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Mohamed SS, Ahmed LA, Attia WA, Khattab MM. Nicorandil enhances the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell therapy in isoproterenol-induced heart failure in rats. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 98:403-11. [PMID: 26453143 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation has emerged as a promising technique for regenerative medicine in cardiovascular therapeutics. However, the results have been less than optimal. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether nicorandil could offer an additional benefit over bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy in isoproterenol-induced myocardial damage and its progression to heart failure in rats. Isoproterenol was injected subcutaneously for 2 consecutive days at doses of 85 and 170 mg/kg/day, respectively. Nicorandil (3 mg/kg/day) was then given orally with or without a single intravenous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell administration. Electrocardiography and echocardiography were recorded 2 weeks after the beginning of treatment. Rats were then sacrificed and the ventricle was isolated for estimation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta. Moreover, protein expressions of caspase-3, connexin-43 as well as endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthases were evaluated. Finally, histological studies of myocardial fibrosis and blood vessel density were performed and cryosections were done for estimation cell homing. Combined nicorandil/bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy provided an additional improvement compared to cell therapy alone toward reducing isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis and inflammation. Notably, combined therapy induced significant increase in angiogenesis and cell homing and prevented isoproterenol-induced changes in contractility and apoptotic markers. In conclusion, combined nicorandil/bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy was superior to cell therapy alone toward preventing isoproterenol-induced heart failure in rats through creation of a supportive environment for mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Mohamed
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Lamiaa A Ahmed
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Wael A Attia
- Pediatric Department, Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Abou EL-Reesh Children Hospital, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud M Khattab
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Bang C, Antoniades C, Antonopoulos AS, Eriksson U, Franssen C, Hamdani N, Lehmann L, Moessinger C, Mongillo M, Muhl L, Speer T, Thum T. Intercellular communication lessons in heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2015; 17:1091-103. [PMID: 26398116 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell or inter-organ communication allows the exchange of information and messages, which is essential for the coordination of cell/organ functions and the maintenance of homeostasis. It has become evident that dynamic interactions of different cell types play a major role in the heart, in particular during the progression of heart failure, a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Heart failure is associated with compensatory structural and functional changes mostly in cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts, which finally lead to cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and fibrosis. Intercellular communication within the heart is mediated mostly via direct cell-cell interaction or the release of paracrine signalling mediators such as cytokines and chemokines. However, recent studies have focused on the exchange of genetic information via the packaging into vesicles as well as the crosstalk of lipids and other paracrine molecules within the heart and distant organs, such as kidney and adipose tissue, which might all contribute to the pathogenesis of heart failure. In this review, we discuss emerging communication networks and respective underlying mechanisms which could be involved in cardiovascular disease conditions and further emphasize promising therapeutic targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bang
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), IFB-Tx, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Charalambos Antoniades
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Alexios S Antonopoulos
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Ulf Eriksson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Tissue Biology Group, Division of Vascular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Constantijn Franssen
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nazha Hamdani
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Lorenz Lehmann
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine Moessinger
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Tissue Biology Group, Division of Vascular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marco Mongillo
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Lars Muhl
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Tissue Biology Group, Division of Vascular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thimoteus Speer
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Nephrology and Hypertension, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Thomas Thum
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), IFB-Tx, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Excellence Cluster REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK
