51
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de Carvalho RVH, Silva ALN, Santos LL, Andrade WA, de Sá KSG, Zamboni DS. Macrophage priming is dispensable for NLRP3 inflammasome activation and restriction of Leishmania amazonensis replication. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:631-640. [PMID: 31063608 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.ma1118-471r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The NLRP3 inflammasome is activated in response to multiple stimuli and triggers activation of caspase-1 (CASP1), IL-1β production, and inflammation. NLRP3 activation requires two signals. The first leads to transcriptional regulation of specific genes related to inflammation, and the second is triggered when pathogens, toxins, or specific compounds damage cellular membranes and/or trigger the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we assess the requirement of the first signal (priming) for the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) infected with Leishmania amazonensis. We found that BMDMs express the inflammasome components NLRP3, ASC, and CASP1 at sufficient levels to enable the assembly and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in response to infection. Therefore, priming was not required for the formation of ASC specks, CASP1 activation (measured by fluorescent dye FAM-YVAD), and restriction of L. amazonensis replication via the NLRP3 inflammasome. By contrast, BMDM priming was required for CASP1 cleavage (p20) and IL-1β secretion, because priming triggers robust up-regulation of pro-IL-1β and CASP11 that are important for efficient processing of CASP1 and IL-1β. Taken together, our data shed light into the cellular and molecular processes involved in activation of the NLRP3 in macrophages by Leishmania, a process that is important for the outcome of Leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan V H de Carvalho
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre L N Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo L Santos
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Warrison A Andrade
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Keyla S G de Sá
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dario S Zamboni
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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52
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Carty M, Kearney J, Shanahan KA, Hams E, Sugisawa R, Connolly D, Doran CG, Muñoz-Wolf N, Gürtler C, Fitzgerald KA, Lavelle EC, Fallon PG, Bowie AG. Cell Survival and Cytokine Release after Inflammasome Activation Is Regulated by the Toll-IL-1R Protein SARM. Immunity 2019; 50:1412-1424.e6. [PMID: 31076360 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Assembly of inflammasomes after infection or injury leads to the release of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and to pyroptosis. After inflammasome activation, cells either pyroptose or enter a hyperactivated state defined by IL-1β secretion without cell death, but what controls these different outcomes is unknown. Here, we show that removal of the Toll-IL-1R protein SARM from macrophages uncouples inflammasome-dependent cytokine release and pyroptosis, whereby cells displayed increased IL-1β production but reduced pyroptosis. Correspondingly, increasing SARM in cells caused less IL-1β release and more pyroptosis. SARM suppressed IL-1β by directly restraining the NLRP3 inflammasome and, hence, caspase-1 activation. Consistent with a role for SARM in pyroptosis, Sarm1-/- mice were protected from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated sepsis. Pyroptosis-inducing, but not hyperactivating, NLRP3 stimulants caused SARM-dependent mitochondrial depolarization. Thus, SARM-dependent mitochondrial depolarization distinguishes NLRP3 activators that cause pyroptosis from those that do not, and SARM modulation represents a cell-intrinsic mechanism to regulate cell fate after inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Carty
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Jay Kearney
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Katharine A Shanahan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Emily Hams
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ryoichi Sugisawa
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Dympna Connolly
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ciara G Doran
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Natalia Muñoz-Wolf
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Claudia Gürtler
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Katherine A Fitzgerald
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Ed C Lavelle
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Padraic G Fallon
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Andrew G Bowie
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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53
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Nagar A, DeMarco RA, Harton JA. Inflammasome and Caspase-1 Activity Characterization and Evaluation: An Imaging Flow Cytometer-Based Detection and Assessment of Inflammasome Specks and Caspase-1 Activation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 202:1003-1015. [PMID: 30598512 PMCID: PMC6344238 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Inflammasome dysregulation is a hallmark of various inflammatory diseases. Evaluating inflammasome-associated structures (ASC specks) and caspase-1 activity by microscopy is time consuming and limited by small sample size. The current flow cytometric method, time of flight inflammasome evaluation (TOFIE), cannot visualize ASC specks or caspase-1 activity, making colocalization studies of inflammasome components and enzymatic activity impossible. We describe a rapid, high-throughput, single-cell, fluorescence-based image analysis method utilizing the Amnis ImageStreamX instrument that quantitatively and qualitatively characterizes the frequency, area, and cellular distribution of ASC specks and caspase-1 activity in mouse and human cells. Unlike TOFIE, this method differentiates between singular perinuclear specks and false positives. With our technique we also show that the presence of NLRP3 reduces the size of ASC specks, which is further reduced by the presence of active caspase-1. The capacity of our approach to simultaneously detect and quantify ASC specks and caspase-1 activity, both at the population and single-cell level, renders it the most powerful tool available for visualizing and quantifying the impact of mutations on inflammasome assembly and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinit Nagar
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208; and
| | | | - Jonathan A Harton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208; and
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54
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Quintana-Belmares R, Hernández-Pérez G, Montiel-Dávalos A, Gustafsson Å, Miranda J, Rosas-Pérez I, López-Marure R, Alfaro-Moreno E. Urban particulate matter induces the expression of receptors for early and late adhesion molecules on human monocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 167:283-291. [PMID: 30077136 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to urban particulate matter (PM) is correlated with increases in the emergence of health services due to adverse events and deaths and is mainly related to cardiorespiratory complications. The translocation of particles from the lung into circulation has been proposed as a factor that may trigger systemic effects. Monocytes may be exposed to PM, and if the monocytes are activated, then they are likely to adhere to endothelial cells in a distant organ due to the expression of receptors for adhesion molecules. In the present study, we evaluated the expression of receptors for adhesion molecules (sLex, PSGL-1, LFA-1, VLA-4 and αVβ3) in monocytes (U937 cells) exposed for 3 or 18 h to PM10 (0.001, 0.003, 0.010, 0.030, 0.300, 3 or 30 µg/mL). Exposed cells were co-cultured with human endothelial cells that were naive or previously exposed to the same particles. When U937 cells were exposed to PM10, similar levels of expression for early and late receptors for adhesion molecules were observed from 30 ng/mL as those induced by TNF-α. Cells exposed to particles at concentrations above 30 ng/mL were more adhesive to naive or exposed human endothelial cells. Taken together, our results suggest that it is plausible that activated monocytes may play a role in systemic effects induced by PM10 due to the size distribution of the particles and the concentrations required to trigger the expression of receptors for adhesion molecules in monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Quintana-Belmares
- Environmental Health Laboratory, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico
| | - Guillermina Hernández-Pérez
- Environmental Health Laboratory, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico
| | - Angélica Montiel-Dávalos
- Environmental Health Laboratory, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico
| | - Åsa Gustafsson
- Swetox, Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Javier Miranda
- Experimental Physics Department, Institute of Physics, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Irma Rosas-Pérez
- Aerobiology Laboratory, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rebeca López-Marure
- Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Mexico
| | - Ernesto Alfaro-Moreno
- Swetox, Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, Sweden.
