51
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Ma H, Qiu Y, Yang H. Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes: Maintainers of intestinal immune tolerance and regulators of intestinal immunity. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 109:339-347. [PMID: 32678936 PMCID: PMC7891415 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ru0220-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal immune tolerance is essential for the immune system, as it prevents abnormal immune responses to large quantities of antigens from the intestinal lumen, such as antigens from commensal microorganisms, and avoids self‐injury. Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), a special group of mucosal T lymphocytes, play a significant role in intestinal immune tolerance. To accomplish this, IELs exhibit a high threshold of activation and low reactivity to most antigens from the intestinal lumen. In particular, CD8αα+TCRαβ+ IELs, TCRγδ+ IELs, and CD4+CD8αα+ IELs show great potential for maintaining intestinal immune tolerance and regulating intestinal immunity. However, if the intestinal microenvironment becomes abnormal or intestinal tolerance is broken, IELs may be activated abnormally and become pathogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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52
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Farré R, Fiorani M, Abdu Rahiman S, Matteoli G. Intestinal Permeability, Inflammation and the Role of Nutrients. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041185. [PMID: 32340206 PMCID: PMC7231157 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between host and external environment mainly occurs in the gastrointestinal tract, where the mucosal barrier has a critical role in many physiologic functions ranging from digestion, absorption, and metabolism. This barrier allows the passage and absorption of nutrients, but at the same time, it must regulate the contact between luminal antigens and the immune system, confining undesirable products to the lumen. Diet is an important regulator of the mucosal barrier, and the cross-talk among dietary factors, the immune system, and microbiota is crucial for the modulation of intestinal permeability and for the maintenance of gastrointestinal tract (GI) homeostasis. In the present review, we will discuss the role of a number of dietary nutrients that have been proposed as regulators of inflammation and epithelial barrier function. We will also consider the metabolic function of the microbiota, which is capable of elaborating the diverse nutrients and synthesizing products of great interest. Better knowledge of the influence of dietary nutrients on inflammation and barrier function can be important for the future development of new therapeutic approaches for patients with mucosal barrier dysfunction, a critical factor in the pathogenesis of many GI and non-GI diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricard Farré
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID) Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.F.); (S.A.R.); (G.M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-16-34-57-52
| | - Marcello Fiorani
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID) Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.F.); (S.A.R.); (G.M.)
| | - Saeed Abdu Rahiman
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID) Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.F.); (S.A.R.); (G.M.)
| | - Gianluca Matteoli
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID) Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.F.); (S.A.R.); (G.M.)
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53
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Ambrosini YM, Shin W, Min S, Kim HJ. Microphysiological Engineering of Immune Responses in Intestinal Inflammation. Immune Netw 2020; 20:e13. [PMID: 32395365 PMCID: PMC7192834 DOI: 10.4110/in.2020.20.e13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial barrier in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a protective interface that endures constant exposure to the external environment while maintaining its close contact with the local immune system. Growing evidence has suggested that the intercellular crosstalk in the GI tract contributes to maintaining the homeostasis in coordination with the intestinal microbiome as well as the tissue-specific local immune elements. Thus, it is critical to map the complex crosstalks in the intestinal epithelial-microbiome-immune (EMI) axis to identify a pathological trigger in the development of intestinal inflammation, including inflammatory bowel disease. However, deciphering a specific contributor to the onset of pathophysiological cascades has been considerably hindered by the challenges in current in vivo and in vitro models. Here, we introduce various microphysiological engineering models of human immune responses in the EMI axis under the healthy conditions and gut inflammation. As a prospective model, we highlight how the human “gut inflammation-on-a-chip” can reconstitute the pathophysiological immune responses and contribute to understanding the independent role of inflammatory factors in the EMI axis on the initiation of immune responses under barrier dysfunction. We envision that the microengineered immune models can be useful to build a customizable patient's chip for the advance in precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko M Ambrosini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Woojung Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Soyoun Min
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.,Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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54