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Liu C, Lu XZ, Shen MZ, Xing CY, Ma J, Duan YY, Yuan LJ. N-Acetyl Cysteine improves the diabetic cardiac function: possible role of fibrosis inhibition. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2015; 15:84. [PMID: 26242742 PMCID: PMC4525750 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-015-0076-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic cardiomyopathy is one of the leading causes of death in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. This study aimed to explore the therapeutic implication of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC, an antioxidant and glutathione precursor) and the possible underlying mechanism. Methods Thirty five 12-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were included. Twenty-five diabetic mice were induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozocin (STZ, 150 mg/kg, Sigma-Aldrich) dissolved in a mix of citrate buffer after overnight fast. Mice with a blood glucose level above 13.5 mmol/L were considered diabetic. As a non-DM (diabetic) control, mice were injected with equal volume of citrate buffer. The 25 diabetic mice were divided into 5 groups with 5 animals in each group: including DM (diabetes without NAC treatment), and 4 different NAC treatment groups, namely NAC1, NAC3, NAC5 and NAC7, with the number defining the start time point of NAC treatment. In the 10 non-DM mice, mice were either untreated (Ctrl) or treated with NAC for 5 weeks (NAC only). Echocardiography was performed 12 weeks after STZ injection. Heart tissue were collected after echocardiography for Hematoxylin Eosin (HE) and Trichrome staining and ROS staining. Cardiac fibroblast cells were isolated, cultured and treated with high glucose plus NAC or the vehicle. qPCR analysis and CCK-8 assay were performed to observe fibrotic gene expression and cell proliferation. Results We found that both cardiac systolic function and diastolic function were impaired, coupled with excessive reactive oxygen stress and cardiac fibrosis 12 weeks after STZ induction. NAC significantly reduced ROS generation and fibrosis, together with improved cardiac systolic function and diastolic function. Strikingly, NAC1 treatment, which had the earlier and longer treatment, produced significant improvement of cardiac function and less fibrosis. In the cardiac fibroblasts, NAC blocked cardiac fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis induced by hyperglycemia. Conclusions Our study indicates that NAC treatment in diabetes effectively protects from diabetic cardiomyopathy, possibly through inhibiting the ROS production and fibrosis, which warrants further clarification. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12872-015-0076-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnostics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, #569 Xinsi Road, Baqiao District, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Xiao-Zhao Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Ming-Zhi Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Chang-Yang Xing
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnostics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, #569 Xinsi Road, Baqiao District, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnostics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, #569 Xinsi Road, Baqiao District, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Yun-You Duan
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnostics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, #569 Xinsi Road, Baqiao District, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Li-Jun Yuan
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnostics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, #569 Xinsi Road, Baqiao District, Xi'an, 710038, China.
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Zhang HM, Fu J, Hamilton R, Diaz V, Zhang Y. The mammalian target of rapamycin modulates the immunoproteasome system in the heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 86:158-67. [PMID: 26239133 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays an important role in cardiac development and function. Inhibition of mTOR by rapamycin has been shown to attenuate pathological cardiac hypertrophy and improve the function of aging heart, accompanied by an inhibition of the cardiac proteasome activity. The current study aimed to determine the potential mechanism(s) by which mTOR inhibition modulates cardiac proteasome. Inhibition of mTOR by rapamycin was found to reduce primarily the immunoproteasome in both H9c2 cells in vitro and mouse heart in vivo, without significant effect on the constitutive proteasome and protein ubiquitination. Concurrent with the reduction of the immunoproteasome, rapamycin reduced two important inflammatory response pathways, the NF-κB and Stat3 signaling. In addition, rapamycin attenuated the induction of the immunoproteasome in H9c2 cells by inflammatory cytokines, including INFγ and TNFα, by suppressing NF-κB signaling. These data indicate that rapamycin indirectly modulated immunoproteasome through the suppression of inflammatory response pathways. Lastly, the role of the immunoproteasome during the development of cardiac hypertrophy was investigated. Administration of a specific inhibitor of the immunoproteasome ONX 0914 attenuated isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy, suggesting that the immunoproteasome may be involved in the development of cardiac hypertrophy and therefore could be a therapeutic target. In conclusion, rapamycin inhibits the immunoproteasome through its effect on the inflammatory signaling pathways and the immunoproteasome could be a potential therapeutic target for pathological cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Mei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Jianliang Fu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ryan Hamilton
