lebourg M. Influence of oxygen levels on chondrogenesis of porcine mesenchymal stem cells cultured in polycaprolactone scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:1684-1691. [PMID: 28218494 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is known to be regulated by a number of environmental factors, including local oxygen levels. The hypothesis of this study is that the response of MSCs to hypoxia is dependent on the physical and chemical characteristics of the substrate used. The objective of this study was to explore how different modifications to polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds influenced the response of MSCs to hypoxia. PCL, PCL-hyaluronic acid (HA), and PCL-Bioglass® (BG) scaffolds were seeded with MSCs derived from bone marrow and cultured for 35 days under normoxic or low oxygen conditions, and the resulting biochemical properties of the MSC laden construct were assessed. Low oxygen tension has a positive effect over cell proliferation and macromolecules biosynthesis. Furthermore, hypoxia enhanced the distribution of collagen and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) deposition through the scaffold. On the other hand, MSCs displayed certain material dependent responses to hypoxia. Low oxygen tension had a positive effect on cell proliferation in BG and HA scaffolds, but only a positive effect on GAGs synthesis in PCL and HA scaffolds. In conclusion, hypoxia increased cell viability and expression of chondrogenic markers but the cell response was modulated by the type of scaffold used. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 1684-1691, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin Rodenas-Rochina
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, CBIT, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Daniel J Kelly
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research (AMBER) Centre, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jose Luis Gómez Ribelles
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, CBIT, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, (CIBER-BBN), Valencia, Spain
| | - Myriam Lebourg
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, CBIT, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, (CIBER-BBN), Valencia, Spain
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76
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Proteomic analysis of chondromodulin-I-induced differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into chondrocytes. J Proteomics 2017; 159:1-18. [PMID: 28263889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To identify novel proteins that might help clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying chondromodulin-I (ChM-I) induction of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) differentiate into chondrocytes. MSCs are triggered to differentiate into chondrocytes, which are recognized as important factors in cartilage tissue engineering. ChM-I is a glycoprotein that stimulates the growth of chondrocytes and inhibits angiogenesis in vitro. In this study, the proteomic approach was used to evaluate protein changes between undifferentiated MSCs and ChM-I-transfected MSCs. The expression of the protein spots was analyzed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Then, 14 protein spots were identified between MSCs and ChM-I-transfected MSCs. 309 proteins were identified using mass spectrometry (MS). The differentially regulated proteins were categorized and annotated using Protein Analysis Through Evolutionary Relationships (PANTHER) analysis with the aid of the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) tool. These proteins are included in a variety of metabolic pathways and signal transduction pathways, such as focal adhesion, glycolysis, actin cytoskeleton regulation, and ribosome. These results demonstrate novel information about the molecular mechanism by which ChM-I induce MSCs to differentiate into chondrocytes. These results also provide a solid foundation for the development of tissue-engineered cartilage.
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77
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Practical methods for handling human periodontal ligament stem cells in serum-free and serum-containing culture conditions under hypoxia: implications for regenerative medicine. Hum Cell 2017; 30:169-180. [PMID: 28168362 PMCID: PMC5486878 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-017-0161-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies depend on the reliable expansion of patient-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in vitro. The supplementation of cell culture media with serum is associated with several risks; accordingly, serum-free media are commercially available for cell culture. Furthermore, hypoxia is known to accelerate the expansion of MSCs. The present study aimed to characterize the properties of periodontal ligament-derived MSCs (PDLSCs) cultivated in serum-free and serum-containing media, under hypoxic and normoxic conditions. Cell growth, gene and protein expression, cytodifferentiation potential, genomic stability, cytotoxic response, and in vivo hard tissue generation of PDLSCs were examined. Our findings indicated that cultivation in serum-free medium does not affect the MSC phenotype or chromosomal stability of PDLSCs. PDLSCs expanded in serum-free medium exhibited more active growth than in fetal bovine serum-containing medium. We found that hypoxia does not alter the cell growth of PDLSCs under serum-free conditions, but inhibits their osteogenic and adipogenic cytodifferentiation while enabling maintenance of their multidifferentiation potential regardless of the presence of serum. PDLSCs expanded in serum-free medium were found to retain common MSC characteristics, including the capacity for hard tissue formation in vivo. However, PDLSCs cultured in serum-free culture conditions were more susceptible to damage following exposure to extrinsic cytotoxic stimuli than those cultured in medium supplemented with serum, suggesting that serum-free culture conditions do not exert protective effects against cytotoxicity on PDLSC cultures. The present work provides a comparative evaluation of cell culture in serum-free and serum-containing media, under hypoxic and normoxic conditions, for applications in regenerative medicine.
