51
|
Pellon A, Sadeghi Nasab SD, Moyes DL. New Insights in Candida albicans Innate Immunity at the Mucosa: Toxins, Epithelium, Metabolism, and Beyond. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:81. [PMID: 32195196 PMCID: PMC7062647 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal surfaces of the human body are challenged by millions of microbes on a daily basis. Co-evolution with these microbes has led to the development of plastic mechanisms in both host and microorganisms that regulate the balance between preserving beneficial microbes and clearing pathogens. Candida albicans is a fungal pathobiont present in most healthy individuals that, under certain circumstances, can become pathogenic and cause everything from mild mucosal infections to life-threatening systemic diseases. As an essential part of the innate immunity in mucosae, epithelial cells elaborate complex immune responses that discriminate between commensal and pathogenic microbes, including C. albicans. Recently, several significant advances have been made identifying new pieces in the puzzle of host-microbe interactions. This review will summarize these advances in the context of our current knowledge of anti-Candida mucosal immunity, and their impact on epithelial immune responses to this fungal pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aize Pellon
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shervin Dokht Sadeghi Nasab
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David L Moyes
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Gaffen SL, Moutsopoulos NM. Regulation of host-microbe interactions at oral mucosal barriers by type 17 immunity. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:eaau4594. [PMID: 31901072 PMCID: PMC7068849 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aau4594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The oral mucosa is a primary barrier site and a portal for entry of microbes, food, and airborne particles into the gastrointestinal tract. Nonetheless, mucosal immunity at this barrier remains understudied compared with other anatomical barrier sites. Here, we review basic aspects of oral mucosal histology, the oral microbiome, and common and clinically significant diseases that present at oral mucosal barriers. We particularly focus on the role of interleukin-17 (IL-17)/T helper 17 (TH17) responses in protective immunity and inflammation in the oral mucosa. IL-17/TH17 responses are highly relevant to maintaining barrier integrity and preventing pathogenic infections by the oral commensal fungus Candida albicans On the other hand, aberrant IL-17/TH17 responses are implicated in driving the pathogenesis of periodontitis and consequent bone and tooth loss. We discuss distinct IL-17-secreting T cell subsets, emphasizing their regulation and function in oropharyngeal candidiasis and periodontitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Gaffen
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Niki M Moutsopoulos
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Nur S, Sparber F, Lemberg C, Guiducci E, Schweizer TA, Zwicky P, Becher B, LeibundGut-Landmann S. IL-23 supports host defense against systemic Candida albicans infection by ensuring myeloid cell survival. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008115. [PMID: 31887131 PMCID: PMC6957211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans can cause invasive infections in susceptible hosts and the innate immune system, in particular myeloid cell-mediated immunity, is critical for rapid immune protection and host survival during systemic candidiasis. Using a mouse model of the human disease, we identified a novel role of IL-23 in antifungal defense. IL-23-deficient mice are highly susceptible to systemic infection with C. albicans. We found that this results from a drastic reduction in all subsets of myeloid cells in the infected kidney, which in turn leads to rapid fungal overgrowth and renal tissue injury. The loss in myeloid cells is not due to a defect in emergency myelopoiesis or the recruitment of newly generated cells to the site of infection but, rather, is a consequence of impaired survival of myeloid cells at the site of infection. In fact, the absence of a functional IL-23 pathway causes massive myeloid cell apoptosis upon C. albicans infection. Importantly, IL-23 protects myeloid cells from apoptosis independently of the IL-23-IL-17 immune axis and independently of lymphocytes and innate lymphoid cells. Instead, our results suggest that IL-23 acts in a partially autocrine but not cell-intrinsic manner within the myeloid compartment to promote host protection from systemic candidiasis. Collectively, our data highlight an unprecedented and non-canonical role of IL-23 in securing survival of myeloid cells, which is key for maintaining sufficient numbers of cells at the site of infection to ensure efficient host protection. Linked to advances in medical technology and the resulting increase in the number of intensive care patients, nosocomial infections with Candida albicans are on the rise. In patients suffering from invasive candidiasis the innate immune response is typically severely impaired. Strengthening the innate immune system has become a promising approach complementing the use of antifungal drugs. Our findings identify an unexpected and IL-17-independent role of IL-23 that prevents rapid death of myeloid cells during systemic candidiasis and thereby promotes optimal protection from disease. As such, IL-23 represents an important new piece in the puzzle of the finely tuned network of cytokines that regulates the innate immune response to fungal infection. Our results contribute to a better understanding of myeloid cell regulation during infection and thereby open new perspectives for future immunotherapeutic applications that may improve patient outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selim Nur