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Nazmi A, Greer MJ, Hoek KL, Piazuelo MB, Weitkamp JH, Olivares-Villagómez D. Osteopontin and iCD8α Cells Promote Intestinal Intraepithelial Lymphocyte Homeostasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:1968-1981. [PMID: 32102904 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) comprise a diverse population of cells residing in the epithelium at the interface between the intestinal lumen and the sterile environment of the lamina propria. Because of this anatomical location, IEL are considered critical components of intestinal immune responses. Indeed, IEL are involved in many different immunological processes, ranging from pathogen control to tissue stability. However, despite their critical importance in mucosal immune responses, very little is known about the homeostasis of different IEL subpopulations. The phosphoprotein osteopontin is important for critical physiological processes, including cellular immune responses, such as survival of Th17 cells and homeostasis of NK cells among others. Because of its impact in the immune system, we investigated the role of osteopontin in the homeostasis of IEL. In this study, we report that mice deficient in the expression of osteopontin exhibit reduced numbers of the IEL subpopulations TCRγδ+, TCRβ+CD4+, TCRβ+CD4+CD8α+, and TCRβ+CD8αα+ cells in comparison with wild-type mice. For some IEL subpopulations, the decrease in cell numbers could be attributed to apoptosis and reduced cell division. Moreover, we show in vitro that exogenous osteopontin stimulates the survival of murine IEL subpopulations and unfractionated IEL derived from human intestines, an effect mediated by CD44, a known osteopontin receptor. We also show that iCD8α IEL but not TCRγδ+ IEL, TCRβ+ IEL, or intestinal epithelial cells, can promote survival of different IEL populations via osteopontin, indicating an important role for iCD8α cells in the homeostasis of IEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Nazmi
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Michael J Greer
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Kristen L Hoek
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - M Blanca Piazuelo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Joern-Hendrik Weitkamp
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital, Nashville, TN 37232; and
| | - Danyvid Olivares-Villagómez
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232; .,Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
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55
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Uhde M, Yu X, Bunin A, Brauner C, Lewis SK, Lebwohl B, Krishnareddy S, Alaedini A, Reizis B, Ghosh S, Green PH, Bhagat G. Phenotypic shift of small intestinal intra-epithelial type 1 innate lymphoid cells in celiac disease is associated with enhanced cytotoxic potential. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 200:163-175. [PMID: 31907928 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The small intestinal (SI) epithelium harbors a heterogeneous population of lymphocytes that mediate mucosal damage and repair in celiac disease (CD). The composition and roles of human proximal SI intra-epithelial innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), and their alterations in CD, are not well understood. We report that duodenal intra-epithelial ILCs predominantly consist of natural killer (NK)p44+ CD127- cytotoxic ILC1s and NKp44- CD127+ helper ILC1s, while ILC3s only represent a minor population. In patients with newly diagnosed or active CD (ACD) and refractory CD type 1 (RCD I), the frequency of SI NKp44+ ILCs is decreased, with restoration of NKp44+ ILC frequency observed in patients adhering to a gluten-free diet who show evidence of mucosal healing. Moreover, the frequency of SI NKp44- ILCs is increased in ACD and RCD I patients and correlates with the severity of villous atrophy and epithelial damage, as assessed by serum levels of fatty acid binding protein 2 (FABP2). We show that the ILC alterations in CD represent a phenotypic shift of cytotoxic ILC1s rather than an increase in helper ILC1s or transdifferentiation of ILC1s to ILC3s, and activation-induced loss of NKp44 by cytotoxic ILC1s is associated with increased interferon (IFN)-γ expression and release of lytic granules. These findings suggest that intra-epithelial NKp44- CD127- cytotoxic ILC1s may contribute to mucosal damage in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Uhde
- Department of Medicine, Celiac Disease Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - X Yu
- Department of Medicine, Celiac Disease Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Bunin
- Department of Medicine, Celiac Disease Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - C Brauner
- Department of Medicine, Celiac Disease Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - S K Lewis
- Department of Medicine, Celiac Disease Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - B Lebwohl
- Department of Medicine, Celiac Disease Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Krishnareddy
- Department of Medicine, Celiac Disease Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Alaedini
- Department of Medicine, Celiac Disease Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - B Reizis
- Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - P H Green
- Department of Medicine, Celiac Disease Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - G Bhagat
- Department of Medicine, Celiac Disease Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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56
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Mechanisms of activation of innate-like intraepithelial T lymphocytes. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:721-731. [PMID: 32415229 PMCID: PMC7434593 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-0294-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Intraepithelial T lymphocytes (T-IEL) contain subsets of innate-like T cells that evoke innate and adaptive immune responses to provide rapid protection at epithelial barrier sites. In the intestine, T-IEL express variable T cell antigen receptors (TCR), with unknown antigen specificities. Intriguingly, they also express multiple inhibitory receptors, many of which are normally found on exhausted or antigen-experienced T cells. This pattern suggests that T-IEL are antigen-experienced, yet it is not clear where, and in what context, T-IEL encounter TCR ligands. We review recent evidence indicating TCR antigens for intestinal innate-like T-IEL are found on thymic or intestinal epithelium, driving agonist selection of T-IEL. We explore the contributions of the TCR and various co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors in activating T-IEL effector functions. The balance between inhibitory and activating signals may be key to keeping these highly cytotoxic, rapidly activated cells in check, and key to harnessing their immune surveillance potential.