- Barshop Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78249, United States
| | - Vivian Diaz
- Barshop Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78249, United States
| | - Yiqiang Zhang
- Barshop Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78249, United States; Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78249, United States
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Lin CC, Pan CS, Wang CY, Liu SW, Hsiao LD, Yang CM. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces VCAM-1-mediated inflammation via c-Src-dependent transactivation of EGF receptors in human cardiac fibroblasts. J Biomed Sci 2015; 22:53. [PMID: 26173590 PMCID: PMC4502472 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-015-0165-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a proinflammatory cytokine and elevated in the regions of tissue injury and inflammatory diseases. The deleterious effects of TNF-α on fibroblasts may aggravate heart inflammation mediated through the up-regulation of adhesion molecules such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). However, the mechanisms underlying TNF-α-induced VCAM-1 expression in cardiac fibroblasts remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate the roles of TNF-α in VCAM-1 expression and its effects on human cardiac fibroblasts (HCFs). RESULTS The primary culture HCFs were used in this study. The results obtained with Western blotting, real time-quantitative PCR, and promoter activity analyses showed that TNF-α-induced VCAM-1 expression was mediated through TNF receptor (TNFR) 1-dependent gene up-regulation. Activation of TNFR1 by TNF-α transactivated c-Src-dependent EGF receptor (EGFR) linking to PI3K/Akt cascade, and then led to transcriptional activity of NF-κB. Moreover, the results of promoter reporter assay demonstrated that the phosphorylated p65 NF-κB turned on VCAM-1 gene expression. Subsequently, up-regulation of VCAM-1 promoted monocytes adhesion to HCFs challenged with TNF-α determined by cell adhesion assay. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results indicate that in HCFs, activation of NF-κB by c-Src-mediated transactivation of EGFR/PI3K/Akt cascade is required for TNF-α-induced VCAM-1 expression. Finally, increased VCAM-1 enhances monocytes adhering to HCFs challenged with TNF-α. Understanding the mechanisms of VCAM-1 up-regulated by TNF-α on HCFs may provide rationally therapeutic interventions for heart injury or inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chung Lin
- Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkuo, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Shuo Pan
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yu Wang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Shiau-Wen Liu
- Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkuo, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Der Hsiao
- Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkuo, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Mao Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
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Koren L, Alishekevitz D, Elhanani O, Nevelsky A, Hai T, Kehat I, Shaked Y, Aronheim A. ATF3-dependent cross-talk between cardiomyocytes and macrophages promotes cardiac maladaptive remodeling. Int J Cardiol 2015. [PMID: 26201690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.06.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Pressure overload induces adaptive remodeling processes in the heart. However, when pressure overload persists, adaptive changes turn into maladaptive alterations leading to cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. ATF3 is a stress inducible transcription factor that is transiently expressed following neuroendocrine stimulation. However, its role in chronic pressure overload dependent cardiac hypertrophy is currently unknown. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to study the role of ATF3 in chronic pressure overload dependent cardiac remodeling processes. METHODS AND RESULTS Pressure overload was induced by phenylephrine (PE) mini-osmotic pumps in various mice models of whole body, cardiac specific, bone marrow (BM) specific and macrophage specific ATF3 ablations. We show that ATF3-KO mice exhibit a significantly reduced expression of cardiac remodeling markers following chronic pressure overload. Consistently, the lack of ATF3 specifically in either cardiomyocytes or BM derived cells blunts the hypertrophic response to PE infusion. A unique cross-talk between cardiomyocytes and macrophages was identified. Cardiomyocytes induce an ATF3 dependent induction of an inflammatory response leading to macrophage recruitment to the heart. Adoptive transfer of wild type macrophages, but not ATF3-KO derived macrophages, into wild type mice potentiates maladaptive response to PE infusion. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, this study places ATF3 as a key regulator in promoting pressure overload induced cardiac hypertrophy through a cross-talk between cardiomyocytes and macrophages. Inhibiting this cross-talk may serve as a useful approach to blunt maladaptive remodeling processes in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Koren
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - D Alishekevitz
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Science, The B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - O Elhanani
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - A Nevelsky
- Radiotherapy Department, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - T Hai
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio USA
| | - I Kehat
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, The B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Y Shaked