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Florian Sparber
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christina Lemberg
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eva Guiducci
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tiziano A. Schweizer
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pascale Zwicky
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
54
|
Cloitre A, Halgand B, Sourice S, Caillon J, Huck O, Bugueno IM, Batool F, Guicheux J, Geoffroy V, Lesclous P. IL-36γ is a pivotal inflammatory player in periodontitis-associated bone loss. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19257. [PMID: 31848404 PMCID: PMC6917751 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55595-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a prevalent chronic inflammatory disease due to the host response (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-17A) to oral bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis. The newer members of the IL-1 family, IL-36s (IL-36α/IL-36β/IL-36γ/IL-36Ra/IL-38) are known to be involved in host defense against P. gingivalis in oral epithelial cells (OECs) and are considered as key inflammatory mediators in chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential role of IL-36s in periodontitis. We showed here that IL-36γ mRNA gingival expression is higher in periodontitis patients, whereas IL-36β and IL-36Ra mRNA expression are lower compared to healthy controls. Interestingly, the elevated IL-36γ expression in patients is positively correlated with the RANKL/OPG ratio, an index of bone resorption. In vitro, IL-36γ expression was induced through TLR2 activation in primary OECs infected with P. gingivalis but not in gingival fibroblasts, the most widespread cell type in gingival connective tissue. In OECs, recombinant IL-36γ enhanced the expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-36γ), of TLR2 and importantly, the RANKL/OPG ratio. These findings suggest that IL-36γ could be a pivotal inflammatory player in periodontitis by perpetuating gingival inflammation and its associated alveolar bone resorption and could be a relevant therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Cloitre
- Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, ONIRIS, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, UFR Odontologie, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, PHU4 OTONN, Nantes, France
| | - Boris Halgand
- Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, ONIRIS, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, UFR Odontologie, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, PHU4 OTONN, Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Sourice
- Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, ONIRIS, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, UFR Odontologie, Nantes, France
| | - Jocelyne Caillon
- EA 3826 Thérapeutiques cliniques et expérimentales des infections, Nantes, France
| | - Olivier Huck
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), FMTS, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Chirurgie-dentaire, Strasbourg, France
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Pôle de médecine et chirurgie bucco-dentaire, Department of Periodontology, Strasbourg, France
| | - Isaac Maximiliano Bugueno
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), FMTS, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Chirurgie-dentaire, Strasbourg, France
| | - Fareeha Batool
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), FMTS, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Chirurgie-dentaire, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jérôme Guicheux
- Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, ONIRIS, Nantes, France.
- Université de Nantes, UFR Odontologie, Nantes, France.
- CHU Nantes, PHU4 OTONN, Nantes, France.
| | - Valérie Geoffroy
- Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, ONIRIS, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, UFR Odontologie, Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Lesclous
- Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, ONIRIS, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, UFR Odontologie, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, PHU4 OTONN, Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Kaipilyawar V, Salgame P. Infection resisters: targets of new research for uncovering natural protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. F1000Res 2019; 8. [PMID: 31602294 PMCID: PMC6774050 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.19805.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
“Infection resisters” are broadly defined as individuals who despite significant exposure to
Mycobacterium tuberculosis remain persistently unreactive to conventional detection assays, suggesting that they remain uninfected or rapidly clear their infection early on following exposure. In this review, we highlight recent studies that point to underlying host immune mechanisms that could mediate this natural resistance. We also illustrate some additional avenues that are likely to be differently modulated in resisters and possess the potential to be targeted, ranging from early mycobacterial sensing leading up to subsequent killing. Emerging research in this area can be harnessed to provide valuable insights into the development of novel therapeutic and vaccine strategies against
M. tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnavi Kaipilyawar
- Center for Emerging Pathogens, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, 225 Warren St, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Padmini Salgame