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55
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Chung IC, Yuan SN, OuYang CN, Lin HC, Huang KY, Chen YJ, Chung AK, Chu CL, Ojcius DM, Chang YS, Chen LC. Src-family kinase-Cbl axis negatively regulates NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1109. [PMID: 30382081 PMCID: PMC6208430 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1163-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is crucial for immune defense, but improper and excessive activation causes inflammatory diseases. We previously reported that Pyk2 is essential for NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Here we show that the Src-family kinases (SFKs)-Cbl axis plays a pivotal role in suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation in response to stimulation by nigericin or ATP, as assessed using gene knockout and gene knockdown cells, dominant active/negative mutants, and pharmacological inhibition. We reveal that the phosphorylation of Cbl is regulated by SFKs, and that phosphorylation of Cbl at Tyr371 suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Mechanistically, Cbl decreases the level of phosphorylated Pyk2 (p-Pyk2) through ubiquitination-mediated proteasomal degradation and reduces mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) production by contributing to the maintenance of mitochondrial size. The lower levels of p-Pyk2 and mtROS dampen NLRP3 inflammasome activation. In vivo, inhibition of Cbl with an analgesic drug, hydrocotarnine, increases inflammasome-mediated IL-18 secretion in the colon, and protects mice from dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis. Together, our novel findings provide new insights into the role of the SFK-Cbl axis in suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation and identify a novel clinical utility of hydrocortanine for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Che Chung
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Ning Yuan
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Nan OuYang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan.,Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Yang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Pathology and Parasitology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, 251, Taiwan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, 251, Taiwan
| | - An-Ko Chung
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Liang Chu
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - David M Ojcius
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, 94103, USA.,Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.,Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, 333, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sun Chang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, 333, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Chyang Chen
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, 252, Taiwan.
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56
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Thygesen SJ, Takizawa KE, Robertson AAB, Sester DP, Stacey KJ. Compromised NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasome function in autoimmune NZB/W F1 mouse macrophages. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 97:17-28. [PMID: 30052286 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are protein complexes activated by infection and cellular stress that promote caspase-1 activation and subsequent inflammatory cytokine processing and cell death. It has been anticipated that inflammasome activity contributes to autoimmunity. However, we previously showed that macrophages from autoimmune New Zealand Black (NZB) mice lack NLRP3 inflammasome function, and their absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome responses are compromised by high expression of the AIM2 antagonist protein p202. Here we found that the point mutation leading to lack of NLRP3 expression occurred early in the NZB strain establishment, as it is shared with the related obese strain New Zealand Obese, but not with the unrelated New Zealand White (NZW) strain. The first cross progeny of NZB and NZW mice develop more severe lupus nephritis than the NZB strain. We have compared AIM2 and NLRP3 inflammasome function in macrophages from NZB, NZW, and NZB/W F1 mice. The NZW parental strain showed strong inflammasome function, whereas the NZB/W F1 have haploinsufficient expression of NLRP3 and show reduced NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasome responses, particularly at low stimulus strength. It remains to be established whether the low inflammasome function could contribute to loss of tolerance and the onset of autoimmunity in NZB and NZB/W F1. However, with amplifying inflammatory stimuli through the course of disease, the NLRP3 response in the NZB/W F1 may be sufficient to contribute to kidney damage at later stages of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Thygesen
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Karli E Takizawa
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Avril A B Robertson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - David P Sester
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Katryn J Stacey
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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57
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Hoss F, Rolfes V, Davanso MR, Braga TT, Franklin BS. Detection of ASC Speck Formation by Flow Cytometry and Chemical Cross-linking. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1714:149-165. [PMID: 29177861 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7519-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Assembly of a relatively large protein aggregate or "speck" formed by the adaptor protein ASC is a common downstream step in the activation of most inflammasomes. This unique feature of ASC allows its visualization by several imaging techniques and constitutes a reliable and feasible readout for inflammasome activation in cells and tissues. We have previously described step-by-step protocols to generate immortalized cell lines stably expressing ASC fused to a fluorescent protein for measuring inflammasome activation by confocal microscopy, and immunofluorescence of endogenous ASC in primary cells. Here, we present two more methods to detect ASC speck formation: (1) Assessment of ASC speck formation by flow cytometry; and (2) Chemical cross-linking of ASC followed by immunoblotting. These methods allow for the discrimination of inflammasome-activated versus non-activated cells, the identification of lineage-specific inflammasome activation in complex cell mixtures, and sorting of inflammasome-activated cells for further analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Hoss
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Verena Rolfes
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mariana R Davanso
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences I, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tarcio T Braga
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences I, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bernardo S Franklin
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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58
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The mitochondrial protease HtrA2 restricts the NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8446. [PMID: 29855523 PMCID: PMC5981608 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26603-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the inflammasome pathway is crucial for effective intracellular host defense. The mitochondrial network plays an important role in inflammasome regulation but the mechanisms linking mitochondrial homeostasis to attenuation of inflammasome activation are not fully understood. Here, we report that the Parkinson’s disease-associated mitochondrial serine protease HtrA2 restricts the activation of ASC-dependent NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes, in a protease activity-dependent manner. Consistently, disruption of the protease activity of HtrA2 results in exacerbated NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasome responses in macrophages ex vivo and systemically in vivo. Mechanistically, we show that the HtrA2 protease activity regulates autophagy and controls the magnitude and duration of inflammasome signaling by preventing prolonged accumulation of the inflammasome adaptor ASC. Our findings identify HtrA2 as a non-redundant mitochondrial quality control effector that keeps NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes in check.