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78
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Anderson DE, Markway BD, Bond D, McCarthy HE, Johnstone B. Responses to altered oxygen tension are distinct between human stem cells of high and low chondrogenic capacity. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:154. [PMID: 27765063 PMCID: PMC5073443 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0419-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lowering oxygen from atmospheric level (hyperoxia) to the physiological level (physioxia) of articular cartilage promotes mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) chondrogenesis. However, the literature is equivocal regarding the benefits of physioxic culture on preventing hypertrophy of MSC-derived chondrocytes. Articular cartilage progenitors (ACPs) undergo chondrogenic differentiation with reduced hypertrophy marker expression in hyperoxia but have not been studied in physioxia. This study sought to delineate the effects of physioxic culture on both cell types undergoing chondrogenesis. METHODS MSCs were isolated from human bone marrow aspirates and ACP clones were isolated from healthy human cartilage. Cells were differentiated in pellet culture in physioxia (2 % oxygen) or hyperoxia (20 % oxygen) over 14 days. Chondrogenesis was characterized by biochemical assays and gene and protein expression analysis. RESULTS MSC preparations and ACP clones of high intrinsic chondrogenicity (termed high-GAG) produced abundant matrix in hyperoxia and physioxia. Poorly chondrogenic cells (low-GAG) demonstrated a significant fold-change matrix increase in physioxia. Both high-GAG and low-GAG groups of MSCs and ACPs significantly upregulated chondrogenic genes; however, only high-GAG groups had a concomitant decrease in hypertrophy-related genes. High-GAG MSCs upregulated many common hypoxia-responsive genes in physioxia while low-GAG cells downregulated most of these genes. In physioxia, high-GAG MSCs and ACPs produced comparable type II collagen but less type I collagen than those in hyperoxia. Type X collagen was detectable in some ACP pellets in hyperoxia but reduced or absent in physioxia. In contrast, type X collagen was detectable in all MSC preparations in hyperoxia and physioxia. CONCLUSIONS MSC preparations and ACP clones had a wide range of chondrogenicity between donors. Physioxia significantly enhanced the chondrogenic potential of both ACPs and MSCs compared with hyperoxia, but the magnitude of response was inversely related to intrinsic chondrogenic potential. Discrepancies in the literature regarding MSC hypertrophy in physioxia can be explained by the use of low numbers of preparations of variable chondrogenicity. Physioxic differentiation of MSC preparations of high chondrogenicity significantly decreased hypertrophy-related genes but still produced type X collagen protein. Highly chondrogenic ACP clones had significantly lower hypertrophic gene levels, and there was little to no type X collagen protein in physioxia, emphasizing the potential advantage of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon E Anderson
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, HRC529C, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Brandon D Markway
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, HRC529C, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Derek Bond
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, HRC529C, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Helen E McCarthy
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Sir Martin Evans Building, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Brian Johnstone
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, OP31, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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79
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Bauwens CL, Toms D, Ungrin M. Aggregate Size Optimization in Microwells for Suspension-based Cardiac Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27768032 PMCID: PMC5092056 DOI: 10.3791/54308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac differentiation of human pluripotent stems cells (hPSCs) is typically carried out in suspension cell aggregates. Conventional aggregate formation of hPSCs involves dissociating cell colonies into smaller clumps, with size control of the clumps crudely controlled by pipetting the cell suspension until the desired clump size is achieved. One of the main challenges of conventional aggregate-based cardiac differentiation of hPSCs is that culture heterogeneity and spatial disorganization lead to variable and inefficient cardiomyocyte yield. We and others have previously reported that human embryonic stem cell (hESC) aggregate size can be modulated to optimize cardiac induction efficiency. We have addressed this challenge by employing a scalable, microwell-based approach to control physical parameters of aggregate formation, specifically aggregate size and shape. The method we describe here consists of forced aggregation of defined hPSC numbers in microwells, and the subsequent culture of these aggregates in conditions that direct cardiac induction. This protocol can be readily scaled depending on the size and number of wells used. Using this method, we can consistently achieve culture outputs with cardiomyocyte frequencies greater than 70%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine L Bauwens
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto
| | - Derek Toms
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary
| | - Mark Ungrin
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary;
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80
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Berneel E, Philips C, Declercq H, Cornelissen R. Redifferentiation of High-Throughput Generated Fibrochondrocyte Micro-Aggregates: Impact of Low Oxygen Tension. Cells Tissues Organs 2016; 202:369-381. [DOI: 10.1159/000447509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In meniscus tissue engineering strategies, enhancing the matrix quality of the neomeniscal tissue is important. When the differentiated phenotype of fibrochondrocytes is lost, the quality of the matrix becomes compromised. The objective of this study was to produce uniform fibrochondrocyte micro-aggregates with desirable phenotype and tissue homogeneity in large quantities using a simple and reproducible method. Furthermore, we investigated if hypoxia could enhance the matrix quality. Porcine fibrochondrocytes were expanded at 21% oxygen until passage 3 (P3) and a gene expression profile was determined. P3 fibrochondrocytes were cultivated in chondrogenic medium at 5 and 21% oxygen in high-throughput agarose chips containing 2,865 microwells 200 µm in diameter. Evaluation included live/dead staining, histological examination, immunohistochemistry, dimethylmethylene blue assay and real-time reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction of the micro-aggregates. Gene expression analysis showed a drastic decline in collagen II and high expression of collagen I during monolayer culture. After 4 days, uniform and stable micro-aggregates could be produced. The redifferentiation and matrix quality of the hypoxic cultured micro-aggregates were enhanced relative to the normoxic cultures. Sulfated glycosaminoglycan synthesis was significantly higher, and collagen II expression and the collagen II/collagen I ratio were significantly upregulated in the hypoxic cultures. High-throughput production of uniform microtissues holds promise for the generation of larger-scale tissue engineering constructs or optimization of redifferentiation mechanisms for clinical applications.
