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Graham AL. Naturalizing mouse models for immunology. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:111-117. [PMID: 33495644 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-00857-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory mice have provided invaluable insight into mammalian immune systems. Yet the immune phenotypes of mice bred and maintained in conventional laboratory conditions often differ from the immune phenotypes of wild mammals. Recent work to naturalize the environmental experience of inbred laboratory mice-to take them where the wild things are (to borrow a phrase from Maurice Sendak), via approaches such as construction of exposure histories, provision of fecal transplants or surrogate mothering by wild mice, and rewilding-is poised to expand understanding, complementing genetic and phylogenetic research on how natural selection has shaped mammalian immune systems while improving the translational potential of mouse research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Graham
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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Martin LB, Hanson HE, Hauber ME, Ghalambor CK. Genes, Environments, and Phenotypic Plasticity in Immunology. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:198-208. [PMID: 33518415 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
For most of its history, immunology has sought to control environmental variation to establish genetic causality. As with all biological traits though, variation among individuals arises by three broad pathways: genetic (G), environmental (E), and the interactive between the two (GxE); and immunity is no different. Here, we review the value of applying the evolutionary frameworks of phenotypic plasticity and reaction norms to immunology. Because standardized laboratory environments are vastly different from the conditions under which populations evolved, we hypothesize that immunology might presently be missing important phenotypic variation and even focusing on dysregulated molecular and cellular processes. Modest adjustments to study designs could make model organism immunology more productive, reproducible, and reflective of human physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn B Martin
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Disease Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Haley E Hanson
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Disease Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Mark E Hauber
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Cameron K Ghalambor
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Channappanavar R, Perlman S. Age-related susceptibility to coronavirus infections: role of impaired and dysregulated host immunity. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:6204-6213. [PMID: 33085654 DOI: 10.1172/jci144115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human coronaviruses (hCoVs) cause severe respiratory illness in the elderly. Age-related impairments in innate immunity and suboptimal virus-specific T cell and antibody responses are believed to cause severe disease upon respiratory virus infections. This phenomenon has recently received increased attention, as elderly patients are at substantially elevated risk for severe COVID-19 disease and experience increased rates of mortality following SARS-CoV-2 infection compared with younger populations. However, the basis for age-related fatal pneumonia following pathogenic hCoVs is not well understood. In this Review, we provide an overview of our current understanding of hCoV-induced fatal pneumonia in the elderly. We describe host immune response to hCoV infections derived from studies of young and aged animal models and discuss the potential role of age-associated increases in sterile inflammation (inflammaging) and virus-induced dysregulated inflammation in causing age-related severe disease. We also highlight the existing gaps in our knowledge about virus replication and host immune responses to hCoV infection in young and aged individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudragouda Channappanavar
- Department of Acute and Tertiary Care and.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and.,Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Enriquez J, Mims BMD, Trasti S, Furr KL, Grisham MB. Genomic, microbial and environmental standardization in animal experimentation limiting immunological discovery. BMC Immunol 2020; 21:50. [PMID: 32878597 PMCID: PMC7464063 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-020-00380-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The use of inbred mice housed under standardized environmental conditions has been critical in identifying immuno-pathological mechanisms in different infectious and inflammatory diseases as well as revealing new therapeutic targets for clinical trials. Unfortunately, only a small percentage of preclinical intervention studies using well-defined mouse models of disease have progressed to clinically-effective treatments in patients. The reasons for this lack of bench-to-bedside transition are not completely understood; however, emerging data suggest that genetic diversity and housing environment may greatly influence muring immunity and inflammation. Results Accumulating evidence suggests that certain immune responses and/or disease phenotypes observed in inbred mice may be quite different than those observed in their outbred counterparts. These differences have been thought to contribute to differing immune responses to foreign and/or auto-antigens in mice vs. humans. There is also a growing literature demonstrating that mice housed under specific pathogen free conditions possess an immature immune system that remarkably affects their ability to respond to pathogens and/or inflammation when compared with mice exposed to a more diverse spectrum of microorganisms. Furthermore, recent studies demonstrate that mice develop chronic cold stress when housed at standard animal care facility temperatures (i.e. 22–24 °C). These temperatures have been shown alter immune responses to foreign and auto-antigens when compared with mice housed at their thermo-neutral body temperature of 30–32 °C. Conclusions Exposure of genetically diverse mice to a spectrum of environmentally-relevant microorganisms at housing temperatures that approximate their thermo-neutral zone may improve the chances of identifying new and more potent therapeutics to treat infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josue Enriquez
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street STOP 6591, Lubbock, TX, 79430-6591, USA
| | - Brianyell Mc Daniel Mims
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street STOP 6591, Lubbock, TX, 79430-6591, USA
| | - Scott Trasti
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street STOP 6591, Lubbock, TX, 79430-6591, USA.,Laboratory Animal Research Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
| | - Kathryn L Furr
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street STOP 6591, Lubbock, TX, 79430-6591, USA
| | - Matthew B Grisham
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street STOP 6591, Lubbock, TX, 79430-6591, USA.
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Sjaastad FV, Kucaba TA, Dileepan T, Swanson W, Dail C, Cabrera-Perez J, Murphy KA, Badovinac VP, Griffith TS. Polymicrobial Sepsis Impairs Antigen-Specific Memory CD4 T Cell-Mediated Immunity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1786. [PMID: 32903436 PMCID: PMC7435018 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients who survive sepsis display prolonged immune dysfunction and heightened risk of secondary infection. CD4 T cells support a variety of cells required for protective immunity, and perturbations to the CD4 T cell compartment can decrease overall immune system fitness. Using the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) mouse model of sepsis, we investigated the impact of sepsis on endogenous Ag-specific memory CD4 T cells generated in C57BL/6 (B6) mice infected with attenuated Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) expressing the I-Ab-restricted 2W1S epitope (Lm-2W). The number of 2W1S-specific memory CD4 T cells was significantly reduced on day 2 after sepsis induction, but recovered by day 14. In contrast to the transient numerical change, the 2W1S-specific memory CD4 T cells displayed prolonged functional impairment after sepsis, evidenced by a reduced recall response (proliferation and effector cytokine production) after restimulation with cognate Ag. To define the extent to which the observed functional impairments in the memory CD4 T cells impacts protection to secondary infection, B6 mice were infected with attenuated Salmonella enterica-2W (Se-2W) 30 days before sham or CLP surgery, and then challenged with virulent Se-2W after surgery. Pathogen burden was significantly higher in the CLP-treated mice compared to shams. Similar reductions in functional capacity and protection were noted for the endogenous OVA323-specific memory CD4 T cell population in sepsis survivors upon Lm-OVA challenge. Our data collectively show CLP-induced sepsis alters the number and function of Ag-specific memory CD4 T cells, which contributes (in part) to the characteristic long-lasting immunoparalysis seen after sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances V Sjaastad
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Tamara A Kucaba
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Thamotharampillai Dileepan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Whitney Swanson
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Cody Dail
- Medical Student Summer Research Program in Infection and Immunity, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Javier Cabrera-Perez
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Katherine A Murphy
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Thomas S Griffith
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.,Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.,Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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