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59
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den Hartigh AB, Fink SL. Detection of Inflammasome Activation and Pyroptotic Cell Death in Murine Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29863661 DOI: 10.3791/57463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are innate immune signaling platforms that are required for the successful control of many pathogenic organisms, but also promote inflammatory and autoinflammatory diseases. Inflammasomes are activated by cytosolic pattern recognition receptors, including members of the NOD-like receptor (NLR) family. These receptors oligomerize upon the detection of microbial or damage-associated stimuli. Subsequent recruitment of the adaptor protein ASC forms a microscopically visible inflammasome complex, which activates caspase-1 through proximity-induced auto-activation. Following the activation, caspase-1 cleaves pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18, leading to the activation and secretion of these pro-inflammatory cytokines. Caspase-1 also mediates the inflammatory form of cell death termed pyroptosis, which features the loss of membrane integrity and cell lysis. Caspase-1 cleaves gasdermin D, releasing the N-terminal fragment which forms plasma membrane pores, leading to osmotic lysis. In vitro, the activation of caspase-1 can be determined by labeling bone marrow-derived macrophages with the caspase-1 activity probe FAM-YVAD-FMK and by labeling the cells with antibodies against the adaptor protein ASC. This technique allows the identification of inflammasome formation and caspase-1 activation in individual cells using fluorescence microscopy. Pyroptotic cell death can be detected by measuring the release of cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase into the medium. This procedure is simple, cost effective and performed in a 96-well plate format, allowing adaptation for screening. In this manuscript, we show that activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by nigericin leads to the co-localization of the adaptor protein ASC and active caspase-1, leading to pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan L Fink
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington;
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60
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Moghaddas F, Zeng P, Zhang Y, Schützle H, Brenner S, Hofmann SR, Berner R, Zhao Y, Lu B, Chen X, Zhang L, Cheng S, Winkler S, Lehmberg K, Canna SW, Czabotar PE, Wicks IP, De Nardo D, Hedrich CM, Zeng H, Masters SL. Autoinflammatory mutation in NLRC4 reveals a leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-LRR oligomerization interface. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:1956-1967.e6. [PMID: 29778503 PMCID: PMC6281029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Monogenic autoinflammatory disorders are characterized by dysregulation of the innate immune system, for example by gain-of-function mutations in inflammasome-forming proteins, such as NOD-like receptor family CARD-containing 4 protein (NLRC4). Objective Here we investigate the mechanism by which a novel mutation in the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain of NLRC4 (c.G1965C, p.W655C) contributes to autoinflammatory disease. Methods: We studied 2 unrelated patients with early-onset macrophage activation syndrome harboring the same de novo mutation in NLRC4. In vitro inflammasome complex formation was quantified by using flow cytometric analysis of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) specks. Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 techniques and lentiviral transduction were used to generate THP-1 cells with either wild-type or mutant NLRC4 cDNA. Cell death and release of IL-1β/IL-18 were quantified by using flow cytometry and ELISA, respectively. Results The p.W655C NLRC4 mutation caused increased ASC speck formation, caspase-1–dependent cell death, and IL-1β/IL-18 production. ASC contributed to p.W655C NLRC4–mediated cytokine release but not cell death. Mutation of p.W655 activated the NLRC4 inflammasome complex by engaging with 2 interfaces on the opposing LRR domain of the oligomer. One key set of residues (p.D1010, p.D1011, p.L1012, and p.I1015) participated in LRR-LRR oligomerization when triggered by mutant NLRC4 or type 3 secretion system effector (PrgI) stimulation of the NLRC4 inflammasome complex. Conclusion This is the first report of a mutation in the LRR domain of NLRC4 causing autoinflammatory disease. c.G1965C/p.W655C NLRC4 increased inflammasome activation in vitro. Data generated from various NLRC4 mutations provides evidence that the LRR-LRR interface has an important and previously unrecognized role in oligomerization of the NLRC4 inflammasome complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Moghaddas
- Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Ping Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxia Zhang
- Immunology Laboratory, Guangzhou Institute of Paediatrics, Guangzhou, China
| | - Heike Schützle
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brenner
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sigrun R Hofmann
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Reinhard Berner
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yuanbo Zhao
- Immunology Laboratory, Guangzhou Institute of Paediatrics, Guangzhou, China; Department of Chemical Biology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Bingtai Lu
- Immunology Laboratory, Guangzhou Institute of Paediatrics, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyun Chen
- Immunology Laboratory, Guangzhou Institute of Paediatrics, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Immunology Laboratory, Guangzhou Institute of Paediatrics, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suyun Cheng
- Department of Rheumatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Stefan Winkler
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kai Lehmberg
- Division of Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Scott W Canna
- Pediatric Rheumatology/RK Mellon Institute, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Peter E Czabotar
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Structural Biology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Ian P Wicks
- Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Rheumatology Department, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Dominic De Nardo
- Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Christian M Hedrich
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Department of Women's & Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Huasong Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Seth L Masters
- Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Immunology Laboratory, Guangzhou Institute of Paediatrics, Guangzhou, China.
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Khakurel A, Park PH. Globular adiponectin protects hepatocytes from tunicamycin-induced cell death via modulation of the inflammasome and heme oxygenase-1 induction. Pharmacol Res 2018; 128:231-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ahmad F, Mishra N, Ahrenstorf G, Franklin BS, Latz E, Schmidt RE, Bossaller L. Evidence of inflammasome activation and formation of monocyte-derived ASC specks in HIV-1 positive patients. AIDS 2018; 32:299-307. [PMID: 29135573 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The formation of large intracellular protein aggregates of the inflammasome adaptor protein ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-recruitment domain; also know as PYCARD) is a hallmark of inflammasome activation. ASC speck-forming cells release the highly proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β in addition to ASC specks into the extracellular space during pyroptotic cell death. There ASC specks can propagate inflammation to other nonactivated cells or tissues. HIV-1 retroviral infection triggers inflammasome activation of abortively infected CD4⁺ T cells in secondary lymphatic tissues. However, if pyroptosis occurs in other peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of HIV-1-infected patients is currently unknown. We investigated if ASC speck positive cells are present in the circulation of HIV-1-infected patients. DESIGN AND METHODS PBMCs or plasma of HIV-1 infected, antiretroviral therapy-naive patients were analyzed for the presence of ASC speck⁺ cells or extracellular ASC and compared with healthy controls. Intracellular staining for ASC was employed to detect ASC speck⁺ cells within PBMCs by flow cytometry, and ELISA to detect free ASC in the plasma. ASC multimerization was confirmed by immunoblot. RESULTS Peripheral blood CD14⁺⁺CD16⁻ monocytes were ASC speck⁺ in HIV patients, but not in healthy controls. In the subgroup analysis, HIV patients with lower CD4⁺ T-cell counts and higher viral load had significantly more ASC speck⁺ monocytes. ASC speck formation did not correlate with Gag expression, coinfection, lactate dehydrogenase or C-reactive protein. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that pyroptotic CD14⁺⁺CD16⁻ classical monocytes of HIV-1-infected patients release ASC specks into the blood stream, a phenomenon that may contribute to HIV-1 induced inflammation and immune activation.