- Center for Emerging Pathogens, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, 225 Warren St, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Swidergall M, Khalaji M, Solis NV, Moyes DL, Drummond RA, Hube B, Lionakis MS, Murdoch C, Filler SG, Naglik JR. Candidalysin Is Required for Neutrophil Recruitment and Virulence During Systemic Candida albicans Infection. J Infect Dis 2019; 220:1477-1488. [PMID: 31401652 PMCID: PMC6761979 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candidalysin is a cytolytic peptide toxin secreted by Candida albicans hyphae and has significantly advanced our understanding of fungal pathogenesis. Candidalysin is critical for mucosal C albicans infections and is known to activate epithelial cells to induce downstream innate immune responses that are associated with protection or immunopathology during oral or vaginal infections. Furthermore, candidalysin activates the NLRP3 inflammasome and causes cytolysis in mononuclear phagocytes. However, the role of candidalysin in driving systemic infections is unknown. METHODS In this study, using candidalysin-producing and candidalysin-deficient C albicans strains, we show that candidalysin activates mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and chemokine secretion in endothelial cells in vitro. RESULTS Candidalysin induces immune activation and neutrophil recruitment in vivo, and it promotes mortality in zebrafish and murine models of systemic fungal infection. CONCLUSIONS The data demonstrate a key role for candidalysin in neutrophil recruitment and fungal virulence during disseminated systemic C albicans infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Swidergall
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Mina Khalaji
- School of Clinical Dentistry, Claremont Crescent, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Present Affiliation: Department of Metabolic and Vascular Physiology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Norma V Solis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - David L Moyes
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca A Drummond
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Present Affiliation: Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Hans Knoell Institute), Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Craig Murdoch
- School of Clinical Dentistry, Claremont Crescent, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Scott G Filler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Julian R Naglik
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Naglik JR, Gaffen SL, Hube B. Candidalysin: discovery and function in Candida albicans infections. Curr Opin Microbiol 2019; 52:100-109. [PMID: 31288097 PMCID: PMC6687503 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Candidalysin is the first peptide toxin identified in any human fungal pathogen. Candidalysin is critical for Candida albicans mucosal and systemic infections. Candidalysin activates danger-response and damage-protection pathways in host cells. Candidalysin activates the epidermal growth factor receptor in epithelial cells and the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages. Candidalysin drives neutrophil recruitment and Type 17 immunity.
Candidalysin is a cytolytic peptide toxin secreted by the invasive form of the human pathogenic fungus, Candida albicans. Candidalysin is critical for mucosal and systemic infections and is a key driver of host cell activation, neutrophil recruitment and Type 17 immunity. Candidalysin is regarded as the first true classical virulence factor of C. albicans but also triggers protective immune responses. This review will discuss how candidalysin was discovered, the mechanisms by which this peptide toxin contributes to C. albicans infections, and how its discovery has advanced our understanding of fungal pathogenesis and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian R Naglik
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.
| | - Sarah L Gaffen
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15261, USA
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, 07745, Germany; Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, 07745, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Candidalysin activates innate epithelial immune responses via epidermal growth factor receptor. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2297. [PMID: 31127085 PMCID: PMC6534540 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09915-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a fungal pathobiont, able to cause epithelial cell damage and immune activation. These functions have been attributed to its secreted toxin, candidalysin, though the molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we identify epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as a critical component of candidalysin-triggered immune responses. We find that both C. albicans and candidalysin activate human epithelial EGFR receptors and candidalysin-deficient fungal mutants poorly induce EGFR phosphorylation during murine oropharyngeal candidiasis. Furthermore, inhibition of EGFR impairs candidalysin-triggered MAPK signalling and release of neutrophil activating chemokines in vitro, and diminishes neutrophil recruitment, causing significant mortality in an EGFR-inhibited zebrafish swimbladder model of infection. Investigation into the mechanism of EGFR activation revealed the requirement of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), EGFR ligands and calcium. We thus identify a PAMP-independent mechanism of immune stimulation and highlight candidalysin and EGFR signalling components as potential targets for prophylactic and therapeutic intervention of mucosal candidiasis. Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungus primarily affecting immunocompromised patients. Here, the authors identify a novel mechanism of host immune stimulation and highlight candidalysin and EGFR signalling components as potential targets for prophylactic and therapeutic intervention of mucosal candidiasis.