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81
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Lei J, Trevino E, Temenoff J. Cell number and chondrogenesis in human mesenchymal stem cell aggregates is affected by the sulfation level of heparin used as a cell coating. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:1817-29. [PMID: 26990913 PMCID: PMC5532474 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
For particular cell-based therapies, it may be required to culture mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) aggregates with growth factors to promote cell proliferation and/or differentiation. Heparin, a negatively charged glycosaminoglycan (GAG) is known to play an important role in sequestration of positively charged growth factors and, when incorporated within cellular aggregates, could be used to promote local availability of growth factors. We have developed a heparin-based cell coating and we believe that the electrostatic interaction between native heparin and the positively charged growth factors will result in (1) higher cell number in response to fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and 2) greater chondrogenic differentiation in response to transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), compared to a desulfated heparin coating. Results revealed that in the presence of FGF-2, by day 14, heparin-coated MSC aggregates increased in DNA content 8.5 ± 1.6 fold compared to day 1, which was greater than noncoated and desulfated heparin-coated aggregates. In contrast, when cultured in the presence of TGF-β1, by day 21, desulfated heparin-coated aggregates upregulated gene expression of collagen II by 86.5 ± 7.5 fold and collagen X by 37.1 ± 4.7 fold, which was higher than that recorded in the noncoated and heparin-coated aggregates. These observations indicate that this coating technology represents a versatile platform to design MSC culture systems with pairings of GAGs and growth factors that can be tailored to overcome specific challenges in scale-up and culture for MSC-based therapeutics. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 1817-1829, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Lei
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332, Georgia
| | - Elda Trevino
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, 30332, Georgia
| | - Johnna Temenoff
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, 30332, Georgia
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332, Georgia
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82
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Shi S, Xie J, Zhong J, Lin S, Zhang T, Sun K, Fu N, Shao X, Lin Y. Effects of low oxygen tension on gene profile of soluble growth factors in co-cultured adipose-derived stromal cells and chondrocytes. Cell Prolif 2016; 49:341-51. [PMID: 27090063 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Moving towards development of optimized cartilage regeneration with adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs), the focus of this study was on investigating the influence of hypoxia on soluble factors secreted by ASCs and chondrocytes after crosstalk. METHODS We established direct contact co-culture and non-contact co-culture systems by using red or green fluorescent protein (R/GFP)-labelled mice and SD rats respectively. Gene variation of growth factors of the two cell types, in both hypoxic and normoxic conditions, were screened using semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS Co-culture with ASCs and chondrocytes under hypoxia was shown to successfully induce or enhance ASC to chondrogenic differentiation. To be specific, chondrogenic maker genes: AGC, COL II and SOX9 were remarkably enhanced in both ASCs and chondrocytes after crosstalk under low oxygen tension. Subsequently, screening growth factors in ASCs and chondrocytes under hypoxia showed that HIF-1α, VEGF-A/B, BMP-2/-4/-6, FGF-2 and IGF-1 were significantly increased, but not TGF-β1. CONCLUSIONS These results revealed that both hypoxia and co-culture systems can notably enhance chondrogenesis of ASCs as well as increase proliferation of ASCs and chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Juan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shiyu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ke Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Na Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaoru Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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83
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A physiologically based kinetic model for elucidating the in vivo distribution of administered mesenchymal stem cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22293. [PMID: 26924777 PMCID: PMC4770280 DOI: 10.1038/srep22293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) present a promising tool in cell therapy for the treatment of various diseases, the in vivo distribution of administered MSCs has still been poorly understood, which hampers the precise prediction and evaluation of their therapeutic efficacy. Here, we developed the first model to characterize the physiological kinetics of administered MSCs based on direct visualization of cell spatiotemporal disposition by intravital microscopy and assessment of cell quantity using flow cytometry. This physiologically based kinetic model was validated with multiple external datasets, indicating potential inter-route and inter-species predictive capability. Our results suggest that the targeting efficiency of MSCs is determined by the lung retention and interaction between MSCs and target organs, including cell arrest, depletion and release. By adapting specific parameters, this model can be easily applied to abnormal conditions or other types of circulating cells for designing treatment protocols and guiding future experiments.
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84
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Kay AG, Dale TP, Akram KM, Mohan P, Hampson K, Maffulli N, Spiteri MA, El Haj AJ, Forsyth NR. BMP2 repression and optimized culture conditions promote human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell isolation. Regen Med 2016; 10:109-25. [PMID: 25835477 DOI: 10.2217/rme.14.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) are multipotent progenitor cells. We propose the optimization of hMSC isolation and recovery using the application of a controlled hypoxic environment. MATERIALS & METHODS We evaluated oxygen, glucose and serum in the recovery of hMSC from bone marrow (BMhMSC). Colony forming units-fibroblastic, cell numbers, tri-lineage differentiation, immunofluorescence and microarray were used to confirm and characterize BMhMSC. RESULTS In an optimized (2% O(2), 4.5 g/l glucose and 5% serum) environment both colony forming units-fibroblastic (p = 0.01) and cell numbers (p = 0.0001) were enhanced over standard conditions. Transcriptional analysis identified differential expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) and, putatively, chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 2 (CXCR2) signaling pathways. CONCLUSION We have detailed a potential milestone in the process of refinement of the BMhMSC isolation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alasdair Gawain Kay
- Institute for Science & Technology in Medicine, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, ST4 7QB, UK
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85
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Jessop ZM, Javed M, Otto IA, Combellack EJ, Morgan S, Breugem CC, Archer CW, Khan IM, Lineaweaver WC, Kon M, Malda J, Whitaker IS. Combining regenerative medicine strategies to provide durable reconstructive options: auricular cartilage tissue engineering. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:19. [PMID: 26822227 PMCID: PMC4730656 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0273-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in regenerative medicine place us in a unique position to improve the quality of engineered tissue. We use auricular cartilage as an exemplar to illustrate how the use of tissue-specific adult stem cells, assembly through additive manufacturing and improved understanding of postnatal tissue maturation will allow us to more accurately replicate native tissue anisotropy. This review highlights the limitations of autologous auricular reconstruction, including donor site morbidity, technical considerations and long-term complications. Current tissue-engineered auricular constructs implanted into immune-competent animal models have been observed to undergo inflammation, fibrosis, foreign body reaction, calcification and degradation. Combining biomimetic regenerative medicine strategies will allow us to improve tissue-engineered auricular cartilage with respect to biochemical composition and functionality, as well as microstructural organization and overall shape. Creating functional and durable tissue has the potential to shift the paradigm in reconstructive surgery by obviating the need for donor sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita M Jessop
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Swansea University Medical School, Room 509, ILS2, Swansea, SA2 8SS, UK.