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Danquah W, Meyer-Schwesinger C, Rissiek B, Pinto C, Serracant-Prat A, Amadi M, Iacenda D, Knop JH, Hammel A, Bergmann P, Schwarz N, Assunção J, Rotthier W, Haag F, Tolosa E, Bannas P, Boué-Grabot E, Magnus T, Laeremans T, Stortelers C, Koch-Nolte F. Nanobodies that block gating of the P2X7 ion channel ameliorate inflammation. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:366ra162. [PMID: 27881823 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf8463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ion channels are desirable therapeutic targets, yet ion channel-directed drugs with high selectivity and few side effects are still needed. Unlike small-molecule inhibitors, antibodies are highly selective for target antigens but mostly fail to antagonize ion channel functions. Nanobodies-small, single-domain antibody fragments-may overcome these problems. P2X7 is a ligand-gated ion channel that, upon sensing adenosine 5'-triphosphate released by damaged cells, initiates a proinflammatory signaling cascade, including release of cytokines, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β). To further explore its function, we generated and characterized nanobodies against mouse P2X7 that effectively blocked (13A7) or potentiated (14D5) gating of the channel. Systemic injection of nanobody 13A7 in mice blocked P2X7 on T cells and macrophages in vivo and ameliorated experimental glomerulonephritis and allergic contact dermatitis. We also generated nanobody Dano1, which specifically inhibited human P2X7. In endotoxin-treated human blood, Dano1 was 1000 times more potent in preventing IL-1β release than small-molecule P2X7 antagonists currently in clinical development. Our results show that nanobody technology can generate potent, specific therapeutics against ion channels, confirm P2X7 as a therapeutic target for inflammatory disorders, and characterize a potent new drug candidate that targets P2X7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Welbeck Danquah
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Catherine Meyer-Schwesinger
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Rissiek
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carolina Pinto
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Arnau Serracant-Prat
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Miriam Amadi
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Domenica Iacenda
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Knop
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Hammel
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philine Bergmann
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.,Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS UMR 5293, Bordeaux 33076, France
| | - Nicole Schwarz
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joana Assunção
- Ablynx NV, Technologiepark 21, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Wendy Rotthier
- Ablynx NV, Technologiepark 21, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Friedrich Haag
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva Tolosa
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Bannas
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eric Boué-Grabot
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS UMR 5293, Bordeaux 33076, France
| | - Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Toon Laeremans
- Ablynx NV, Technologiepark 21, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | | | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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Fotaki G, Jin C, Ramachandran M, Kerzeli IK, Karlsson-Parra A, Yu D, Essand M. Pro-inflammatory allogeneic DCs promote activation of bystander immune cells and thereby license antigen-specific T-cell responses. Oncoimmunology 2017; 7:e1395126. [PMID: 29399392 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1395126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence support an important role for endogenous bystander dendritic cells (DCs) in the efficiency of autologous patient-derived DC-vaccines, as bystander DCs take up material from vaccine-DCs, migrate to draining lymph node and initiate antitumor T-cell responses. We examined the possibility of using allogeneic DCs as vaccine-DCs to activate bystander immune cells and promote antigen-specific T-cell responses. We demonstrate that human DCs matured with polyI:C, R848 and IFN-γ (denoted COMBIG) in combination with an infection-enhanced adenovirus vector (denoted Ad5M) exhibit a pro-inflammatory state. COMBIG/Ad5M-matured allogeneic DCs (alloDCs) efficiently activated T-cells and NK-cells in allogeneic co-culture experiments. The secretion of immunostimulatory factors during the co-culture promoted the maturation of bystander-DCs, which efficiently cross-presented a model-antigen to activate antigen-specific CD8+ T-cells in vitro. We propose that alloDCs, in combination with Ad5M as loading vehicle, may be a cost-effective and logistically simplified DC vaccination strategy to induce anti-tumor immune responses in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grammatiki Fotaki
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chuan Jin
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mohanraj Ramachandran
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Iliana Kyriaki Kerzeli
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alex Karlsson-Parra
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Immunicum AB
| | - Di Yu
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Essand
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Overexpression of OSM and IL-6 impacts the polarization of pro-fibrotic macrophages and the development of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13281. [PMID: 29038604 PMCID: PMC5643520 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13511-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although recent evidence indicates that gp130 cytokines, Oncostatin M (OSM) and IL-6 are involved in alternative programming of macrophages, their role in lung fibrogenesis is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effect of transient adenoviral overexpression of OSM or IL-6 in mice during bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. Lung fibrosis and M2-like macrophage accumulation were assessed by immunohistochemistry, western blotting, gene expression and flow cytometry. Ex-vivo isolated alveolar and bone marrow-derived macrophages were examined for M2-like programming and signalling. Airway physiology measurements at day 21 demonstrated that overexpression of OSM or IL-6 exacerbated bleomycin-induced lung elastance, consistent with histopathological assessment of extracellular matrix and myofibroblast accumulation. Flow cytometry analysis at day 7 showed increased numbers of M2-like macrophages in lungs of mice exposed to bleomycin and OSM or IL-6. These macrophages expressed the IL-6Rα, but were deficient for OSMRβ, suggesting that IL-6, but not OSM, may directly induce alternative macrophage activation. In conclusion, the gp130 cytokines IL-6 and OSM contribute to the accumulation of profibrotic macrophages and enhancement of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. This study suggests that therapeutic strategies targeting these cytokines or their receptors may be beneficial to prevent the accumulation of M2-like macrophages and the progression of fibrotic lung disease.
