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Wang Y, Zhu M, Yu P, Fu YX. Promoting Immune Responses by LIGHT in the Face of Abundant Regulatory T Cell Inhibition. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:1589-95. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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52
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Morishige T, Yoshioka Y, Tanabe A, Yao X, Mizuguchi H, Tsunoda SI, Tsutsumi Y, Mukai Y, Okada N, Nakagawa S. Comparison of the anti-tumor activity of native, secreted, and membrane-bound LIGHT in mouse tumor models. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 10:26-33. [PMID: 19800994 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Revised: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The TNF superfamily member LIGHT has potent anti-tumor activity through direct cytotoxicity and activation of the immune response, and is a promising candidate for cancer therapy. Natively, LIGHT exists as both a membrane-anchored form and a proteolytically processed, secreted form. However, the strength of the anti-tumor activity of each form of LIGHT has not been well defined. Here, to identify the optimal form of LIGHT for cancer gene therapy, we constructed fiber-mutant adenovirus vectors (AdRGD) encoding native full-length LIGHT (LIGHT/FL), stably membrane-anchored LIGHT (LIGHT/mem), and fully secreted LIGHT (LIGHT/sec). We then compared the anti-tumor effects of the different forms of LIGHT in mice by intratumoral injection of each AdRGD. We demonstrated that intratumoral injection of AdRGD-LIGHT/sec provided greater tumor suppression than AdRGD-LIGHT/FL, although this effect did not reach statistical significance. By comparison, AdRGD-LIGHT/mem had negligible anti-tumor activity. We also demonstrated that more CD4+ and CD8+ T cells accumulated inside tumors treated in vivo with AdRGD-LIGHT/sec than in tumors treated with AdRGD-LIGHT/FL or AdRGD-LIGHT/mem. These results suggest that the secreted form of LIGHT might be the optimal form for cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Morishige
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Morishige T, Yoshioka Y, Inakura H, Tanabe A, Watanabe H, Yao X, Tsunoda SI, Tsutsumi Y, Mukai Y, Okada N, Nakagawa S. LIGHT protein suppresses tumor growth by augmentation of immune response. Immunol Lett 2009; 127:33-8. [PMID: 19716382 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2009.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily member LIGHT has potent anti-tumor activities through activation of the immune response, and it is a promising candidate for use in cancer immunotherapy. However, there are no reports of the anti-tumor effects of LIGHT protein in vivo because of the lack of easy, efficient methods of manufacturing this protein. Here, we developed a method of manufacturing recombinant LIGHT protein using Escherichia coli through refolding of inclusion bodies; we then evaluated the anti-tumor activity of the protein. LIGHT protein expressed in E. coli showed the same biological activities and binding affinities to its receptors as did LIGHT expressed in mammalian cells. In addition, intratumoral injection of LIGHT significantly suppressed tumor growth, with augmentation of antigen-specific IFN-gamma-producing cells in the regional lymph nodes and spleen. These results indicate that LIGHT protein efficiently evokes the systemic tumor-specific immune response, and thus induces tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Morishige
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Wang Y, Zhu M, Miller M, Fu YX. Immunoregulation by tumor necrosis factor superfamily member LIGHT. Immunol Rev 2009; 229:232-43. [PMID: 19426225 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY LIGHT (homologous to lymphotoxins, inducible expression, competes with herpesvirus glycoprotein D for herpesvirus entry mediator, a receptor expressed on T lymphocytes) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that contributes to the regulation of immune responses. LIGHT can influence T-cell activation both directly and indirectly by engagement of various receptors that are expressed on T cells and on other types of cells. LIGHT, LIGHT receptors, and their related binding partners constitute a complicated molecular network in the regulation of various processes. The molecular cross-talk among LIGHT and its related molecules presents challenges and opportunities for us to study and to understand the full extent of the LIGHT function. Previous research from genetic and functional studies has demonstrated that dysregulation of LIGHT expression can result in the disturbance of T-cell homeostasis and activation, changing the ability of self-tolerance and of the control of infection. Meanwhile, blockade of LIGHT activity can ameliorate the severity of various T-cell-mediated diseases. These observations indicate the importance of LIGHT and its involvement in many physiological and pathological conditions. Understanding LIGHT interactions offers promising new therapeutic strategies that target LIGHT-engaged pathways to fight against cancer and various infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugang Wang
- The Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Abstract
SUMMARY Despite the expression of antigens by tumor cells, spontaneous immune-mediated rejection of cancer seems to be a rare event. T-cell receptor engagement by peptide/major histocompatibility complexes constitutes the main signal for the activation of naive T cells but is not sufficient to initiate a productive generation and maintenance of effector cells. Full activation of T cells requires additional signals driven by costimulatory molecules present on activated antigen-presenting cells but rarely on tumors. Following the discovery of B7-1 (CD80), several other costimulatory molecules have been shown to contribute to T-cell activation and have relevance for improving anti-tumor immunity. Moreover, increasing the understanding of coinhibitory receptors has highlighted key additional pathways that can dominantly inhibit anti-tumor T-cell function. Improving positive costimulation, and interfering with negative regulation, continues to represent an attractive immunotherapeutic approach for the treatment of cancer. This review focuses upon those pathways with the highest potential for clinical application in human cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Driessens
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Justin Kline
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas F. Gajewski
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Therapeutic effects of ablative radiation on local tumor require CD8+ T cells: changing strategies for cancer treatment. Blood 2009; 114:589-95. [PMID: 19349616 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-02-206870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1010] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with locally advanced cancer or distant metastasis frequently receive prolonged treatment with chemotherapy and/or fractionated radiotherapy (RT). Despite the initial clinical response, treatment resistance frequently develops and cure in these patients is uncommon. Developments in RT technology allow for the use of high-dose (or ablative) RT to target local tumors, with limited damage to the surrounding normal tissue. We report that reduction of tumor burden after ablative RT depends largely on T-cell responses. Ablative RT dramatically increases T-cell priming in draining lymphoid tissues, leading to reduction/eradication of the primary tumor or distant metastasis in a CD8(+) T cell-dependent fashion. We further demonstrate that ablative RT-initiated immune responses and tumor reduction are abrogated by conventional fractionated RT or adjuvant chemotherapy but greatly amplified by local immunotherapy. Our study challenges the rationale for current RT/chemotherapy strategies and highlights the importance of immune activation in preventing tumor relapse. Our findings emphasize the need for new strategies that not only reduce tumor burden but also enhance the role of antitumor immunity.