- The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, SA6 6NL, UK.
| | - Muhammad Javed
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Swansea University Medical School, Room 509, ILS2, Swansea, SA2 8SS, UK.
- The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, SA6 6NL, UK.
| | - Iris A Otto
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands.
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Emman J Combellack
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Swansea University Medical School, Room 509, ILS2, Swansea, SA2 8SS, UK.
- The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, SA6 6NL, UK.
| | - Siân Morgan
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Swansea University Medical School, Room 509, ILS2, Swansea, SA2 8SS, UK.
- The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, SA6 6NL, UK.
| | - Corstiaan C Breugem
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Charles W Archer
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Swansea University Medical School, Room 509, ILS2, Swansea, SA2 8SS, UK.
| | - Ilyas M Khan
- KhanLab, Swansea University, ILS2, Swansea, SA2 8SS, UK.
| | - William C Lineaweaver
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, 39216, USA.
| | - Moshe Kon
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jos Malda
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands.
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Domplein 29, 3512 JE, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Iain S Whitaker
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Swansea University Medical School, Room 509, ILS2, Swansea, SA2 8SS, UK.
- The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, SA6 6NL, UK.
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86
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Osiecki MJ, Michl TD, Kul Babur B, Kabiri M, Atkinson K, Lott WB, Griesser HJ, Doran MR. Packed Bed Bioreactor for the Isolation and Expansion of Placental-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144941. [PMID: 26660475 PMCID: PMC4687640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Large numbers of Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are required for clinical relevant doses to treat a number of diseases. To economically manufacture these MSCs, an automated bioreactor system will be required. Herein we describe the development of a scalable closed-system, packed bed bioreactor suitable for large-scale MSCs expansion. The packed bed was formed from fused polystyrene pellets that were air plasma treated to endow them with a surface chemistry similar to traditional tissue culture plastic. The packed bed was encased within a gas permeable shell to decouple the medium nutrient supply and gas exchange. This enabled a significant reduction in medium flow rates, thus reducing shear and even facilitating single pass medium exchange. The system was optimised in a small-scale bioreactor format (160 cm2) with murine-derived green fluorescent protein-expressing MSCs, and then scaled-up to a 2800 cm2 format. We demonstrated that placental derived MSCs could be isolated directly within the bioreactor and subsequently expanded. Our results demonstrate that the closed system large-scale packed bed bioreactor is an effective and scalable tool for large-scale isolation and expansion of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Osiecki
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology at the Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Thomas D. Michl
- Ian Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia. Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Mawson Institute, University of South Australia. Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Betul Kul Babur
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology at the Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mahboubeh Kabiri
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kerry Atkinson
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology at the Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - William B. Lott
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology at the Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hans J. Griesser
- Mawson Institute, University of South Australia. Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael R. Doran
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology at the Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Mater Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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87
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Lee J, Byeon JS, Lee KS, Gu NY, Lee GB, Kim HR, Cho IS, Cha SH. Chondrogenic potential and anti-senescence effect of hypoxia on canine adipose mesenchymal stem cells. Vet Res Commun 2015; 40:1-10. [PMID: 26661466 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-015-9647-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the ability to differentiate into multi-lineage cells, which confers great promise for use in regenerative medicine. In this study, canine adipose MSCs (cAD-MSCs) were isolated from canine adipose tissue. These cells clearly represented stemness (Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog) and differentiation potential into the mesoderm (adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts) at early passages. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of hypoxia on the differentiation potential into mesoderm, and the expression of anti-apoptotic genes associated with cell survival for the optimal culturing of MSCs. We observed that the proliferation of the cAD-MSCs meaningfully increased when cultured under hypoxic condition than in normoxic condition, during 7 consecutive passages. Also, we found that hypoxia strongly expressed anti-senescence related genes such as HDAC1 (histone deacetylase 1), DNMT1 (DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1), Bcl-2 (inhibitor of apoptosis), TERT (telomerase reverse transcriptase), LDHA (lactate dehydrogenase A), SLC2A1 (glucose transporter), and DKC1 (telomere holoenzyme complex) and differentiation potential of cAD-MSCs into chondrocytes, than seen under the normoxic culture conditions. We also examined the multipotency of hypoxic conditioned MSCs using quantitative real-time RT-PCR. We found that the expression levels of stemness genes such as Oct-4, Nanog, and Sox-2 were increased in hypoxic condition when compared to the normoxic condition. Collectively, these results suggest that hypoxic conditions have the ability to induce proliferation of MSCs and augment their chondrogenic potential. This study suggests that cell proliferation of cAD-MSC under hypoxia could be beneficial, when considering these cells for cell therapies of canine bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jienny Lee
- Animal Stem Cells Laboratory, Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14089, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Su Byeon
- Animal Stem Cells Laboratory, Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14089, Republic of Korea
| | - Keum Sil Lee
- Animal Stem Cells Laboratory, Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14089, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Yeon Gu
- Animal Stem Cells Laboratory, Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14089, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong Been Lee
- Animal Stem Cells Laboratory, Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14089, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Ryang Kim
- Animal Stem Cells Laboratory, Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14089, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Soo Cho
- Animal Stem Cells Laboratory, Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14089, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Cha
- Animal Stem Cells Laboratory, Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14089, Republic of Korea.
