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Davidson J, Rotondo D, Rizzo MT, Leaver HA. Therapeutic implications of disorders of cell death signalling: membranes, micro-environment, and eicosanoid and docosanoid metabolism. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:1193-210. [PMID: 22364602 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01900.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruptions of cell death signalling occur in pathological processes, such as cancer and degenerative disease. Increased knowledge of cell death signalling has opened new areas of therapeutic research, and identifying key mediators of cell death has become increasingly important. Early triggering events in cell death may provide potential therapeutic targets, whereas agents affecting later signals may be more palliative in nature. A group of primary mediators are derivatives of the highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs), particularly oxygenated metabolites such as prostaglandins. HUFAs, esterified in cell membranes, act as critical signalling molecules in many pathological processes. Currently, agents affecting HUFA metabolism are widely prescribed in diseases involving disordered cell death signalling. However, partly due to rapid metabolism, their role in cell death signalling pathways is poorly characterized. Recently, HUFA-derived mediators, the resolvins/protectins and endocannabinoids, have added opportunities to target selective signals and pathways. This review will focus on the control of cell death by HUFA, eicosanoid (C20 fatty acid metabolites) and docosanoid (C22 metabolites), HUFA-derived lipid mediators, signalling elements in the micro-environment and their potential therapeutic applications. Further therapeutic approaches will involve cell and molecular biology, the multiple hit theory of disease progression and analysis of system plasticity. Advances in the cell biology of eicosanoid and docosanoid metabolism, together with structure/function analysis of HUFA-derived mediators, will be useful in developing therapeutic agents in pathologies characterized by alterations in cell death signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Davidson
- SIPBS, Strathclyde University, Glasgow, UK
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Yue L, Durand M, Lebeau Jacob MC, Hogan P, McManus S, Roux S, de Brum-Fernandes AJ. Prostaglandin D2 induces apoptosis of human osteoclasts by activating the CRTH2 receptor and the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Bone 2012; 51:338-46. [PMID: 22705147 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)) is a lipid mediator synthesized from arachidonic acid that directly activates two specific receptors, the D-type prostanoid (DP) receptor and chemoattractant receptor homologous molecule expressed on T-helper type 2 cells (CRTH2). PGD(2) can affect bone metabolism by influencing both osteoblast and osteoclast (OC) functions, both cells involved in bone remodeling and in in vivo fracture repair as well. The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of PGD(2), acting through its two specific receptors, on human OC apoptosis. Human OCs were differentiated in vitro from peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the presence of receptor activator for nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) and macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), and treated with PGD(2), its specific agonists and antagonists. Treatment with PGD(2) for 24hours in the presence of naproxen (10μM) to inhibit endogenous prostaglandin production increased the percentage of apoptotic OCs in a dose-dependent manner, as did the specific CRTH2 agonist compound DK-PGD(2) but not the DP agonist compound BW 245C. In the absence of naproxen, the CRTH2 antagonist compound CAY 10471 reduced OC apoptosis rate but the DP antagonist BW A868C had no effect. The induction of PGD(2)-CRTH2 dependent apoptosis was associated with the activation of caspase-9, but not caspase-8, leading to caspase-3 cleavage. These data show that PGD(2) induces human OC apoptosis through activation of CRTH2 and the apoptosis intrinsic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yue
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.
