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Targeting cancer energy metabolism: a potential systemic cure for cancer. Arch Pharm Res 2019; 42:140-149. [PMID: 30656605 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-019-01115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Long-term investigation and extensive efforts using sequencing and -omics analysis identified thousands of mutations in a single tumor. However, we cannot succeed at curing cancer by targeting mutations as the cause of cancer. Therefore, as an alternate therapeutic approach from classical oncology study, stimulation of the inherent ability of the immune system to attack tumor cells was welcome as a new principle in cancer therapy. However, it cannot be a permanent solution for the question of "which is the common factor that can distinguish cancer from normal?" Targeting the cancer energy metabolism may be a cancer-specific therapy for all kinds of cancer because normal cells do not rely on cancer energy metabolism under normal conditions. Here, trends of cancer metabolism as well as a new theory of cancer energy metabolism in the therapeutic approach is summarized.
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de la Cruz López KG, Toledo Guzmán ME, Sánchez EO, García Carrancá A. mTORC1 as a Regulator of Mitochondrial Functions and a Therapeutic Target in Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1373. [PMID: 31921637 PMCID: PMC6923780 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous proliferation of tumor cells requires constant adaptations of energy metabolism to rapidly fuel cell growth and division. This energetic adaptation often comprises deregulated glucose uptake and lactate production in the presence of oxygen, a process known as the "Warburg effect." For many years it was thought that the Warburg effect was a result of mitochondrial damage, however, unlike this proposal tumor cell mitochondria maintain their functionality, and is essential for integrating a variety of signals and adapting the metabolic activity of the tumor cell. The mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a master regulator of numerous cellular processes implicated in proliferation, metabolism, and cell growth. mTORC1 controls cellular metabolism mainly by regulating the translation and transcription of metabolic genes, such as peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ coactivator-1 α (PGC-1α), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1/2 (SREBP1/2), and hypoxia inducible factor-1 α (HIF-1α). Interestingly it has been shown that mTORC1 regulates mitochondrial metabolism, thus representing an important regulator in mitochondrial function. Here we present an overview on the role of mTORC1 in the regulation of mitochondrial functions in cancer, considering new evidences showing that mTORC1 regulates the translation of nucleus-encoded mitochondrial mRNAs that result in an increased ATP mitochondrial production. Moreover, we discuss the relationship between mTORC1 and glutaminolysis, as well as mitochondrial metabolites. In addition, mitochondrial fission processes regulated by mTORC1 and its impact on cancer are discussed. Finally, we also review the therapeutic efficacy of mTORC1 inhibitors in cancer treatments, considering its use in combination with other drugs, with particular focus on cellular metabolism inhibitors, that could help improve their anti neoplastic effect and eliminate cancer cells in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Griselda de la Cruz López
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Alejandro García Carrancá
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México & Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Alejandro García Carrancá
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Ji SM. Overexpression of SLC25A15 is involved in the proliferation of cutaneous melanoma and leads to poor prognosis. Med Sci (Paris) 2018; 34 Focus issue F1:74-80. [PMID: 30403179 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/201834f113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a skin tumor with a high degree of malignancy, poor prognosis and few effective therapies. Deprivation of the arginine from cancer cells through transport inhibition and arginine depletion is a novel strategy for cancer therapy. In this study, we have investigated the effect of SLC25A15, which encodes the mitochondrial ornithine carrier 1, on melanoma progression. Using bioinformatics methods to screen the data from TCGA and GEO, we found that SLC25A15 is overexpressed in patients with melanoma and negatively related with the overall and disease-free survival rates. Knockdown the expression of SLC25A15 by siRNA could effectively inhibit the proliferation of A375 melanoma cells, as detected by CCK8 and colony formation. Furthermore, SLC25A15 siRNA was able to promote apoptosis of A375 cells, which exhibited decreased expression levels of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 while showing increased pro-apoptotic protein Bax and cleaved caspase-3. All these results suggest that the overexpression of SLC25A15 is involved in the progression of melanoma and may predict the prognosis of melanoma. This may shed new lights on the diagnosis and therapy of melanoma in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Meng Ji
- Department of Dermatology, the People's Hospital of Xintai, No.1329 of Xinfu Road, Xintai 271200, Shandong, P.R. China
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Kaishang Z, Xue P, Shaozhong Z, Yingying F, Yan Z, Chanjun S, Zhenzhen L, Xiangnan L. Elevated expression of Twinfilin-1 is correlated with inferior prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma. Life Sci 2018; 215:159-169. [PMID: 30391462 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM Twinfilin-1 (TWF1) has been implicated in cell motility, invasion and migration. However, its exact role in lung cancer progression is still unclear. In the present study, we explored clinical and prognostic relevance of Twinfilin-1 (TWF1) levels for non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). MAIN METHODS The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset was analyzed for possible association between TWF1 expressions in NSCLC tissues and patient prognosis. The meta-analysis data was validated in our clinical study through techniques of immunoblotting, expression analysis and immunohistochemistry. KEY FINDINGS Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) as well as lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) showed significantly elevated expression of TWF1 compared to normal lung tissues. Univariate Cox regression analysis showed high expression of TWF1 to be independent prognostic indicator involved in overall survival (hazard ratio: 1.636; 95% CI: 1.223-2.189) and recurrence-free survival (hazard ratio: 1.551; 95% CI: 1.158-2.077) in LUAD, but not in LUSC. Similar trend was found in our clinical study. LUAD tissues reflected TWF1 overexpression to be positively correlated with grade of tumor, size and lymph node metastasis. Enhanced TWF1 expression was identified to be an independent predictor for the disadvantageous prognosis of LUAD through simultaneously both univariate as well as multivariate Cox regression analyses (both p < 0.05). Kaplan-Meier survival graphs further corroborated that poor disease prediction in the patients with LUAD was indicated through high TWF1 expression (p = 0.028). SIGNIFICANCE Robustness and poor prognosis in LUAD correlated with TWF1 levels thus making it a suitable therapeutic target against LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Kaishang