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Science, The B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - A Aronheim
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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Increased cardiac remodeling in cardiac-specific Flt-1 receptor knockout mice with pressure overload. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 362:389-98. [PMID: 26017635 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2209-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibition has previously been shown to have damaging effects on the heart. Because the role of Flt-1 (a phosphotyrosine kinase receptor for VEGF) in cardiac function and hypertrophy is unclear, we generated mice lacking Flt-1 only in their cardiomyocytes (Flt-1 KO). The hearts from 8- to 10-week-old mice were measured by using echocardiography and histology. No significant differences were seen in fraction shortening, cross-sectional area of cardiomyocytes, and interstitial collagen fraction between littermate controls and KO mice at baseline. To test the hypothesis that Flt-1 is involved in cardiac remodeling, we performed transverse aorta constriction (TAC) by ligating the transverse ascending aorta. Four weeks after TAC, echocardiography of the mice was performed, and the hearts were excised for pathological analysis and Western blotting. No difference in mortality was found between Flt-1 KO mice and controls; however, KO mice showed a greater cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area and interstitial collagen fraction than controls. Western blotting indicated that AKT was activated less in Flt-1 KO hearts after TAC compared with that in control hearts. Thus, Flt-1 deletion in cardiomyocytes increased hypertrophy, fibrosis, and regression of AKT phosphorylation. Our study suggests that Flt-1 plays a critical role in cardiac hypertrophy induced by pressure overload via the activation of AKT, which seems to be cardioprotective.
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Sawaki D, Hou L, Tomida S, Sun J, Zhan H, Aizawa K, Son BK, Kariya T, Takimoto E, Otsu K, Conway SJ, Manabe I, Komuro I, Friedman SL, Nagai R, Suzuki T. Modulation of cardiac fibrosis by Krüppel-like factor 6 through transcriptional control of thrombospondin 4 in cardiomyocytes. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 107:420-30. [PMID: 25987545 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Krüppel-like factors (KLFs) are a family of transcription factors which play important roles in the heart under pathological and developmental conditions. We previously identified and cloned Klf6 whose homozygous mutation in mice results in embryonic lethality suggesting a role in cardiovascular development. Effects of KLF6 on pathological regulation of the heart were investigated in the present study. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice heterozygous for Klf6 resulted in significantly diminished levels of cardiac fibrosis in response to angiotensin II infusion. Intriguingly, a similar phenotype was seen in cardiomyocyte-specific Klf6 knockout mice, but not in cardiac fibroblast-specific knockout mice. Microarray analysis revealed increased levels of the extracellular matrix factor, thrombospondin 4 (TSP4), in the Klf6-ablated heart. Mechanistically, KLF6 directly suppressed Tsp4 expression levels, and cardiac TSP4 regulated the activation of cardiac fibroblasts to regulate cardiac fibrosis. CONCLUSION Our present studies on the cardiac function of KLF6 show a new mechanism whereby cardiomyocytes regulate cardiac fibrosis through transcriptional control of the extracellular matrix factor, TSP4, which, in turn, modulates activation of cardiac fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daigo Sawaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lianguo Hou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shota Tomida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junqing Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hong Zhan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Aizawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Bo-Kyung Son
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taro Kariya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiki Takimoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kinya Otsu
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Simon J Conway
- Program in Developmental Biology and Neonatal Medicine, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ichiro Manabe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Issei Komuro
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Scott L Friedman
- Division of Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Toru Suzuki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK National Institute for Health Research Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
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Kunes P, Mandak J, Holubcova Z, Kolackova M, Krejsek J. Actual position of interleukin(IL)-33 in atherosclerosis and heart failure: Great Expectations or En attendant Godot? Perfusion 2014; 30:356-74. [DOI: 10.1177/0267659114562269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis has been recognized as an inflammatory/autoimmune disease. The long-standing low-grade inflammation which fuels its development is primarily focused on the components of the vessel wall. Originally, inflammation in atherogenesis was supposed to be driven by the pro-inflammatory Th1 cellular and cytokine immune response. On the basis of accumulating evidence, this view has been re-evaluated to include the Th17/Th1 axis which is shared by most diseases of sterile inflammation. The anti-inflammatory Th2 cellular and cytokine immune response is initiated concomitantly with the former two, the latter dampening their harmful reactions which culminate in full-blown atherosclerosis. Interleukin-33, a novel member of the IL-1 cytokine superfamily, was suggested to take part in the anti-atherogenic response by mediating the Th1-to-Th2 switch of the immune reactions. However, IL-33 is a multifaceted mediator with both pro- and anti-inflammatory activities, also called a “dual factor” or a “Janus face” interleukin. IL-33 occurs both in an extracellular (cytokine-like) and in a nuclear-bound (transcription factor-like) form, each of them performing distinct activities of their own. This review article presents the latest data relevant to IL-33’s role in atherosclerosis and cardiac diseases as perceived by a cardiologist and a cardiac surgeon.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kunes