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66
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Cecil JD, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Lenzo JC, Holden JA, Singleton W, Perez-Gonzalez A, Mansell A, Reynolds EC. Outer Membrane Vesicles Prime and Activate Macrophage Inflammasomes and Cytokine Secretion In Vitro and In Vivo. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1017. [PMID: 28890719 PMCID: PMC5574916 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are proteoliposomes blebbed from the surface of Gram-negative bacteria. Chronic periodontitis is associated with an increase in subgingival plaque of Gram-negative bacteria, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia. In this study, we investigated the immune-modulatory effects of P. gingivalis, T. denticola, and T. forsythia OMVs on monocytes and differentiated macrophages. All of the bacterial OMVs were phagocytosed by monocytes, M(naïve) and M(IFNγ) macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. They also induced NF-κB activation and increased TNFα, IL-8, and IL-1β cytokine secretion. P. gingivalis OMVs were also found to induce anti-inflammatory IL-10 secretion. Although unprimed monocytes and macrophages were resistant to OMV-induced cell death, lipopolysaccharide or OMV priming resulted in a significantly reduced cell viability. P. gingivalis, T. denticola, and T. forsythia OMVs all activated inflammasome complexes, as monitored by IL-1β secretion and ASC speck formation. ASC was critical for OMV-induced inflammasome formation, while AIM2-/- and Caspase-1-/- cells had significantly reduced inflammasome formation and NLRP3-/- cells exhibited a slight reduction. OMVs were also found to provide both priming and activation of the inflammasome complex. High-resolution microscopy and flow cytometry showed that P. gingivalis OMVs primed and activated macrophage inflammasomes in vivo with 80% of macrophages exhibiting inflammasome complex formation. In conclusion, periodontal pathogen OMVs were found to have significant immunomodulatory effects upon monocytes and macrophages and should therefore influence pro-inflammatory host responses associated with disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D Cecil
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Neil M O'Brien-Simpson
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jason C Lenzo
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James A Holden
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - William Singleton
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexis Perez-Gonzalez
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashley Mansell
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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67
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Visualising pattern recognition receptor signalling. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:1077-1085. [PMID: 28842530 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Signalling by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is critical for protecting the host against pathogens. Disruption of these signalling pathways has been implicated in many diseases ranging from infection susceptibility to cancer and autoimmune disease. Understanding how PRRs signal is of critical importance due to their potential as therapeutic targets to ameliorate symptoms of inflammatory diseases. The recent advances in microscopy, such as the discovery of fluorescent proteins and the breaking of the diffraction limit of light, offer a unique opportunity to visualise receptor signalling at a single protein level within living cells. Many different microscopy techniques have been developed and used for dissecting different aspects of PRR signalling pathways. This review will provide an overview of the main microscopy techniques used for dissecting these pathways with a focus on Toll-like receptor and NOD-like receptor signalling.
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68
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Moghaddas F, Llamas R, De Nardo D, Martinez-Banaclocha H, Martinez-Garcia JJ, Mesa-Del-Castillo P, Baker PJ, Gargallo V, Mensa-Vilaro A, Canna S, Wicks IP, Pelegrin P, Arostegui JI, Masters SL. A novel Pyrin-Associated Autoinflammation with Neutrophilic Dermatosis mutation further defines 14-3-3 binding of pyrin and distinction to Familial Mediterranean Fever. Ann Rheum Dis 2017; 76:2085-2094. [PMID: 28835462 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-211473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pyrin-Associated Autoinflammation with Neutrophilic Dermatosis (PAAND) is a recently described monogenic autoinflammatory disease. The causal p.S242R MEFV mutation disrupts a binding motif of the regulatory 14-3-3 proteins within pyrin. Here, we investigate a family with clinical features consistent with PAAND in whom the novel p.E244K MEFV mutation, located in the +2 site of the 14-3-3 binding motif in pyrin, has been found. METHODS Multiplex cytokine analyses were performed on p.E244K patient and control serum. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated ex vivo with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In vitro, inflammasome complex formation was evaluated by flow cytometry of Apoptosis-associated Speck-like protein containing a Caspase recruitment domain (ASC) specks. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 production was quantified by ELISA. The ability of the p.E244K pyrin mutation to interact with 14-3-3 was assessed by immunoprecipitation. RESULTS PAAND p.E244K patient serum displayed a different cytokine profile compared with patients with Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF). In overexpression models, p.E244K pyrin was associated with decreased 14-3-3 binding and increased ASC speck formation. THP-1 monocytes expressing PAAND pyrin mutations demonstrated spontaneous caspase-1-dependent IL-1β and IL-18 secretion, as well as cell death, which were significantly greater than those of wild-type and the FMF-associated mutation p.M694V. CONCLUSION In PAAND, disruption of the +2 position of a 14-3-3 binding motif in pyrin results in its constitutive activation, with spontaneous production of IL-1β and IL-18, associated with inflammatory cell death. The altered serum cytokine profile may explain the different clinical features exhibited by PAAND patients compared with those with FMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Moghaddas
- Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rafael Llamas
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Comunidad de Madrid, Spain
| | - Dominic De Nardo
- Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helios Martinez-Banaclocha
- Inflammation and Experimental Surgery Unit, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Hospital Clinico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan J Martinez-Garcia
- Inflammation and Experimental Surgery Unit, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Hospital Clinico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pablo Mesa-Del-Castillo
- Inflammation and Experimental Surgery Unit, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Hospital Clinico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Clinico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Paul J Baker
- Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vanessa Gargallo
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Comunidad de Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Mensa-Vilaro
- Department of Immunology-CDB, Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Scott Canna
- Pediatric Rheumatology/RK Mellon Institute, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ian P Wicks
- Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Rheumatology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Pablo Pelegrin
- Inflammation and Experimental Surgery Unit, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Hospital Clinico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan I Arostegui
- Department of Immunology-CDB, Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Seth L Masters
- Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Structural basis of TIR-domain-assembly formation in MAL- and MyD88-dependent TLR4 signaling. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2017; 24:743-751. [PMID: 28759049 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is a key innate immunity response to pathogens. Recruitment of signaling adapters such as MAL (TIRAP) and MyD88 to the TLRs requires Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)-domain interactions, which remain structurally elusive. Here we show that MAL TIR domains spontaneously and reversibly form filaments in vitro. They also form cofilaments with TLR4 TIR domains and induce formation of MyD88 assemblies. A 7-Å-resolution cryo-EM structure reveals a stable MAL protofilament consisting of two parallel strands of TIR-domain subunits in a BB-loop-mediated head-to-tail arrangement. Interface residues that are important for the interaction are conserved among different TIR domains. Although large filaments of TLR4, MAL or MyD88 are unlikely to form during cellular signaling, structure-guided mutagenesis, combined with in vivo interaction assays, demonstrated that the MAL interactions defined within the filament represent a template for a conserved mode of TIR-domain interaction involved in both TLR and interleukin-1 receptor signaling.