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Abstract
Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) plays a key role in many of the physiological markings of allergic inflammation including vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, vascular permeability and lymphocyte recruitment. The action of this molecule is elicited through its two primary receptors, DP and CRTH2. Activation of CRTH2 leads to lymphocyte chemotaxis, potentiation of histamine release from basophils, production of inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13) by Th2 cells, eosinophil degranulation and prevention of Th2 cell apoptosis. As such, antagonism of CRTH2 has been reported to ameliorate the symptoms associated with various allergen challenge animal models including murine antigen induced lung inflammation, murine cigarette smoke induced lung inflammation, murine allergic rhinitis, guinea pig PGD2-induced airflow obstruction, guinea pig airway hyper-responsiveness, sheep airway hyper-responsiveness and murine contact hypersensitivity. CRTH2 antagonists fall into four broad categories: tricyclic ramatroban analogues, indole acetic acids, phenyl/phenoxy acetic acids and non-acid-containing tetrahydroquinolines. Numerous CRTH2 antagonists have been advanced into the clinic and early reports from two Phase II trials suggest promising activity in the alleviation of atopic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. NATHAN TUMEY
- Pfizer Global R&D Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, MS 8220-3563, 445 Eastern Point Rd Groton, CT 06340 USA
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Maicas N, Ibáñez L, Alcaraz MJ, Úbeda A, Ferrándiz ML. Prostaglandin D2 regulates joint inflammation and destruction in murine collagen-induced arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:130-40. [PMID: 21898357 DOI: 10.1002/art.30656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) may exert proinflammatory or antiinflammatory effects in different biologic systems. Although this prostanoid and the enzymes responsible for its synthesis are up-regulated by interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in human chondrocytes in vitro, the role of PGD2 in arthritis remains unclear. This study was undertaken to investigate the role of PGD2 in the inflammatory response and in joint destruction during the development of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice. METHODS PGD2 and cytokine levels in mice with CIA were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Expression of hematopoietic PGD synthase (h-PGDS), lipocalin-type PGD synthase (l-PGDS), and DP1 and DP2 receptors was analyzed by immunohistochemical methods. PGE2 levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS The arthritic process up-regulated the expression of h-PGDS, l-PGDS, DP1, and DP2 in articular tissue. PGD2 was produced in the joint during the early phase of arthritis, and serum PGD2 levels increased progressively throughout the arthritic process, reaching a maximum during the late stages of CIA. Treatment of arthritic mice with the DP1 antagonist MK0524 soon after the onset of disease increased the incidence and severity of CIA as well as the local levels of IL-1β, CXCL-1, and PGE2, whereas IL-10 levels were reduced. The administration of the DP2 antagonist CAY10595 did not modify the severity of arthritis. The injection of PGD2 into the paw, as well as the administration of the DP1 agonist BW245C, significantly lowered the incidence of CIA, the inflammatory response, and joint damage. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that PGD2 is produced in articular tissue during the development of CIA and plays an antiinflammatory role, acting through the DP1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Maicas
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Recognition and Technologic Development ERI, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Pettipher R, Whittaker M. Update on the development of antagonists of chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2). From lead optimization to clinical proof-of-concept in asthma and allergic rhinitis. J Med Chem 2012; 55:2915-31. [PMID: 22224640 DOI: 10.1021/jm2013997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roy Pettipher
- Oxagen Ltd., 91 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RY, UK.
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Xue L, Barrow A, Fleming VM, Hunter MG, Ogg G, Klenerman P, Pettipher R. Leukotriene E4 activates human Th2 cells for exaggerated proinflammatory cytokine production in response to prostaglandin D2. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 188:694-702. [PMID: 22174450 PMCID: PMC3272457 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PGD(2) exerts a number of proinflammatory responses through a high-affinity interaction with chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2) and has been detected at high concentrations at sites of allergic inflammation. Because cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) are also produced during the allergic response, we investigated the possibility that cysLTs may modulate the response of human Th2 cells to PGD(2). PGD(2) induced concentration-dependent Th2 cytokine production in the absence of TCR stimulation. Leukotrienes D(4) and E(4) (LTE(4)) also stimulated the cytokine production but were much less active than PGD(2). However, when combined with PGD(2), cysLTs caused a greater than additive enhancement of the response, with LTE(4) being most effective in activating Th2 cells. LTE(4) enhanced calcium mobilization in response to PGD(2) in Th2 cells without affecting endogenous PGD(2) production or CRTH2 receptor expression. The effect of LTE(4) was inhibited by montelukast but not by the P2Y(12) antagonist methylthioadenosine 5'-monophosphate. The enhancing effect was also evident with endogenous cysLTs produced from immunologically activated mast cells because inhibition of cysLT action by montelukast or cysLT synthesis by MK886, an inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein, reduced the response of Th2 cells to the levels produced by PGD(2) alone. These findings reveal that cysLTs, in particular LTE(4), have a significant proinflammatory impact on T cells and demonstrate their effects on Th2 cells are mediated by a montelukast-sensitive receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzheng Xue
- Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom.