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88
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Sidney LE, Branch MJ, Dua HS, Hopkinson A. Effect of culture medium on propagation and phenotype of corneal stroma-derived stem cells. Cytotherapy 2015; 17:1706-22. [PMID: 26454751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS The limbal area of the corneal stroma has been identified as a source of mesenchymal-like stem cells, which have potential for exploitation as a cell therapy. However, the optimal culture conditions are disputed and few direct media comparisons have been performed. In this report, we evaluated several media types to identify the optimal for inducing an in vitro stem cell phenotype. METHODS Primary human corneal stroma-derived stem cells (CSSCs) were extracted from corneoscleral rims. Culture in seven different media types was compared: Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS); M199 with 20% FBS; DMEM-F12 with 20% serum replacement, basic fibroblast growth factor and leukemia inhibitory factor (SCM); endothelial growth medium (EGM); semi-solid MethoCult; serum-free keratinocyte medium (K-SFM); and StemPro-34. Effects on proliferation, morphology, protein and messenger RNA expression were evaluated. RESULTS All media supported proliferation of CSSCs with the exception of K-SFM and StemPro-34. Morphology differed between media: DMEM produced large cells, whereas EGM produced very small cells. Culture in M199 produced a typical mesenchymal stromal cell phenotype with high expression of CD105, CD90 and CD73 but not CD34. Culture in SCM produced a phenotype more reminiscent of a progenitor cell type with expression of CD34, ABCG2, SSEA-4 and PAX6. CONCLUSIONS Culture medium can significantly influence CSSC phenotype. SCM produced a cell phenotype closest to that of a pluripotent stem cell, and we consider it to be the most appropriate for development as a clinical-grade medium for the production of CSSC phenotypes suitable for cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Sidney
- Academic Ophthalmology, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Queen's Medical Centre Campus, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Matthew J Branch
- Academic Ophthalmology, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Queen's Medical Centre Campus, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Harminder S Dua
- Academic Ophthalmology, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Queen's Medical Centre Campus, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Hopkinson
- Academic Ophthalmology, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Queen's Medical Centre Campus, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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89
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Cao B, Li Z, Peng R, Ding J. Effects of cell–cell contact and oxygen tension on chondrogenic differentiation of stem cells. Biomaterials 2015; 64:21-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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90
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Han I, Ropper AE, Konya D, Kabatas S, Toktas Z, Aljuboori Z, Zeng X, Chi JH, Zafonte R, Teng YD. Biological approaches to treating intervertebral disk degeneration: devising stem cell therapies. Cell Transplant 2015. [PMID: 26223943 DOI: 10.3727/096368915x688650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disk (IVD) degeneration is a common, chronic, and complex degeneration process that frequently leads to back pain and disability, resulting in a major public health issue. In this review we describe biological therapies under preclinical or clinical development with an emphasis on stem cell-based multimodal approaches that target prevention and treatment of IVD degeneration. Systematical review of the basic science and clinical literature was performed to summarize the current status of devising biological approaches to treating IVD degeneration. Since the exact mechanisms underlying IVD degeneration have not yet been fully elucidated and conservative managements appear to be mostly ineffective, current surgical treatment focuses on removal of the pathological disk tissues combined with spinal fusion. The treatment options, however, often produce insufficient efficacy and even serious complications. Therefore, there have been growing demands and endeavors for developing novel regenerative biology-guided strategies for repairing the IVD via delivery of exogenous growth factors, introduction of therapeutic genes, and transplantation of stem cells, or combinatorial therapies. Overall, the data suggest that when applied under a recovery neurobiology principle, multimodal regimens comprising ex vivo engineered stem cell-based disks hold a high potential promise for efficacious clinical translations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbo Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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91
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The rapid manufacture of uniform composite multicellular-biomaterial micropellets, their assembly into macroscopic organized tissues, and potential applications in cartilage tissue engineering. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122250. [PMID: 26020956 PMCID: PMC4447443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We and others have published on the rapid manufacture of micropellet tissues, typically formed from 100–500 cells each. The micropellet geometry enhances cellular biological properties, and in many cases the micropellets can subsequently be utilized as building blocks to assemble complex macrotissues. Generally, micropellets are formed from cells alone, however when replicating matrix-rich tissues such as cartilage it would be ideal if matrix or biomaterials supplements could be incorporated directly into the micropellet during the manufacturing process. Herein we describe a method to efficiently incorporate donor cartilage matrix into tissue engineered cartilage micropellets. We lyophilized bovine cartilage matrix, and then shattered it into microscopic pieces having average dimensions < 10 μm diameter; we termed this microscopic donor matrix “cartilage dust (CD)”. Using a microwell platform, we show that ~0.83 μg CD can be rapidly and efficiently incorporated into single multicellular aggregates formed from 180 bone marrow mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) each. The microwell platform enabled the rapid manufacture of thousands of replica composite micropellets, with each micropellet having a material/CD core and a cellular surface. This micropellet organization enabled the rapid bulking up of the micropellet core matrix content, and left an adhesive cellular outer surface. This morphological organization enabled the ready assembly of the composite micropellets into macroscopic tissues. Generically, this is a versatile method that enables the rapid and uniform integration of biomaterials into multicellular micropellets that can then be used as tissue building blocks. In this study, the addition of CD resulted in an approximate 8-fold volume increase in the micropellets, with the donor matrix functioning to contribute to an increase in total cartilage matrix content. Composite micropellets were readily assembled into macroscopic cartilage tissues; the incorporation of CD enhanced tissue size and matrix content, but did not enhance chondrogenic gene expression.
