51
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Wong EB, Ndung'u T, Kasprowicz VO. The role of mucosal-associated invariant T cells in infectious diseases. Immunology 2016; 150:45-54. [PMID: 27633333 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are donor-unrestricted lymphocytes that are surprisingly abundant in humans, representing 1-10% of circulating T cells and further enriched in mucosal tissues. MAIT cells recognize and are activated by small molecule ligands produced by microbes and presented by MR1, a highly conserved MHC-related antigen-presenting protein that is ubiquitously expressed in human cells. Increasing evidence suggests that MAIT cells play a protective role in anti-bacterial immunity at mucosal interfaces. Some fungi are known to produce MAIT-activating ligands, but the role of MAIT cells in fungal infections has not yet been investigated. In viral infections, specifically HIV, which has received the most study, MAIT cell biology is clearly altered, but the mechanisms explaining these alterations and their clinical significance are not yet understood. Many questions remain unanswered about the potential of MAIT cells for protection or pathogenesis in infectious diseases. Because they interact with the universal, donor-unrestricted ligand-presenting MR1 molecule, MAIT cells may be attractive immunotherapy or vaccine targets. New tools, including the development of MR1-ligand tetramers and next-generation T-cell receptor sequencing, have the potential to accelerate MAIT cell research and lead to new insights into the role of this unique set of lymphocytes in infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily B Wong
- African Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- African Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.,HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Victoria O Kasprowicz
- African Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.,HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
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52
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Liuzzi AR, Kift-Morgan A, Lopez-Anton M, Friberg IM, Zhang J, Brook AC, Roberts GW, Donovan KL, Colmont CS, Toleman MA, Bowen T, Johnson DW, Topley N, Moser B, Fraser DJ, Eberl M. Unconventional Human T Cells Accumulate at the Site of Infection in Response to Microbial Ligands and Induce Local Tissue Remodeling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2195-207. [PMID: 27527598 PMCID: PMC5009878 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The antimicrobial responsiveness and function of unconventional human T cells are poorly understood, with only limited access to relevant specimens from sites of infection. Peritonitis is a common and serious complication in individuals with end-stage kidney disease receiving peritoneal dialysis. By analyzing local and systemic immune responses in peritoneal dialysis patients presenting with acute bacterial peritonitis and monitoring individuals before and during defined infectious episodes, our data show that Vγ9/Vδ2+ γδ T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T cells accumulate at the site of infection with organisms producing (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate and vitamin B2, respectively. Such unconventional human T cells are major producers of IFN-γ and TNF-α in response to these ligands that are shared by many microbial pathogens and affect the cells lining the peritoneal cavity by triggering local inflammation and inducing tissue remodeling with consequences for peritoneal membrane integrity. Our data uncover a crucial role for Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T cells in bacterial infection and suggest that they represent a useful predictive marker for important clinical outcomes, which may inform future stratification and patient management. These findings are likely to be applicable to other acute infections where local activation of unconventional T cells contributes to the antimicrobial inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rita Liuzzi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Ann Kift-Morgan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Melisa Lopez-Anton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom; Wales Kidney Research Unit, Heath Park Campus, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Ida M Friberg
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Amy C Brook
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth W Roberts
- Wales Kidney Research Unit, Heath Park Campus, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom; Directorate of Nephrology and Transplantation, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XW, United Kingdom
| | - Kieron L Donovan
- Wales Kidney Research Unit, Heath Park Campus, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom; Directorate of Nephrology and Transplantation, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XW, United Kingdom
| | - Chantal S Colmont
- Wales Kidney Research Unit, Heath Park Campus, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A Toleman
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Bowen
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom; Wales Kidney Research Unit, Heath Park Campus, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - David W Johnson
- Department of Renal Medicine, University of Queensland at Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia; Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia; Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Nicholas Topley
- Centre for Medical Education, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom; and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard Moser
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom; Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Donald J Fraser
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom; Wales Kidney Research Unit, Heath Park Campus, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom; Directorate of Nephrology and Transplantation, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XW, United Kingdom; Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom; Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
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53
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Huang S, Moody DB. Donor-unrestricted T cells in the human CD1 system. Immunogenetics 2016; 68:577-96. [PMID: 27502318 PMCID: PMC5915868 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0942-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The CD1 and MHC systems are specialized for lipid and peptide display, respectively. Here, we review evidence showing how cellular CD1a, CD1b, CD1c, and CD1d proteins capture and display many cellular lipids to T cell receptors (TCRs). Increasing evidence shows that CD1-reactive T cells operate outside two classical immunogenetic concepts derived from the MHC paradigm. First, because CD1 proteins are non-polymorphic in human populations, T cell responses are not restricted to the donor's genetic background. Second, the simplified population genetics of CD1 antigen-presenting molecules can lead to simplified patterns of TCR usage. As contrasted with donor-restricted patterns of MHC-TCR interaction, the donor-unrestricted nature of CD1-TCR interactions raises the prospect that lipid agonists and antagonists of T cells could be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouxiong Huang