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - J Mandak
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Z Holubcova
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - M Kolackova
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - J Krejsek
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Alternative splicing regulates vesicular trafficking genes in cardiomyocytes during postnatal heart development. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3603. [PMID: 24752171 PMCID: PMC4018662 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During postnatal development the heart undergoes a rapid and dramatic transition to adult function through transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms, including alternative splicing (AS). Here we perform deep RNA-sequencing on RNA from cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts to conduct a high-resolution analysis of transcriptome changes during postnatal mouse heart development. We reveal extensive changes in gene expression and AS that occur primarily between postnatal days 1 and 28. Cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts show reciprocal regulation of gene expression reflecting differences in proliferative capacity, cell adhesion functions, and mitochondrial metabolism. We further demonstrate that AS plays a role in vesicular trafficking and membrane organization, These AS transitions are enriched among targets of two RNA-binding proteins, Celf1 and Mbnl1, which undergo developmentally regulated changes in expression. Vesicular trafficking genes affected by AS during normal development (when Celf1 is down-regulated) show a reversion to neonatal splicing patterns after Celf1 re-expression in adults. Short-term Celf1 induction in adult animals results in disrupted transverse tubule organization and calcium handling. These results identify potential roles for AS in multiple aspects of postnatal heart maturation, including vesicular trafficking and intracellular membrane dynamics.
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Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis are two closely related adaptive response mechanisms of the myocardium to mechanical, metabolic, and genetic stress that finally contribute to the development of heart failure (HF). This relation is based on a dynamic interplay between many cell types including cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts during disease progression. Both cell types secrete a variety of growth factors, cytokines, and hormones that influence hypertrophic cardiomyocyte growth and fibrotic fibroblast activation in a paracrine and autocrine manner. It has become evident that, aside proteinous signals, microRNAs (miRNAs) and possible other RNA species such as long non-coding RNAs are potential players in such a cell-to-cell communication. By directly acting as paracrine signals or by modulating downstream intercellular signalling mediators, miRNAs can act as moderators of the intercellular crosstalk. These small regulators can potentially be secreted in a 'mircrine' fashion, so that miRNAs can be assumed as the message itself. This review will summarize the recent findings about the paracrine crosstalk between cardiac fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes and addresses how miRNAs may be involved in this interplay. It also highlights therapeutic strategies targeting factors of pathological communication for the treatment of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janika Viereck
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies , IFB-Tx, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover D-30625, Germany
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Lajiness JD, Conway SJ. Origin, development, and differentiation of cardiac fibroblasts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 70:2-8. [PMID: 24231799 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts are the most abundant cell in the mammalian heart. While they have been historically underappreciated in terms of their functional contributions to cardiac development and physiology, they and their activated form, myofibroblasts, are now known to play key roles in both development and disease through structural, paracrine, and electrical interactions with cardiomyocytes. The lack of specific markers for fibroblasts currently convolutes the study of this dynamic cell lineage, but advances in marker analysis and lineage mapping technologies are continuously being made. Understanding how to best utilize these tools, both individually and in combination, will help to elucidate the functional significance of fibroblast-cardiomyocyte interactions in vivo. Here we review what is currently known about the diverse roles played by cardiac fibroblasts and myofibroblasts throughout development and periods of injury with the intent of emphasizing the duality of their nature. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Myocyte-Fibroblast Signalling in Myocardium ".