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92
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The microwell-mesh: A novel device and protocol for the high throughput manufacturing of cartilage microtissues. Biomaterials 2015; 62:1-12. [PMID: 26010218 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Microwell platforms are frequently described for the efficient and uniform manufacture of 3-dimensional (3D) multicellular microtissues. Multiple partial or complete medium exchanges can displace microtissues from discrete microwells, and this can result in either the loss of microtissues from culture, or microtissue amalgamation when displaced microtissues fall into common microwells. Herein we describe the first microwell platform that incorporates a mesh to retain microtissues within discrete microwells; the microwell-mesh. We show that bonding a nylon mesh with an appropriate pore size over the microwell openings allows single cells to pass through the mesh into the microwells during the seeding process, but subsequently retains assembled microtissues within discrete microwells. To demonstrate the utility of this platform, we used the microwell-mesh to manufacture hundreds of cartilage microtissues, each formed from 5 × 10(3) bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC). The microwell-mesh enabled reliable microtissue retention over 21-day cultures that included multiple full medium exchanges. Cartilage-like matrix formation was more rapid and homogeneous in microtissues than in conventional large diameter control cartilage pellets formed from 2 × 10(5) MSC each. The microwell-mesh platform offers an elegant mechanism to retain microtissues in microwells, and we believe that this improvement will make this platform useful in 3D culture protocols that require multiple medium exchanges, such as those that mimic specific developmental processes or complex sequential drug exposures.
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93
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Higuera GA, Fernandes H, Spitters TWGM, van de Peppel J, Aufferman N, Truckenmueller R, Escalante M, Stoop R, van Leeuwen JP, de Boer J, Subramaniam V, Karperien M, van Blitterswijk C, van Boxtel A, Moroni L. Spatiotemporal proliferation of human stromal cells adjusts to nutrient availability and leads to stanniocalcin-1 expression in vitro and in vivo. Biomaterials 2015; 61:190-202. [PMID: 26004234 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cells and tissues are intrinsically adapted to molecular gradients and use them to maintain or change their activity. The effect of such gradients is particularly important for cell populations that have an intrinsic capacity to differentiate into multiple cell lineages, such as bone marrow derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Our results showed that nutrient gradients prompt the spatiotemporal organization of MSCs in 3D culture. Cells adapted to their 3D environment without significant cell death or cell differentiation. Kinetics data and whole-genome gene expression analysis suggest that a low proliferation activity phenotype predominates in stromal cells cultured in 3D, likely due to increasing nutrient limitation. These differences implied that despite similar surface areas available for cell attachment, higher cell concentrations in 3D reduced MSCs proliferation, while activating hypoxia related-pathways. To further understand the in vivo effects of both proliferation and cell concentrations, we increased cell concentrations in small (1.8 μl) implantable wells. We found that MSCs accumulation and conditioning by nutrient competition in small volumes leads to an ideal threshold of cell-concentration for the induction of blood vessel formation, possibly signaled by the hypoxia-related stanniocalcin-1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A Higuera
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA - Institute for Biomedical Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Hugo Fernandes
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA - Institute for Biomedical Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Tim W G M Spitters
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA - Institute for Biomedical Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen van de Peppel
- Erasmus Medical Center, Internal Medicine, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nils Aufferman
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA - Institute for Biomedical Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Roman Truckenmueller
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA - Institute for Biomedical Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Maryana Escalante
- Biophysical Engineering Group, Mesa(+) Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Reinout Stoop
- TNO, Metabolic Health Research, Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes P van Leeuwen
- Erasmus Medical Center, Internal Medicine, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan de Boer
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA - Institute for Biomedical Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Vinod Subramaniam
- Biophysical Engineering Group, Mesa(+) Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Karperien
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA - Institute for Biomedical Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens van Blitterswijk
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA - Institute for Biomedical Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Anton van Boxtel
- Systems and Control Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA - Institute for Biomedical Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
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Babur BK, Futrega K, Lott WB, Klein TJ, Cooper-White J, Doran MR. High-throughput bone and cartilage micropellet manufacture, followed by assembly of micropellets into biphasic osteochondral tissue. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 361:755-68. [PMID: 25924853 PMCID: PMC4550660 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2159-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Engineered biphasic osteochondral tissues may have utility in cartilage defect repair. As bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) have the capacity to make both bone-like and cartilage-like tissues, they are an ideal cell population for use in the manufacture of osteochondral tissues. Effective differentiation of MSC to bone-like and cartilage-like tissues requires two unique medium formulations and this presents a challenge both in achieving initial MSC differentiation and in maintaining tissue stability when the unified osteochondral tissue is subsequently cultured in a single medium formulation. In this proof-of-principle study, we used an in-house fabricated microwell platform to manufacture thousands of micropellets formed from 166 MSC each. We then characterized the development of bone-like and cartilage-like tissue formation in the micropellets maintained for 8–14 days in sequential combinations of osteogenic or chondrogenic induction medium. When bone-like or cartilage-like micropellets were induced for only 8 days, they displayed significant phenotypic changes when the osteogenic or chondrogenic induction medium, respectively, was swapped. Based on these data, we developed an extended 14-day protocol for the pre-culture of bone-like and cartilage-like micropellets in their respective induction medium. Unified osteochondral tissues were formed by layering 12,000 osteogenic micropellets and 12,000 chondrogenic micropellets into a biphasic structure and then further culture in chondrogenic induction medium. The assembled tissue was cultured for a further 8 days and characterized via histology. The micropellets had amalgamated into a continuous structure with distinctive bone-like and cartilage-like regions. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates the feasibility of micropellet assembly for the formation of osteochondral-like tissues for possible use in osteochondral defect repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betul Kul Babur