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Pettipher R, Vinall SL, Xue L, Speight G, Townsend ER, Gazi L, Whelan CJ, Armer RE, Payton MA, Hunter MG. Pharmacologic profile of OC000459, a potent, selective, and orally active D prostanoid receptor 2 antagonist that inhibits mast cell-dependent activation of T helper 2 lymphocytes and eosinophils. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 340:473-82. [PMID: 22106101 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.187203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
D prostanoid receptor 2 (DP₂) [also known as chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on T helper 2 (Th2) cells (CRTH2)] is selectively expressed by Th2 lymphocytes, eosinophils, and basophils and mediates recruitment and activation of these cell types in response to prostaglandin D₂ (PGD₂). (5-Fluoro-2-methyl-3-quinolin-2-ylmethylindo-1-yl)-acetic acid (OC000459) is an indole-acetic acid derivative that potently displaces [³H]PGD₂ from human recombinant DP₂ (K(i) = 0.013 μM), rat recombinant DP₂ (K(i) = 0.003 μM), and human native DP₂ (Th2 cell membranes; K(i) = 0.004 μM) but does not interfere with the ligand binding properties or functional activities of other prostanoid receptors (prostaglandin E₁₋₄ receptors, D prostanoid receptor 1, thromboxane receptor, prostacyclin receptor, and prostaglandin F receptor). OC000459 inhibited chemotaxis (IC₅₀ = 0.028 μM) of human Th2 lymphocytes and cytokine production (IC₅₀ = 0.019 μM) by human Th2 lymphocytes. OC000459 competitively antagonized eosinophil shape change responses induced by PGD₂ in both isolated human leukocytes (pK(B) = 7.9) and human whole blood (pK(B) = 7.5) but did not inhibit responses to eotaxin, 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid, or complement component C5a. OC000459 also inhibited the activation of Th2 cells and eosinophils in response to supernatants from IgE/anti-IgE-activated human mast cells. OC000459 had no significant inhibitory activity on a battery of 69 receptors and 19 enzymes including cyclooxygenase 1 (COX1) and COX2. OC000459 was found to be orally bioavailable in rats and effective in inhibiting blood eosinophilia induced by 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGD₂ (DK-PGD₂) in this species (ED₅₀ = 0.04 mg/kg p.o.) and airway eosinophilia in response to an aerosol of DK-PGD₂ in guinea pigs (ED₅₀ = 0.01 mg/kg p.o.). These data indicate that OC000459 is a potent, selective, and orally active DP₂ antagonist that retains activity in human whole blood and inhibits mast cell-dependent activation of both human Th2 lymphocytes and eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Pettipher
- Oxagen Ltd, 91 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RY, United Kingdom.
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Thienopyrrole acetic acids as antagonists of the CRTH2 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:1861-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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He R, Oyoshi MK, Wang JYT, Hodge MR, Jin H, Geha RS. The prostaglandin D₂ receptor CRTH2 is important for allergic skin inflammation after epicutaneous antigen challenge. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126:784-90. [PMID: 20713302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous prostaglandin (PG) D₂ levels increase after scratching. Chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on receptor on T(H)2 cells (CRTH2) mediates chemotaxis to PGD₂ and is expressed on T(H)2 cells and eosinophils, which infiltrate skin lesions in patients with atopic dermatitis. OBJECTIVE We sought to examine the role of CRTH2 in a murine model of atopic dermatitis. METHODS CRTH2(-/-) mice and wild-type control animals were epicutaneously sensitized by means of repeated application of ovalbumin (OVA) to tape-stripped skin for 7 weeks and then challenged by means of OVA application to tape-stripped previously unsensitized skin for 1 week. Skin histology was assessed by means of hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry. Cytokine mRNA expression was examined by means of quantitative RT-PCR. Levels of PGD₂, antibody, and cytokines were measured by means of ELISA. RESULTS PGD₂ levels significantly increased in skin 24 hours after tape stripping, although not in skin subjected to repeated sensitization with OVA. Allergic skin inflammation developed normally at sites of chronic epicutaneous sensitization with OVA in CRTH2(-/-) mice but was severely impaired in previously unsensitized skin challenged with OVA, as evidenced by significantly decreased skin infiltration with eosinophils and CD4(+) cells and impaired T(H)2 cytokine mRNA expression. Impaired skin inflammation at sites of acute OVA challenge in CRTH2(-/-) mice was not due to an impaired systemic response to epicutaneous sensitization because OVA-specific IgG1 and IgE antibody levels and OVA-driven splenocyte secretion of cytokines in these mice were comparable with those seen in wild-type control animals. CONCLUSIONS CRTH2 promotes allergic skin inflammation in response to cutaneous exposure to antigen in previously sensitized mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui He
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Grimstrup M, Receveur JM, Rist Ø, Frimurer TM, Nielsen PA, Mathiesen JM, Högberg T. Exploration of SAR features by modifications of thiazoleacetic acids as CRTH2 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:1638-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.01.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 01/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Novel selective thiazoleacetic acids as CRTH2 antagonists developed from in silico derived hits. Part 1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:1177-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Grimstrup M, Rist Ø, Receveur JM, Frimurer TM, Ulven T, Mathiesen JM, Kostenis E, Högberg T. Novel selective thiazoleacetic acids as CRTH2 antagonists developed from in silico derived hits. Part 2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:1181-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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