- Thoracic Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pan Xue
- Thoracic Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zheng Shaozhong
- Thoracic Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fan Yingying
- Thoracic Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhang Yan
- Thoracic Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sun Chanjun
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Zhenzhen
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Li Xiangnan
- Thoracic Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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Cai Q, Fan Q, Buechlein A, Miller D, Nephew KP, Liu S, Wan J, Xu Y. Changes in mRNA/protein expression and signaling pathways in in vivo passaged mouse ovarian cancer cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197404. [PMID: 29927933 PMCID: PMC6013233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The cure rate for late stage epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) has not significantly improved over several decades. New and more effective targets and treatment modalities are urgently needed. RNA-seq analyses of a syngeneic EOC cell pair, representing more and less aggressive tumor cells in vivo were conducted. Bioinformatics analyses of the RNA-seq data and biological signaling and function studies have identified new targets, such as ZIP4 in EOC. Many up-regulated tumor promoting signaling pathways have been identified which are mainly grouped into three cellular activities: 1) cell proliferation and apoptosis resistance; 2) cell skeleton and adhesion changes; and 3) carbohydrate metabolic reprograming. Unexpectedly, lipid metabolism has been the major down-regulated signaling pathway in the more aggressive EOC cells. In addition, we found that hypoxic responsive genes were at the center stage of regulation and detected functional changes were related to cancer stem cell-like activities. Moreover, our genetic, cellular, biochemical, and lipidomic analyses indicated that cells grown in 2D vs. 3D, or attached vs. suspended had dramatic changes. The important clinical implications of peritoneal cavity floating tumor cells are supported by the data proved in this work. Overall, the RNA-seq data provide a landscape of gene expression alterations during tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchun Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Qipeng Fan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Aaron Buechlein
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - David Miller
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Kenneth P. Nephew
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Sheng Liu
- Collaborative Core for Cancer Bioinformatics (C3B), Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jun Wan
- Collaborative Core for Cancer Bioinformatics (C3B), Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
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Metabolic Reprogramming of Cancer Associated Fibroblasts: The Slavery of Stromal Fibroblasts. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6075403. [PMID: 29967776 PMCID: PMC6008683 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6075403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the main stromal cell type of solid tumour microenvironment and undergo an activation process associated with secretion of growth factors, cytokines, and paracrine interactions. One of the important features of solid tumours is the metabolic reprogramming that leads to changes of bioenergetics and biosynthesis in both tumour cells and CAFs. In particular, CAFs follow the evolution of tumour disease and acquire a catabolic phenotype: in tumour tissues, cancer cells and tumour microenvironment form a network where the crosstalk between cancer cells and CAFs is associated with cell metabolic reprogramming that contributes to CAFs activation, cancer growth, and progression and evasion from cancer therapies. In this regard, the study of CAFs metabolic reprogramming could contribute to better understand their activation process, the interaction between stroma, and cancer cells and could offer innovative tools for the development of new therapeutic strategies able to eradicate the protumorigenic activity of CAFs. Therefore, this review focuses on CAFs metabolic reprogramming associated with both differentiation process and cancer and stromal cells crosstalk. Finally, therapeutic responses and potential anticancer strategies targeting CAFs metabolic reprogramming are reviewed.
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Cheng C, Geng F, Cheng X, Guo D. Lipid metabolism reprogramming and its potential targets in cancer. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2018; 38:27. [PMID: 29784041 PMCID: PMC5993136 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-018-0301-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming of lipid metabolism is a newly recognized hallmark of malignancy. Increased lipid uptake, storage and lipogenesis occur in a variety of cancers and contribute to rapid tumor growth. Lipids constitute the basic structure of membranes and also function as signaling molecules and energy sources. Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs), a family of membrane-bound transcription factors in the endoplasmic reticulum, play a central role in the regulation of lipid metabolism. Recent studies have revealed that SREBPs are highly up-regulated in various cancers and promote tumor growth. SREBP cleavage-activating protein is a key transporter in the trafficking and activation of SREBPs as well as a critical glucose sensor, thus linking glucose metabolism and de novo lipid synthesis. Targeting altered lipid metabolic pathways has become a promising anti-cancer strategy. This review summarizes recent progress in our understanding of lipid metabolism regulation in malignancy, and highlights potential molecular targets and their inhibitors for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunming Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University James Comprehensive Cancer Center and College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Feng Geng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University James Comprehensive Cancer Center and College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University James Comprehensive Cancer Center and College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Deliang Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University James Comprehensive Cancer Center and College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Kim SY. Cancer Metabolism: a Hope for Curing Cancer. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2018; 26:1-3. [PMID: 29212300 PMCID: PMC5746031 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2017.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Youl Kim
- Cancer Microenvironment Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
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