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
| | - D Branch Moody
- Divison of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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54
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Paquin-Proulx D, Gibbs A, Bächle SM, Checa A, Introini A, Leeansyah E, Wheelock CE, Nixon DF, Broliden K, Tjernlund A, Moll M, Sandberg JK. Innate Invariant NKT Cell Recognition of HIV-1-Infected Dendritic Cells Is an Early Detection Mechanism Targeted by Viral Immune Evasion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1843-51. [PMID: 27481843 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are innate-like T cells that respond rapidly with a broad range of effector functions upon recognition of glycolipid Ags presented by CD1d. HIV-1 carries Nef- and Vpu-dependent mechanisms to interfere with CD1d surface expression, indirectly suggesting a role for iNKT cells in control of HIV-1 infection. In this study, we investigated whether iNKT cells can participate in the innate cell-mediated immune response to HIV-1. Infection of dendritic cells (DCs) with Nef- and Vpu-deficient HIV-1 induced upregulation of CD1d in a TLR7-dependent manner. Infection of DCs caused modulation of enzymes in the sphingolipid pathway and enhanced expression of the endogenous glucosylceramide Ag. Importantly, iNKT cells responded specifically to rare DCs productively infected with Nef- and Vpu-defective HIV-1. Transmitted founder viral isolates differed in their CD1d downregulation capacity, suggesting that diverse strains may be differentially successful in inhibiting this pathway. Furthermore, both iNKT cells and DCs expressing CD1d and HIV receptors resided in the female genital mucosa, a site where HIV-1 transmission occurs. Taken together, these findings suggest that innate iNKT cell sensing of HIV-1 infection in DCs is an early immune detection mechanism, which is independent of priming and adaptive recognition of viral Ag, and is actively targeted by Nef- and Vpu-dependent viral immune evasion mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Paquin-Proulx
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Gibbs
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanna M Bächle
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Checa
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Andrea Introini
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edwin Leeansyah
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Craig E Wheelock
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Douglas F Nixon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037
| | - Kristina Broliden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annelie Tjernlund
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Moll
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan K Sandberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden;
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55
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Felley L, Gumperz JE. Are human iNKT cells keeping tabs on lipidome perturbations triggered by oxidative stress in the blood? Immunogenetics 2016; 68:611-22. [PMID: 27393663 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0936-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The central paradigm of conventional MHC-restricted T cells is that they respond specifically to foreign peptides, while displaying tolerance to self-antigens. In contrast, it is now becoming clear that a number of innate-like T cell subsets-CD1-restricted T cells, Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, and MAIT cells-may operate by different rules: rather than focusing on the recognition of specific foreign antigens, these T cells all appear to respond to alterations to lipid-related pathways. By monitoring perturbations to the "lipidome," these T cells may be able to spring into action to deal with physiological situations that are of self as well as microbial origin. iNKT cells are a prime example of this type of lipidome-reactive T cell. As a result of their activation by self lyso-phospholipid species that are generated downstream of blood lipid oxidation, human iNKT cells in the vasculature may respond sensitively to a variety of oxidative stresses. Some of the cytokines produced by activated iNKT cells have angiogenic effects (e.g., GM-CSF, IL-8), whereas others (e.g., IFN-γ) are pro-inflammatory factors that can propagate vascular pathology by influencing the functions of macrophages and dendritic cells. Consistent with this, evidence is accumulating that iNKT cells contribute to atherosclerosis, which is one of the most common inflammatory pathologies, and one that is integrally related to characteristics of the lipidome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Felley
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jenny E Gumperz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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56
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Godfrey DI, Uldrich AP, McCluskey J, Rossjohn J, Moody DB. The burgeoning family of unconventional T cells. Nat Immunol 2016; 16:1114-23. [PMID: 26482978 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 540] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
While most studies of T lymphocytes have focused on T cells reactive to complexes of peptide and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins, many other types of T cells do not fit this paradigm. These include CD1-restricted T cells, MR1-restricted mucosal associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells), MHC class Ib-reactive T cells, and γδ T cells. Collectively, these T cells are considered 'unconventional', in part because they can recognize lipids, small-molecule metabolites and specially modified peptides. Unlike MHC-reactive T cells, these apparently disparate T cell types generally show simplified patterns of T cell antigen receptor (TCR) expression, rapid effector responses and 'public' antigen specificities. Here we review evidence showing that unconventional T cells are an abundant component of the human immune system and discuss the immunotherapeutic potential of these cells and their antigenic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Adam P Uldrich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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