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70
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Kuri P, Schieber NL, Thumberger T, Wittbrodt J, Schwab Y, Leptin M. Dynamics of in vivo ASC speck formation. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:2891-2909. [PMID: 28701426 PMCID: PMC5584180 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201703103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammasome adaptor ASC forms enormous intracellular complexes called specks. Live imaging of endogenous ASC in keratinocytes reveals speck formation dynamics and their lethal effects, as well as macrophages’ engulfment and digestion of the specks left behind by dead cells. Activated danger or pathogen sensors trigger assembly of the inflammasome adaptor ASC into specks, large signaling platforms considered hallmarks of inflammasome activation. Because a lack of in vivo tools has prevented the study of endogenous ASC dynamics, we generated a live ASC reporter through CRISPR/Cas9 tagging of the endogenous gene in zebrafish. We see strong ASC expression in the skin and other epithelia that act as barriers to insult. A toxic stimulus triggered speck formation and rapid pyroptosis in keratinocytes in vivo. Macrophages engulfed and digested that speck-containing, pyroptotic debris. A three-dimensional, ultrastructural reconstruction, based on correlative light and electron microscopy of the in vivo assembled specks revealed a compact network of highly intercrossed filaments, whereas pyrin domain (PYD) or caspase activation and recruitment domain alone formed filamentous aggregates. The effector caspase is recruited through PYD, whose overexpression induced pyroptosis but only after substantial delay. Therefore, formation of a single, compact speck and rapid cell-death induction in vivo requires a full-length ASC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Kuri
- Directors' Research Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicole L Schieber
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Thumberger
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Wittbrodt
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yannick Schwab
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.,Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Leptin
- Directors' Research Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany .,Institute of Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,European Molecular Biology Organization, Heidelberg, Germany
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Mensa-Vilaro A, Teresa Bosque M, Magri G, Honda Y, Martínez-Banaclocha H, Casorran-Berges M, Sintes J, González-Roca E, Ruiz-Ortiz E, Heike T, Martínez-Garcia JJ, Baroja-Mazo A, Cerutti A, Nishikomori R, Yagüe J, Pelegrín P, Delgado-Beltran C, Aróstegui JI. Brief Report: Late-Onset Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndrome Due to Myeloid-Restricted Somatic NLRP3 Mosaicism. Arthritis Rheumatol 2017; 68:3035-3041. [PMID: 27273849 DOI: 10.1002/art.39770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gain-of-function NLRP3 mutations cause cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS), with gene mosaicism playing a relevant role in the pathogenesis. This study was undertaken to characterize the genetic cause underlying late-onset but otherwise typical CAPS. METHODS We studied a 64-year-old patient who presented with recurrent episodes of urticaria-like rash, fever, conjunctivitis, and oligoarthritis at age 56 years. DNA was extracted from both unfractionated blood and isolated leukocyte and CD34+ subpopulations. Genetic studies were performed using both the Sanger method of DNA sequencing and next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods. In vitro and ex vivo analyses were performed to determine the consequences that the presence of the variant have in the normal structure or function of the protein of the detected variant. RESULTS NGS analyses revealed the novel p.Gln636Glu NLRP3 variant in unfractionated blood, with an allele frequency (18.4%) compatible with gene mosaicism. Sanger sequence chromatograms revealed a small peak corresponding to the variant allele. Amplicon-based deep sequencing revealed somatic NLRP3 mosaicism restricted to myeloid cells (31.8% in monocytes, 24.6% in neutrophils, and 11.2% in circulating CD34+ common myeloid progenitor cells) and its complete absence in lymphoid cells. Functional analyses confirmed the gain-of-function behavior of the gene variant and hyperactivity of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the patient. Treatment with anakinra resulted in good control of the disease. CONCLUSION We identified the novel gain-of-function p.Gln636Glu NLRP3 mutation, which was detected as a somatic mutation restricted to myeloid cells, as the cause of late-onset but otherwise typical CAPS. Our results expand the diversity of CAPS toward milder phenotypes than previously reported, including those starting during adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giuliana Magri
- Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Jordi Sintes
- Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrea Cerutti
- Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques and Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jordi Yagüe
- Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Pelegrín
- Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
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Gomez-Lopez N, Romero R, Xu Y, Garcia-Flores V, Leng Y, Panaitescu B, Miller D, Abrahams VM, Hassan SS. Inflammasome assembly in the chorioamniotic membranes during spontaneous labor at term. Am J Reprod Immunol 2017; 77:10.1111/aji.12648. [PMID: 28233423 PMCID: PMC5429868 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Inflammasome activation requires two steps: priming and assembly of the multimeric complex. The second step includes assembly of the sensor molecule and adaptor protein ASC (an apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD), which results in ASC speck formation and the recruitment of caspase (CASP)-1. Herein, we investigated whether there is inflammasome assembly in the chorioamniotic membranes and choriodecidual leukocytes from women who underwent spontaneous labor at term. METHOD OF STUDY Using in situ proximity ligation assays, ASC/CASP-1 complexes were determined in the chorioamniotic membranes from women who delivered at term without labor or underwent spontaneous labor at term with or without acute histologic chorioamnionitis (n=10-11 each). Also, ASC speck formation was determined by flow cytometry in the choriodecidual leukocytes isolated from women who delivered at term with or without spontaneous labor (n=9-12 each). RESULTS (i) ASC/CASP-1 complexes were detected in the chorioamniotic membranes; (ii) ASC/CASP-1 complexes were greater in the chorioamniotic membranes from women who underwent spontaneous labor at term than in those without labor; (iii) ASC/CASP-1 complexes were even more abundant in the chorioamniotic membranes from women who underwent spontaneous labor at term with acute histologic chorioamnionitis than in those without this placental lesion; (iv) ASC speck formation was detected in the choriodecidual leukocytes; and (v) ASC speck formation was greater in the choriodecidual leukocytes isolated from women who underwent spontaneous labor at term than in those without labor. CONCLUSION There is inflammasome assembly in the chorioamniotic membranes and choriodecidual leukocytes during spontaneous labor at term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Valeria Garcia-Flores
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Yaozhu Leng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Bogdan Panaitescu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Derek Miller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Vikki M. Abrahams
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sonia S. Hassan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome Is Associated with Valosin-Containing Protein Myopathy. Inflammation 2017; 40:21-41. [PMID: 27730320 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0449-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the NOD-like receptor (NLR) family, pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, triggers a pathogenic inflammatory response in many inherited neurodegenerative disorders. Inflammation has recently been associated with valosin-containing protein (VCP)-associated diseases, caused by missense mutations in the VCP gene. This prompted us to investigate whether NLRP3 inflammasome plays a role in VCP-associated diseases, which classically affects the muscles, bones, and brain. In this report, we demonstrate (i) an elevated activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in VCP myoblasts, derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) of VCP patients, which was significantly decreased following in vitro treatment with the MCC950, a potent and specific inhibitor of NLRP3 inflammasome; (ii) a significant increase in the expression of NLRP3, caspase 1, IL-1β, and IL-18 in the quadriceps muscles of VCPR155H/+ heterozygote mice, an experimental mouse model that has many clinical features of human VCP-associated myopathy; (iii) a significant increase of number of IL-1β(+)F4/80(+)Ly6C(+) inflammatory macrophages that infiltrate the muscles of VCPR155H/+ mice; (iv) NLRP3 inflammasome activation and accumulation IL-1β(+)F4/80(+)Ly6C(+) macrophages positively correlated with high expression of TDP-43 and p62/SQSTM1 markers of VCP pathology in damaged muscle; and (v) treatment of VCPR155H/+ mice with MCC950 inhibitor suppressed activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, reduced the F4/80(+)Ly6C(+)IL-1β(+) macrophage infiltrates in the muscle, and significantly ameliorated muscle strength. Together, these results suggest that (i) NLRP3 inflammasome and local IL-1β(+)F4/80(+)Ly6C(+) inflammatory macrophages contribute to pathogenesis of VCP-associated myopathy and (ii) identified MCC950 specific inhibitor of the NLRP3 inflammasome with promising therapeutic potential for the treatment of VCP-associated myopathy.