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn D Lajiness
- Developmental Biology and Neonatal Medicine Program, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Simon J Conway
- Developmental Biology and Neonatal Medicine Program, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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63
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Howard CM, Baudino TA. Dynamic cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions in the heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 70:19-26. [PMID: 24140801 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have placed an increasing amount of emphasis on the cardiovascular system and understanding how the heart and its vasculature can be regenerated following pathological stresses, such as hypertension and myocardial infarction. The remodeling process involves the permanent cellular constituents of the heart including myocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, pericytes, smooth muscle cells and stem cells. It also includes transient cell populations, such as immune cells (e.g. lymphocytes, mast cells and macrophages) and circulating stem cells. Following injury, there are dramatic shifts in the various cardiac cell populations that can affect cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions and cardiac function. Cardiac fibroblasts are a key component in normal heart function, as well as during the remodeling process through dynamic cell-cell interactions and synthesis and degradation of the extracellular matrix. Fibroblasts dynamically interact with the various cardiac cell populations through mechanical, chemical (autocrine and/or paracrine) and electrophysiological means to alter gene and protein expression, cellular processes and ultimately cardiac function. Better understanding these cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions and their biological consequences should provide novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of heart disease. In this review we discuss the nature of these interactions and the importance of these interactions in maintaining normal heart function, as well as their role in the cardiac remodeling process. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Myocyte-Fibroblast Signalling in Myocardium."
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Troy A Baudino
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX 76504, USA; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX 76504, USA.
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Nusayr E, Sadideen DT, Doetschman T. FGF2 modulates cardiac remodeling in an isoform- and sex-specific manner. Physiol Rep 2013; 1. [PMID: 24244869 PMCID: PMC3827774 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis are remodeling events that result in mechanical stiffness and pathophysiological changes in the myocardium. Both humans and animal models display a sexual dimorphism where females are more protected from pathological remodeling. Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) mediates cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac fibrosis, and protection against cardiac injury, and is made in high molecular weight and low molecular weight isoforms (Hi FGF2 and Lo FGF2, respectively). Although some light has been shed on isoform-specific functions in cardiac pathophysiology, their roles in pathologic cardiac remodeling have yet to be determined. We tested the hypothesis that Lo FGF2 and Hi FGF2 modulate pathological cardiac remodeling in an isoform-specific manner. Young adult male and female mice between 8 and 12 weeks of age of mixed background that were deficient in either Hi FGF2 or Lo FGF2 (Hi KO or Lo KO, respectively) were subjected to daily injections of isoproterenol (Iso) for 4 days after which their hearts were compared to wild-type cohorts. Post-Iso treatment, female Lo KO hearts do not exhibit significant differences in their hypertrophic and fibrotic response, whereas female Hi KO hearts present with a blunted hypertrophic response. In male animals, Lo KO hearts present with an exacerbated fibrotic response and increased α-smooth muscle actin protein expression, whereas Hi KO hearts present with a blunted fibrotic response and increased atrial natriuretic factor protein expression Thus, in female hearts Hi FGF2 mediates cardiac hypertrophy, whereas in male hearts Lo FGF2 and Hi FGF2 display an antithetical role in cardiac fibrosis where Lo FGF2 is protective while Hi FGF2 is damaging. In conclusion, cardiac remodeling following catecholamine overactivation is modulated by FGF2 in isoform- and sex-specific manners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyad Nusayr
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, College of Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson AZ
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Koren L, Elhanani O, Kehat I, Hai T, Aronheim A. Adult cardiac expression of the activating transcription factor 3, ATF3, promotes ventricular hypertrophy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68396. [PMID: 23874609 PMCID: PMC3707568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is an adaptive response to various mechanophysical and
pathophysiological stresses. However, when chronic stress is sustained, the
beneficial response turns into a maladaptive process that eventually leads to
heart failure. Although major advances in the treatment of patients have reduced
mortality, there is a dire need for novel treatments for cardiac hypertrophy.