- Stem Cell Therapies Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology at the Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
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95
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Goldshmid R, Mironi-Harpaz I, Shachaf Y, Seliktar D. A method for preparation of hydrogel microcapsules for stem cell bioprocessing and stem cell therapy. Methods 2015; 84:35-43. [PMID: 25931428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A method for the preparation of suspension culture microcapsules used in the bioprocessing of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) is reported. The microcapsules are prepared from a semi-synthetic hydrogel comprising Pluronic®F127 conjugated to denatured fibrinogen. The Pluronic-fibrinogen adducts display a lower critical solubility temperature (LCST) at ∼30 °C, thus enabling mild, cell-compatible physical crosslinking of the microcapsules in a warm gelation bath. Cell-laden microgels were prepared from a solution of Pluronic-fibrinogen hydrogel precursor and hMSCs; these were cultivated for up to 15 days in laboratory-scale suspension bioreactors and harvested by reducing the temperature of the microcapsules to disassemble the physical polymer network. The viability, proliferation and cell recovery yields of the hMSCs were shown to be better than photo-chemically crosslinked microcapsules made from a similar material. The cell culture yields, which exceeded 300% after 15 days in suspension culture, were comparable to other microcarrier systems used for the mass production of hMSCs. The simplicity of this methodology, both in terms of the cell inoculation and mild recovery conditions, represent distinct advantages for stem cell bioprocessing with suspension culture bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revital Goldshmid
- The Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel; The Interdisciplinary Program for Biotechnology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Iris Mironi-Harpaz
- The Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Yonatan Shachaf
- The Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Dror Seliktar
- The Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
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96
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Farrell MJ, Shin JI, Smith LJ, Mauck RL. Functional consequences of glucose and oxygen deprivation on engineered mesenchymal stem cell-based cartilage constructs. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015; 23:134-42. [PMID: 25241241 PMCID: PMC4275365 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tissue engineering approaches for cartilage repair have focused on the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). For clinical success, MSCs must survive and produce extracellular matrix in the physiological context of the synovial joint, where low nutrient conditions engendered by avascularity, nutrient utilization, and waste production prevail. This study sought to delineate the role of microenvironmental stressors on MSC viability and functional capacity in three dimensional (3D) culture. DESIGN We evaluated the impact of glucose and oxygen deprivation on the functional maturation of 3D MSC-laden agarose constructs. Since MSC isolation procedures result in a heterogeneous cell population, we also utilized micro-pellet culture to investigate whether clonal subpopulations respond to these microenvironmental stressors in a distinct fashion. RESULTS MSC health and the functional maturation of 3D constructs were compromised by both glucose and oxygen deprivation. Importantly, glucose deprivation severely limited viability, and so compromised the functional maturation of 3D constructs to the greatest extent. The observation that not all cells died suggested there exists heterogeneity in the response of MSC populations to metabolic stressors. Population heterogeneity was confirmed through a series of studies utilizing clonally derived subpopulations, with a spectrum of matrix production and cell survival observed under conditions of metabolic stress. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that glucose deprivation has a significant impact on functional maturation, and that some MSC subpopulations are more resilient to metabolic challenge than others. These findings suggest that pre-selection of subpopulations that are resilient to metabolic challenge may improve in vivo outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Farrell
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - J I Shin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - L J Smith
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - R L Mauck
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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97
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Zhu S, Zhang B, Man C, Ma Y, Liu X, Hu J. Combined effects of connective tissue growth factor-modified bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and NaOH-treated PLGA scaffolds on the repair of articular cartilage defect in rabbits. Cell Transplant 2014; 23:715-27. [PMID: 24763260 DOI: 10.3727/096368913x669770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In cartilage tissue engineering using stem cells, it is important to stimulate proliferation and control the differentiation of stem cells to specific lineages. Here we reported a combined technique for articular cartilage repair, consisting of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) transfected with connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) gene and NaOH-treated poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) scaffolds. In the present study, BMMSCs or CTGF-modified BMMSCs seeded on PLGA or NaOH-treated PLGA scaffolds were incubated in vitro and NaOH-treated PLGA significantly stimulated proliferation of BMMSCs, while CTGF gene transfer promoted chondrogenic differentiation. The effects of the composite on the repair of cartilage defects were evaluated in rabbit knee joints in vivo. Full-thickness cartilage defects (diameter: 5 mm; depth: 3 mm) were created unilaterally in the patellar groove. Defects were either left empty (n = 18) or implanted with BMMSCs/PLGA (n = 18), BMMSCs/NaOH-treated PLGA (n = 18), or CTGF-modified BMMSCs/NaOH-treated PLGA (n = 18). The defect area was examined grossly, histologically, and mechanically at 6, 12, and 24 weeks postoperatively. Implanted cells were tracked using adeno-LacZ labeling at 6 weeks after implantation. Overall, the CTGF-modified BMMSCs/NaOH-treated PLGA group showed successful hyaline-like cartilage regeneration similar to normal cartilage, which was superior to the other groups using gross examination, qualitative and quantitative histology, and mechanical assessment. The in vivo viability of the implanted cells was demonstrated by their retention for 6 weeks after implantation. These findings suggested that a combination of CTGF-modified BMMSCs and NaOH-treated PLGA may be an alternative treatment for large osteochondral defects in high-loading sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songsong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
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98