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74
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Masters SL, Lagou V, Jéru I, Baker PJ, Van Eyck L, Parry DA, Lawless D, De Nardo D, Garcia-Perez JE, Dagley LF, Holley CL, Dooley J, Moghaddas F, Pasciuto E, Jeandel PY, Sciot R, Lyras D, Webb AI, Nicholson SE, De Somer L, van Nieuwenhove E, Ruuth-Praz J, Copin B, Cochet E, Medlej-Hashim M, Megarbane A, Schroder K, Savic S, Goris A, Amselem S, Wouters C, Liston A. Familial autoinflammation with neutrophilic dermatosis reveals a regulatory mechanism of pyrin activation. Sci Transl Med 2016; 8:332ra45. [PMID: 27030597 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf1471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pyrin responds to pathogen signals and loss of cellular homeostasis by forming an inflammasome complex that drives the cleavage and secretion of interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Mutations in the B30.2/SPRY domain cause pathogen-independent activation of pyrin and are responsible for the autoinflammatory disease familial Mediterranean fever (FMF). We studied a family with a dominantly inherited autoinflammatory disease, distinct from FMF, characterized by childhood-onset recurrent episodes of neutrophilic dermatosis, fever, elevated acute-phase reactants, arthralgia, and myalgia/myositis. The disease was caused by a mutation in MEFV, the gene encoding pyrin (S242R). The mutation results in the loss of a 14-3-3 binding motif at phosphorylated S242, which was not perturbed by FMF mutations in the B30.2/SPRY domain. However, loss of both S242 phosphorylation and 14-3-3 binding was observed for bacterial effectors that activate the pyrin inflammasome, such as Clostridium difficile toxin B (TcdB). The S242R mutation thus recapitulated the effect of pathogen sensing, triggering inflammasome activation and IL-1β production. Successful therapy targeting IL-1β has been initiated in one patient, resolving pyrin-associated autoinflammation with neutrophilic dermatosis. This disease provides evidence that a guard-like mechanism of pyrin regulation, originally identified for Nod-like receptors in plant innate immunity, also exists in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth L Masters
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia. Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Vasiliki Lagou
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium. Translational Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Jéru
- INSERM, UMR S933, Paris F-75012, France. Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, UMR S933, Paris F-75012, France. Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Trousseau, Service de Génétique et d'Embryologie médicales, Paris F-75012, France
| | - Paul J Baker
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia. Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Lien Van Eyck
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium. Translational Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - David A Parry
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh LS7 4SA, UK
| | - Dylan Lawless
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, Saint James's University Hospital, Leeds LS7 4SA, UK
| | - Dominic De Nardo
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia. Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Josselyn E Garcia-Perez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium. Translational Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Laura F Dagley
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia. Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia. Systems Biology and Personalised Medicine Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Caroline L Holley
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB) and IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - James Dooley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium. Translational Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Fiona Moghaddas
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia. Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Emanuela Pasciuto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium. Translational Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Pierre-Yves Jeandel
- Département de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Archet 1, Université Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06202 Nice, France
| | - Raf Sciot
- Department of Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium. University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Dena Lyras
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Andrew I Webb
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia. Systems Biology and Personalised Medicine Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Sandra E Nicholson
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia. Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | - Erika van Nieuwenhove
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium. Translational Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium. University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Julia Ruuth-Praz
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, UMR S933, Paris F-75012, France. Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Trousseau, Service de Génétique et d'Embryologie médicales, Paris F-75012, France
| | - Bruno Copin
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Trousseau, Service de Génétique et d'Embryologie médicales, Paris F-75012, France
| | - Emmanuelle Cochet
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Trousseau, Service de Génétique et d'Embryologie médicales, Paris F-75012, France
| | - Myrna Medlej-Hashim
- Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences II, Lebanese University, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Andre Megarbane
- Al-Jawhara Center, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 26671, Bahrain
| | - Kate Schroder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB) and IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Sinisa Savic
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Saint James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK. National Institute for Health Research-Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit and Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, Saint James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - An Goris
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Serge Amselem
- INSERM, UMR S933, Paris F-75012, France. Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, UMR S933, Paris F-75012, France. Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Trousseau, Service de Génétique et d'Embryologie médicales, Paris F-75012, France
| | - Carine Wouters
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium. University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
| | - Adrian Liston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium. Translational Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
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75
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Fu TM, Li Y, Lu A, Li Z, Vajjhala PR, Cruz AC, Srivastava DB, DiMaio F, Penczek PA, Siegel RM, Stacey KJ, Egelman EH, Wu H. Cryo-EM Structure of Caspase-8 Tandem DED Filament Reveals Assembly and Regulation Mechanisms of the Death-Inducing Signaling Complex. Mol Cell 2016; 64:236-250. [PMID: 27746017 PMCID: PMC5089849 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Caspase-8 activation can be triggered by death receptor-mediated formation of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) and by the inflammasome adaptor ASC. Caspase-8 assembles with FADD at the DISC and with ASC at the inflammasome through its tandem death effector domain (tDED), which is regulated by the tDED-containing cellular inhibitor cFLIP and the viral inhibitor MC159. Here we present the caspase-8 tDED filament structure determined by cryoelectron microscopy. Extensive assembly interfaces not predicted by the previously proposed linear DED chain model were uncovered, and were further confirmed by structure-based mutagenesis in filament formation in vitro and Fas-induced apoptosis and ASC-mediated caspase-8 recruitment in cells. Structurally, the two DEDs in caspase-8 use quasi-equivalent contacts to enable assembly. Using the tDED filament structure as a template, structural analyses reveal the interaction surfaces between FADD and caspase-8 and the distinct mechanisms of regulation by cFLIP and MC159 through comingling and capping, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Min Fu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alvin Lu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zongli Li
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Parimala R Vajjhala
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Anthony C Cruz
- Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Devendra B Srivastava
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Frank DiMaio
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Pawel A Penczek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Richard M Siegel
- Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Katryn J Stacey
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Edward H Egelman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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76