Accordingly, considerable efforts are being directed towards developing mice
models and understanding the processes that lead to cardiac hypertrophy. A case
in point is ATF3, an immediate early transcription factor whose expression is
induced in various cardiac stress models but has been reported to have
conflicting functional significance in hypertrophy. To address this issue, we
generated a transgenic mouse line with tetracycline-regulated ATF3 cardiac
expression. These mice allowed us to study the consequence of ATF3 expression in
the embryo or during the adult period, thus distinguishing the effect of ATF3 on
development versus pathogenesis of cardiac dysfunction. Importantly, ATF3
expression in adult mice resulted in rapid ventricles hypertrophy, heart
dysfunction, and fibrosis. When combined with a phenylephrine-infusion pressure
overload model, the ATF3 expressing mice displayed a severe outcome and heart
dysfunction. In a complementary approach, ATF3 KO mice displayed a lower level
of heart hypertrophy in the same pressure overload model. In summary, ectopic
expression of ATF3 is sufficient to promote cardiac hypertrophy and exacerbates
the deleterious effect of chronic pressure overload; conversely, ATF3 deletion
protects the heart. Therefore, ATF3 may serve as an important drug target to
reduce the detrimental consequences of heart hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilach Koren
- Department of Molecular Genetics, the Rappaport Family Institute for
Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology,
Haifa, Israel
| | - Ofer Elhanani
- Department of Molecular Genetics, the Rappaport Family Institute for
Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology,
Haifa, Israel
| | - Izhak Kehat
- Department of Physiology The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in
the Medical Sciences, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa,
Israel
| | - Tsonwin Hai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Ohio State University,
Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ami Aronheim
- Department of Molecular Genetics, the Rappaport Family Institute for
Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology,
Haifa, Israel
- * E-mail:
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66
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Willis MS, Wadosky KM, Rodríguez JE, Schisler JC, Lockyer P, Hilliard EG, Glass DJ, Patterson C. Muscle ring finger 1 and muscle ring finger 2 are necessary but functionally redundant during developmental cardiac growth and regulate E2F1-mediated gene expression in vivo. Cell Biochem Funct 2013; 32:39-50. [PMID: 23512667 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.2969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Muscle ring finger (MuRF) proteins have been implicated in the transmission of mechanical forces to nuclear cell signaling pathways through their association with the sarcomere. We recently reported that MuRF1, but not MuRF2, regulates pathologic cardiac hypertrophy in vivo. This was surprising given that MuRF1 and MuRF2 interact with each other and many of the same sarcomeric proteins experimentally. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice missing all four MuRF1 and MuRF2 alleles [MuRF1/MuRF2 double null (DN)] were born with a massive spontaneous hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and heart failure; mice that were null for one of the genes but heterozygous for the other (i.e. MuRF1(-/-) //MuRF2(+/-) or MuRF1(+/-) //MuRF2(-/-) ) were phenotypically identical to wild-type mice. Microarray analysis of genes differentially-expressed between MuRF1/MuRF2 DN, mice missing three of the four alleles and wild-type mice revealed a significant enrichment of genes regulated by the E2F transcription factor family. More than 85% of the differentially-expressed genes had E2F promoter regions (E2f:DP; P<0.001). Western analysis of E2F revealed no differences between MuRF1/MuRF2 DN hearts and wild-type hearts; however, chromatin immunoprecipitation studies revealed that MuRF1/MuRF2 DN hearts had significantly less binding of E2F1 in the promoter regions of genes previously defined to be regulated by E2F1 (p21, Brip1 and PDK4, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS These studies suggest that MuRF1 and MuRF2 play a redundant role in regulating developmental physiologic hypertrophy, by regulating E2F transcription factors essential for normal cardiac development by supporting E2F localization to the nucleus, but not through a process that degrades the transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monte S Willis