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Li S, Glynne-Jones P, Andriotis OG, Ching KY, Jonnalagadda US, Oreffo ROC, Hill M, Tare RS. Application of an acoustofluidic perfusion bioreactor for cartilage tissue engineering. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:4475-85. [PMID: 25272195 PMCID: PMC4227593 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00956h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage grafts generated using conventional static tissue engineering strategies are characterised by low cell viability, suboptimal hyaline cartilage formation and, critically, inferior mechanical competency, which limit their application for resurfacing articular cartilage defects. To address the limitations of conventional static cartilage bioengineering strategies and generate robust, scaffold-free neocartilage grafts of human articular chondrocytes, the present study utilised custom-built microfluidic perfusion bioreactors with integrated ultrasound standing wave traps. The system employed sweeping acoustic drive frequencies over the range of 890 to 910 kHz and continuous perfusion of the chondrogenic culture medium at a low-shear flow rate to promote the generation of three-dimensional agglomerates of human articular chondrocytes, and enhance cartilage formation by cells of the agglomerates via improved mechanical stimulation and mass transfer rates. Histological examination and assessment of micromechanical properties using indentation-type atomic force microscopy confirmed that the neocartilage grafts were analogous to native hyaline cartilage. Furthermore, in the ex vivo organ culture partial thickness cartilage defect model, implantation of the neocartilage grafts into defects for 16 weeks resulted in the formation of hyaline cartilage-like repair tissue that adhered to the host cartilage and contributed to significant improvements to the tissue architecture within the defects, compared to the empty defects. The study has demonstrated the first successful application of the acoustofluidic perfusion bioreactors to bioengineer scaffold-free neocartilage grafts of human articular chondrocytes that have the potential for subsequent use in second generation autologous chondrocyte implantation procedures for the repair of partial thickness cartilage defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Li
- Centre for Human Development , Stem Cells and Regeneration , Faculty of Medicine , University of Southampton , Southampton SO16 6YD , UK . ; Fax: +44 2381 204221 ; Tel: +44 (0)2381 205257
| | - Peter Glynne-Jones
- Engineering Sciences , Faculty of Engineering and the Environment , University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ , UK
| | - Orestis G. Andriotis
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics , Vienna University of Technology , Gusshausstrasse 27-29 A-1040 , Vienna , Austria
| | - Kuan Y. Ching
- nCATS , Faculty of Engineering and the Environment , University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ , UK
| | - Umesh S. Jonnalagadda
- Engineering Sciences , Faculty of Engineering and the Environment , University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ , UK
| | - Richard O. C. Oreffo
- Centre for Human Development , Stem Cells and Regeneration , Faculty of Medicine , University of Southampton , Southampton SO16 6YD , UK . ; Fax: +44 2381 204221 ; Tel: +44 (0)2381 205257
| | - Martyn Hill
- Engineering Sciences , Faculty of Engineering and the Environment , University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ , UK
| | - Rahul S. Tare
- Centre for Human Development , Stem Cells and Regeneration , Faculty of Medicine , University of Southampton , Southampton SO16 6YD , UK . ; Fax: +44 2381 204221 ; Tel: +44 (0)2381 205257
- Engineering Sciences , Faculty of Engineering and the Environment , University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ , UK
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99
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Goude MC, McDevitt TC, Temenoff JS. Chondroitin sulfate microparticles modulate transforming growth factor-β1-induced chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cell spheroids. Cells Tissues Organs 2014; 199:117-30. [PMID: 25413333 DOI: 10.1159/000365966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been previously explored as a part of cell-based therapies for the repair of damaged cartilage. Current MSC chondrogenic differentiation strategies employ large pellets; however, we have developed a technique to form small MSC aggregates (500-1,000 cells) that can reduce transport barriers while maintaining a multicellular structure analogous to cartilaginous condensations. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of incorporating chondroitin sulfate methacrylate (CSMA) microparticles (MPs) within small MSC spheroids cultured in the presence of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 on chondrogenesis. Spheroids with MPs induced earlier increases in collagen II and aggrecan gene expression (chondrogenic markers) than spheroids without MPs, although no large differences in immunostaining for these matrix molecules were observed by day 21 between these groups. Collagen I and X were also detected in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of all spheroids by immunostaining. Interestingly, histology revealed that CSMA MPs clustered together near the center of the MSC spheroids and induced circumferential alignment of cells and ECM around the material core. This study demonstrates the use of CSMA materials to further examine the effects of matrix molecules on MSC phenotype as well as potentially direct differentiation in a more spatially controlled manner that better mimics the architecture of specific musculoskeletal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C Goude
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Ga., USA
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100
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Chambers KF, Mosaad EMO, Russell PJ, Clements JA, Doran MR. 3D Cultures of prostate cancer cells cultured in a novel high-throughput culture platform are more resistant to chemotherapeutics compared to cells cultured in monolayer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111029. [PMID: 25380249 PMCID: PMC4224379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite monolayer cultures being widely used for cancer drug development and testing, 2D cultures tend to be hypersensitive to chemotherapy and are relatively poor predictors of whether a drug will provide clinical benefit. Whilst generally more complicated, three dimensional (3D) culture systems often better recapitulate true cancer architecture and provide a more accurate drug response. As a step towards making 3D cancer cultures more accessible, we have developed a microwell platform and surface modification protocol to enable high throughput manufacture of 3D cancer aggregates. Herein we use this novel system to characterize prostate cancer cell microaggregates, including growth kinetics and drug sensitivity. Our results indicate that prostate cancer cells are viable in this system, however some non-cancerous prostate cell lines are not. This system allows us to consistently control for the presence or absence of an apoptotic core in the 3D cancer microaggregates. Similar to tumor tissues, the 3D microaggregates display poor polarity. Critically the response of 3D microaggregates to the chemotherapeutic drug, docetaxel, is more consistent with in vivo results than the equivalent 2D controls. Cumulatively, our results demonstrate that these prostate cancer microaggregates better recapitulate the morphology of prostate tumors compared to 2D and can be used for high-throughput drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen F. Chambers
- Stem Cell Therapies Laboratory, Queensland University of Technology at the Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Eman M. O. Mosaad
- Stem Cell Therapies Laboratory, Queensland University of Technology at the Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pamela J. Russell
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Judith A. Clements
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael R. Doran
- Stem Cell Therapies Laboratory, Queensland University of Technology at the Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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