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57
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Rohr M, Narasimhulu CA, Keewan E, Hamid S, Parthasarathy S. The dietary peroxidized lipid, 13-HPODE, promotes intestinal inflammation by mediating granzyme B secretion from natural killer cells. Food Funct 2020; 11:9526-9534. [DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02328k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The dietary peroxidized lipid, 13-HPODE, stimulates natural killer cell granzyme B production and secretion, with potential implications for intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rohr
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences
- University of Central Florida
- College of Medicine
- Orlando
- USA
| | | | - Esra'a Keewan
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences
- University of Central Florida
- College of Medicine
- Orlando
- USA
| | - Simran Hamid
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences
- University of Central Florida
- College of Medicine
- Orlando
- USA
| | - Sampath Parthasarathy
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences
- University of Central Florida
- College of Medicine
- Orlando
- USA
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58
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Zhang CX, Wang HY, Chen TX. Interactions between Intestinal Microflora/Probiotics and the Immune System. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:6764919. [PMID: 31828119 PMCID: PMC6886316 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6764919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The digestive tract is home to millions of microorganisms and is the main and most important part of bacterial colonization. On one hand, the abundant bacterial community in intestinal tissues may pose potential health challenges such as inflammation and sepsis in cases of opportunistic invasion. Thus, the immune system has evolved and adapted to maintain the symbiotic relationship between host and microbiota. On the other hand, the intestinal microflora also exerts an immunoregulatory function to maintain host immune homeostasis, which cannot be neglected. In addition, the interaction of either microbiota or probiotics with immune system in regard to therapeutic applications is an area of great interest, and novel therapeutic strategies remain to be investigated. The review will elucidate interactions between intestinal microflora/probiotics and the immune system as well as novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-xing Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-yu Wang
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Tong-xin Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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59
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Nazmi A, Hoek KL, Greer MJ, Piazuelo MB, Minato N, Olivares-Villagómez D. Innate CD8αα+ cells promote ILC1-like intraepithelial lymphocyte homeostasis and intestinal inflammation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215883. [PMID: 31291255 PMCID: PMC6619599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate CD8αα+ cells, also referred to as iCD8α cells, are TCR-negative intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) possessing cytokine and chemokine profiles and functions related to innate immune cells. iCD8α cells constitute an important source of osteopontin in the intestinal epithelium. Osteopontin is a pleiotropic cytokine with diverse roles in bone and tissue remodeling, but also has relevant functions in the homeostasis of immune cells. In this report, we present evidence for the role of iCD8α cells in the homeostasis of TCR-negative NKp46+NK1.1+ IEL (ILC1-like). We also show that the effect of iCD8α cells on ILC1-like IEL is enhanced in vitro by osteopontin. We show that in the absence of iCD8α cells, the number of NKp46+NK1.1+ IEL is significantly reduced. These ILC1-like cells are involved in intestinal pathogenesis in the anti-CD40 mouse model of intestinal inflammation. Reduced iCD8α cell numbers results in a milder form of intestinal inflammation in this disease model, whereas treatment with osteopontin increases disease severity. Collectively, our results suggest that iCD8α cells promote survival of NKp46+NK1.1+ IEL, which significantly impacts the development of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Nazmi
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kristen L. Hoek
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Greer
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Maria B. Piazuelo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Nagahiro Minato
- Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Danyvid Olivares-Villagómez
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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60
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P. McKernan D. Toll-like receptors and immune cell crosstalk in the intestinal epithelium. AIMS ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.3934/allergy.2019.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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61
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Yap YA, Mariño E. An Insight Into the Intestinal Web of Mucosal Immunity, Microbiota, and Diet in Inflammation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2617. [PMID: 30532751 PMCID: PMC6266996 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The rising global incidence of autoimmune and inflammatory conditions can be attributed to changes in the large portion of the immune system that belongs to our gastrointestinal tract (GI). The intestinal immune system serves as a gatekeeper to prevent pathogenic invasions and to preserve a healthier gut microbiota. The gut microbiota has been increasingly studied as a fundamental contributor to the state of health and disease. From food fermentation, the gut microbiota releases metabolites or short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which have anti-inflammatory properties and preserve gut homeostasis. Immune responses against food and microbial antigens can cause inflammatory disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and celiac disease. As such, many autoimmune and inflammatory diseases also have a “gut origin”. A large body of evidence in recent years by ourselves and others has uncovered the link between the immune system and the SCFAs in specific diseases such as autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D), obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease, infections, allergies, asthma, and IBD. Thus, the power of these three gut dynamic components—the mucosal immunity, the microbiota, and diet—can be harnessed in tandem for the prevention and treatment of many inflammatory and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Anne Yap
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Eliana Mariño
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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