Collapse
|
59
|
Buhl AL, Wenzel J. Interleukin-36 in Infectious and Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1162. [PMID: 31191535 PMCID: PMC6545975 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-36 (IL-36) comprises to a cytokine family consisting of four isoforms IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ, and IL-36 receptor antagonist (IL-36 Ra). These IL-36 cytokines, in turn, belong to the IL-1 superfamily. The IL-36 receptor (IL-1R6) is functional as a heterodimer formed of IL-1R6 and IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP). IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ are regarded as pro-inflammatory ligands and IL-36 Ra as well as IL-38 as anti-inflammatory ligands of IL-1R6. IL-36 cytokines are mainly expressed on the barrier sites of the body e.g., bronchial, intestinal, and dermal epithelium. One of their most important biological functions is the bridging of innate and adaptive immune responses. A disturbed balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory branches easily leads to inflammation of the corresponding tissue. The most prominent example for an altered IL-36 expression is the spectrum of psoriasis. In addition to inflammatory dermatoses, IL-36 also seems to play a role in infectious dermatoses. Microbial triggers, especially Staphylococcus aureus infection, increase the production of pro-inflammatory IL-36 cytokines and initiate/promote the inflammation of skin lesions. Due to the discovery of IL-36 as an important immune mediator, it has already been possible to develop important diagnostic tools for dermatitis. Not only in the field of inflammatory skin diseases, but also in pulmonary and intestinal inflammation, there is evidence that IL-36 cytokines might have diagnostic and/or therapeutic relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Buhl
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Joerg Wenzel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Designed DNA-Encoded IL-36 Gamma Acts as a Potent Molecular Adjuvant Enhancing Zika Synthetic DNA Vaccine-Induced Immunity and Protection in a Lethal Challenge Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7020042. [PMID: 31121939 PMCID: PMC6632123 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of novel molecular adjuvants which can boost and enhance vaccine-mediated immunity and provide dose-sparing potential against complex infectious diseases and for immunotherapy in cancer is likely to play a critical role in the next generation of vaccines. Given the number of challenging targets for which no or only partial vaccine options exist, adjuvants that can address some of these concerns are in high demand. Here, we report that a designed truncated Interleukin-36 gamma (IL-36 gamma) encoded plasmid can act as a potent adjuvant for several DNA-encoded vaccine targets including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza, and Zika in immunization models. We further show that the truncated IL-36 gamma (opt-36γt) plasmid provides improved dose sparing as it boosts immunity to a suboptimal dose of a Zika DNA vaccine, resulting in potent protection against a lethal Zika challenge.
Collapse
|
61
|
Candida albicans Interactions with Mucosal Surfaces during Health and Disease. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8020053. [PMID: 31013590 PMCID: PMC6631630 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8020053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexible adaptation to the host environment is a critical trait that underpins the success of numerous microbes. The polymorphic fungus Candida albicans has evolved to persist in the numerous challenging niches of the human body. The interaction of C. albicans with a mucosal surface is an essential prerequisite for fungal colonisation and epitomises the complex interface between microbe and host. C. albicans exhibits numerous adaptations to a healthy host that permit commensal colonisation of mucosal surfaces without provoking an overt immune response that may lead to clearance. Conversely, fungal adaptation to impaired immune fitness at mucosal surfaces enables pathogenic infiltration into underlying tissues, often with devastating consequences. This review will summarise our current understanding of the complex interactions that occur between C. albicans and the mucosal surfaces of the human body.
Collapse
|
62
|
Kirchner FR, Littringer K, Altmeier S, Tran VDT, Schönherr F, Lemberg C, Pagni M, Sanglard D, Joller N, LeibundGut-Landmann S. Persistence of Candida albicans in the Oral Mucosa Induces a Curbed Inflammatory Host Response That Is Independent of Immunosuppression. Front Immunol 2019; 10:330. [PMID: 30873177 PMCID: PMC6400982 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlled immune activation in response to commensal microbes is critical for the maintenance of stable colonization and prevention of microbial overgrowth on epithelial surfaces. Our understanding of the host mechanisms that regulate bacterial commensalism has increased substantially, however, much less data exist regarding host responses to members of the fungal microbiota on colonized surfaces. Using a murine model of oropharyngeal candidiasis, we have recently shown that differences in immune activation in response to diverse natural isolates of Candida albicans are associated with different outcomes of the host-fungal interaction. Here we applied a genome-wide transcriptomic approach to show that rapid induction of a strong inflammatory response characterized by neutrophil-associated genes upon C. albicans colonization inversely correlated with the ability of the fungus to persist in the oral mucosa. Surprisingly, persistent fungal isolates showed no signs of a compensatory regulatory immune response. By combining RNA-seq data, genetic mouse models, and co-infection experiments, we show that attenuation of the inflammatory response at the onset of infection with a persistent isolate is not a consequence of enhanced immunosuppression. Importantly, depletion of regulatory T cells or deletion of the immunoregulatory cytokine IL-10 did not alter host-protective type 17 immunity nor did it impair fungal survival in the oral mucosa, indicating that persistence of C. albicans in the oral mucosa is not a consequence of suppressed antifungal immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian R Kirchner
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Simon Altmeier
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Van Du T Tran
- Vital-IT Group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Schönherr
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christina Lemberg
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Pagni
- Vital-IT Group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Sanglard
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne and University Hospital Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Joller
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|