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The NLRP3 inflammasome functions as a driver of the myelodysplastic syndrome phenotype. Blood 2016; 128:2960-2975. [PMID: 27737891 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-07-730556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite genetic heterogeneity, myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) share features of cytological dysplasia and ineffective hematopoiesis. We report that a hallmark of MDSs is activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, which drives clonal expansion and pyroptotic cell death. Independent of genotype, MDS hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) overexpress inflammasome proteins and manifest activated NLRP3 complexes that direct activation of caspase-1, generation of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18, and pyroptotic cell death. Mechanistically, pyroptosis is triggered by the alarmin S100A9 that is found in excess in MDS HSPCs and bone marrow plasma. Further, like somatic gene mutations, S100A9-induced signaling activates NADPH oxidase (NOX), increasing levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that initiate cation influx, cell swelling, and β-catenin activation. Notably, knockdown of NLRP3 or caspase-1, neutralization of S100A9, and pharmacologic inhibition of NLRP3 or NOX suppress pyroptosis, ROS generation, and nuclear β-catenin in MDSs and are sufficient to restore effective hematopoiesis. Thus, alarmins and founder gene mutations in MDSs license a common redox-sensitive inflammasome circuit, which suggests new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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77
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Sester DP, Zamoshnikova A, Thygesen SJ, Vajjhala PR, Cridland SO, Schroder K, Stacey KJ. Assessment of Inflammasome Formation by Flow Cytometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 114:14.40.1-14.40.29. [DOI: 10.1002/cpim.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David P. Sester
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland Brisbane Australia
| | - Alina Zamoshnikova
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland Brisbane Australia
| | - Sara J. Thygesen
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland Brisbane Australia
| | - Parimala R. Vajjhala
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland Brisbane Australia
| | - Simon O. Cridland
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland Brisbane Australia
| | - Kate Schroder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland Brisbane Australia
| | - Katryn J. Stacey
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland Brisbane Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland Brisbane Australia
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78
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Stacey KJ, Idris A, Sagulenko V, Vitak N, Sester DP. Methods for Delivering DNA to Intracellular Receptors. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1390:93-106. [PMID: 26803624 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3335-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic DNA can indicate infection and induces type I interferon (IFN) and AIM2 inflammasome responses. Characterization of these responses has required introduction of DNA into the cytosol of macrophages by either chemical transfection or electroporation, each of which has advantages in different applications. We describe here optimized procedures for both electroporation and chemical transfection, including the centrifugation of chemical transfection reagent onto cells, which greatly increases the speed and strength of responses. Appropriate choice of DNA and use of these methods allow study of either the cytosolic DNA responses in isolation or the simultaneous stimulation of cytosolic receptors and the CpG DNA receptor toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in the endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katryn J Stacey
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Adi Idris
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Vitaliya Sagulenko
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Nazarii Vitak
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - David P Sester
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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79
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Vajjhala PR, Lu A, Brown DL, Pang SW, Sagulenko V, Sester DP, Cridland SO, Hill JM, Schroder K, Stow JL, Wu H, Stacey KJ. The Inflammasome Adaptor ASC Induces Procaspase-8 Death Effector Domain Filaments. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:29217-30. [PMID: 26468282 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.687731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes mediate inflammatory and cell death responses to pathogens and cellular stress signals via activation of procaspases-1 and -8. During inflammasome assembly, activated receptors of the NLR or PYHIN family recruit the adaptor protein ASC and initiate polymerization of its pyrin domain (PYD) into filaments. We show that ASC filaments in turn nucleate procaspase-8 death effector domain (DED) filaments in vitro and in vivo. Interaction between ASC PYD and procaspase-8 tandem DEDs optimally required both DEDs and represents an unusual heterotypic interaction between domains of the death fold superfamily. Analysis of ASC PYD mutants showed that interaction surfaces that mediate procaspase-8 interaction overlap with those required for ASC self-association and interaction with the PYDs of inflammasome initiators. Our data indicate that multiple types of death fold domain filaments form at inflammasomes and that PYD/DED and homotypic PYD interaction modes are similar. Interestingly, we observed condensation of procaspase-8 filaments containing the catalytic domain, suggesting that procaspase-8 interactions within and/or between filaments may be involved in caspase-8 activation. Procaspase-8 filaments may also be relevant to apoptosis induced by death receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alvin Lu
- the Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and the Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Darren L Brown
- the Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Siew Wai Pang
- From the School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and
| | | | - David P Sester
- From the School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and
| | | | - Justine M Hill
- From the School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and
| | - Kate Schroder
- the Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Stow
- the Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Hao Wu
- the Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and the Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Katryn J Stacey
- From the School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and the Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia,
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80
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Coll RC, Robertson AAB, Chae JJ, Higgins SC, Muñoz-Planillo R, Inserra MC, Vetter I, Dungan LS, Monks BG, Stutz A, Croker DE, Butler MS, Haneklaus M, Sutton CE, Núñez G, Latz E, Kastner DL, Mills KHG, Masters SL, Schroder K, Cooper MA, O'Neill LAJ. A small-molecule inhibitor of the NLRP3 inflammasome for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Nat Med 2015; 21:248-55. [PMID: 25686105 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1850] [Impact Index Per Article: 205.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The NOD-like receptor (NLR) family, pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a component of the inflammatory process, and its aberrant activation is pathogenic in inherited disorders such as cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS) and complex diseases such as multiple sclerosis, type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and atherosclerosis. We describe the development of MCC950, a potent, selective, small-molecule inhibitor of NLRP3. MCC950 blocked canonical and noncanonical NLRP3 activation at nanomolar concentrations. MCC950 specifically inhibited activation of NLRP3 but not the AIM2, NLRC4 or NLRP1 inflammasomes. MCC950 reduced interleukin-1β (IL-1β) production in vivo and attenuated the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a disease model of multiple sclerosis. Furthermore, MCC950 treatment rescued neonatal lethality in a mouse model of CAPS and was active in ex vivo samples from individuals with Muckle-Wells syndrome. MCC950 is thus a potential therapeutic for NLRP3-associated syndromes, including autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases, and a tool for further study of the NLRP3 inflammasome in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Coll
- 1] School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. [2] Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Avril A B Robertson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jae Jin Chae
- Inflammatory Disease Section, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah C Higgins
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Raúl Muñoz-Planillo
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Marco C Inserra
- 1] Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. [2] School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Irina Vetter
- 1] Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. [2] School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lara S Dungan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brian G Monks
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andrea Stutz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel E Croker
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mark S Butler
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Moritz Haneklaus
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Caroline E Sutton
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Eicke Latz
- 1] Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. [2] Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA. [3] German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel L Kastner
- Inflammatory Disease Section, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kingston H G Mills
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Seth L Masters
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Kate Schroder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthew A Cooper
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Luke A J O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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