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Harlin H, Meng Y, Peterson AC, Zha Y, Tretiakova M, Slingluff C, McKee M, Gajewski TF. Chemokine expression in melanoma metastases associated with CD8+ T-cell recruitment. Cancer Res 2009; 69:3077-85. [PMID: 19293190 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 827] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite the frequent detection of circulating tumor antigen-specific T cells, either spontaneously or following active immunization or adoptive transfer, immune-mediated cancer regression occurs only in the minority of patients. One theoretical rate-limiting step is whether effector T cells successfully migrate into metastatic tumor sites. Affymetrix gene expression profiling done on a series of metastatic melanoma biopsies revealed a major segregation of samples based on the presence or absence of T-cell-associated transcripts. The presence of lymphocytes correlated with the expression of defined chemokine genes. A subset of six chemokines (CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CXCL9, and CXCL10) was confirmed by protein array and/or quantitative reverse transcription-PCR to be preferentially expressed in tumors that contained T cells. Corresponding chemokine receptors were found to be up-regulated on human CD8(+) effector T cells, and transwell migration assays confirmed the ability of each of these chemokines to promote migration of CD8(+) effector cells in vitro. Screening by chemokine protein array identified a subset of melanoma cell lines that produced a similar broad array of chemokines. These melanoma cells more effectively recruited human CD8(+) effector T cells when implanted as xenografts in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mice in vivo. Chemokine blockade with specific antibodies inhibited migration of CD8(+) T cells. Our results suggest that lack of critical chemokines in a subset of melanoma metastases may limit the migration of activated T cells, which in turn could limit the effectiveness of antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Harlin
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Jackaman C, Lew AM, Zhan Y, Allan JE, Koloska B, Graham PT, Robinson BWS, Nelson DJ. Deliberately provoking local inflammation drives tumors to become their own protective vaccine site. Int Immunol 2008; 20:1467-79. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxn104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Schaft N, Birkholz K, Hofmann C, Schmid M, Theiner G, Dörrie J. Dendritic cell vaccination and other strategies to tip the balance of the immune system : DC2007 5th International Meeting, July 16-18, Bamberg, Germany. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:913-28. [PMID: 18236041 PMCID: PMC11030558 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0443-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niels Schaft
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Hartmannstrasse 14, 91052 Erlangen, Germany.
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Yu P, Fu YX. Targeting tumors with LIGHT to generate metastasis-clearing immunity. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2008; 19:285-94. [PMID: 18508404 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic diseases cause the majority of morbidity and mortality of cancer patients. Established tumors form both physical and immunological barriers to limit immune detection and destruction. Current immunotherapy of vaccination and adoptive transfer shows limited effect at least in part due to the existing barriers in the tumors and depending on the knowledge of tumor antigens. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily (TNFSF) member 14 (TNFSF14) LIGHT interacts with stromal cells, dendritic cells (DCs), NK cells, naïve and activated T cells and tumor cells inside the tumor tissues via its two functional receptors, HVEM and lymphotoxin beta receptor (LTbetaR). Targeting tumor tissues with LIGHT leads to augmentation of priming, recruitment, and retention of effector cells at tumor sites, directly or indirectly, to induce strong anti-tumor immunity to inhibit the growth of primary tumors as well as eradicate metastases. Intratumor treatment would break tumor barriers and allow strong immunity against various tumors without defining tumor antigens. This review summarizes recent findings to support that LIGHT is a promising candidate for an effective cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yu
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, MC5067 Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Carragher DM, Rangel-Moreno J, Randall TD. Ectopic lymphoid tissues and local immunity. Semin Immunol 2008; 20:26-42. [PMID: 18243731 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2007.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ectopic or tertiary lymphoid tissues develop at sites of inflammation or infection in peripheral, non-lymphoid organs. These tissues are architecturally similar to conventional secondary lymphoid organs, with separated B and T cell areas, specialized populations of dendritic cells, well-differentiated stromal cells and high endothelial venules. Ectopic lymphoid tissues are often associated with the local pathology that results from chronic infection or chronic inflammation. However, there are also examples in which ectopic lymphoid tissues appear to contribute to local protective immune responses. Here we review how ectopic lymphoid structures develop and function in the context of local immunity and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian M Carragher
- Trudeau Institute, 154 Algonquin Avenue, Saranac Lake, NY 12983, United States
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