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Bowers SLK, Baudino TA. Cardiac Myocyte–Fibroblast Interactions and the Coronary Vasculature. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2012; 5:783-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s12265-012-9407-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lajiness JD, Conway SJ. The dynamic role of cardiac fibroblasts in development and disease. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2012; 5:739-48. [PMID: 22878976 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-012-9394-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts are the most abundant cell in the mammalian heart. While they have been historically overlooked in terms of functional contributions to development and physiology, cardiac fibroblasts are now front and center. They are currently recognized as key protagonists during both normal development and cardiomyopathy disease, and work together with cardiomyocytes through paracrine, structural, and potentially electrical interactions. However, the lack of specific biomarkers and fibroblast heterogeneous nature currently convolutes the study of this dynamic cell lineage; though, efforts to advance marker analysis and lineage mapping technologies are ongoing. These tools will help elucidate the functional significance of fibroblast-cardiomyocyte interactions in vivo and delineate the dynamic nature of normal and pathological cardiac fibroblasts. Since therapeutic promise lies in understanding the interface between developmental biology and the postnatal injury response, future studies to understand the divergent roles played by cardiac fibroblasts both in utero and following cardiac insult are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn D Lajiness
- Developmental Biology and Neonatal Medicine Program, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut Street, Room R4 W402F, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Abstract
This article addresses the issue of insulin resistance and associated reductions in cardiac insulin metabolic signaling, which is emerging as a major factor in the development of heart failure, and assumes more importance because of an epidemic increase in obesity and the cardiorenal metabolic syndrome in our aging population. The effects of cardiac insulin resistance are exacerbated by metabolic, endocrine, and cytokine alterations associated with systemic insulin resistance. Understanding the molecular mechanisms linking insulin resistance and heart failure may help to design new and more effective mechanism-based drugs to improve myocardial and systemic insulin resistance.
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70
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Abstract
Emerging data in the field of cardiac development as well as repair and regeneration indicate a complex and important interplay between endocardial, epicardial, and myofibroblast populations that is critical for cardiomyocyte differentiation and postnatal function. For example, epicardial cells have been shown to generate cardiac myofibroblasts and may be one of the primary sources for this cell lineage during development. Moreover, paracrine signaling from the epicardium and endocardium is critical for proper development of the heart and pathways such as Wnt, fibroblast growth factor, and retinoic acid signaling have been shown to be key players in this process. Despite this progress, interactions between nonmyocyte cells and cardiomyocytes in the heart are still poorly understood. We review the various nonmyocyte-myocyte interactions that occur in the heart and how these interactions, primarily through signaling networks, help direct cardiomyocyte differentiation and regulate postnatal cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tian
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104-5129, USA
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Souders CA, Bowers SLK, Banerjee I, Fuseler JW, Demieville JL, Baudino TA. c-Myc is required for proper coronary vascular formation via cell- and gene-specific signaling. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:1308-19. [PMID: 22402364 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.244590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although significant research has detailed angiogenesis during development and cancer, little is known about cardiac angiogenesis, yet it is critical for survival following pathological insult. The transcription factor c-Myc is a target of anticancer therapies because of its mitogenic and proangiogenic induction. In the current study, we investigate its role in cardiac angiogenesis in a cell-dependent and gene-specific context. METHODS AND RESULTS Angiogenesis assays using c-Myc-deficient cardiac endothelial cells and fibroblasts demonstrate that c-Myc is essential to vessel formation, and fibroblast-mediated vessel formation is dependent on c-Myc expression in fibroblasts. Gene analyses revealed that c-Myc-mediated gene expression is unique in cardiac angiogenesis and varies in a cell-dependent manner. In vitro 3-dimensional cultures demonstrated c-Myc's role in the expression of secreted angiogenic factors, while also providing evidence for c-Myc-mediated cell-cell interactions. Additional in vivo vascular analyses support c-Myc's critical role in capillary formation and vessel patterning during development and also in response to a pathological stimulus where its expression in myocytes is required for angiogenic remodeling. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that proper c-Myc expression in cardiac fibroblasts and myocytes is essential to cardiac angiogenesis. These results have the potential for novel therapeutic applications involving the angiogenic response during cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colby A Souders
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX 76504, USA
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