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Liu Y, Chen L, Yuan H, Guo S, Wu G. LncRNA DANCR Promotes Sorafenib Resistance via Activation of IL-6/STAT3 Signaling in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:1145-1157. [PMID: 32103983 PMCID: PMC7008197 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s229957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the major malignancies and the second most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Sorafenib, an approved first-line systematic treatment agent for HCC, is capable to effectively improve the survival of patients with advanced HCC. The long-noncoding RNA (lncRNA) differentiation antagonizing non-protein coding RNA (DANCR) has been reported to exert oncogenic functions in several kinds of human cancers. However, the role of lncRNA DANCR in sorafenib resistance in HCC remains unknown. Methods The expression levels of DANCR in HCC tissues were detected by qRT-PCR. DANCR overexpression and knockdown models were established and utilized to investigate the functional role of DANCR on sorafenib resistance in HCC cells. The MS2-binding sequences-MS2-binding protein–based RNA immunoprecipitation assay, RNA pull-down and luciferase reporter assay was used to detect the association between DANCR and PSMD10 mRNA. The activation of DANCR transcription mediated by STAT3 was assessed by luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Results We found that DANCR was significantly overexpressed in HCC tissues and associated with prognosis of HCC patients. Overexpression and knockdown experiments demonstrated that DANCR promoted sorafenib resistance in HCC cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, the role of DANCR relied largely on the association with PSMD10. DANCR stabilized PSMD10 mRNA through blocking the repressing effect of several microRNAs on PSMD10. Besides, DANCR activated IL-6/STAT3 signaling via PSMD10. Furthermore, we revealed that DANCR transcription was enhanced by the activation of IL-6/STAT3 signaling, indicating a positive feedback loop of DANCR and IL-6/STAT3 signaling. Conclusion Collectively, our study is the first to elucidate the mechanism of DANCR-mediated sorafenib resistance via PSMD10-IL-6/STAT3 signaling axis, which provides a promising target for developing new therapeutic strategy for sorafenib tolerance of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Shangqiu, Shangqiu, Henan 476100, People's Republic of China
| | - Lamei Chen
- Pharmacy Division, The First People's Hospital of Tianmen City, Tianmen, Hubei 431700, People's Republic of China
| | - Huabing Yuan
- Pharmacy Division, The First People's Hospital of Tianmen City, Tianmen, Hubei 431700, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenghong Guo
- Pharmacy Division, The First People's Hospital of Tianmen City, Tianmen, Hubei 431700, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Wu
- Pharmacy Division, The First People's Hospital of Tianmen City, Tianmen, Hubei 431700, People's Republic of China
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Sedighi M, Rahimi F, Shahbazi MA, Rezayan AH, Kettiger H, Einfalt T, Huwyler J, Witzigmann D. Controlled Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Delivery to Liver Cancer Cells by Gate-Capped Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:239-251. [PMID: 35019440 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common type of primary malignancy in the liver and one of the most common types of cancer worldwide. Its readily increasing mortality rate highlights the urgent need for the development of efficient therapeutic strategies. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as sorafenib and sunitinib are used as efficient angiogenesis inhibitors for this purpose. However, despite their pharmacological effects, their transfer into clinical practice is characterized by their poor aqueous solubility and accumulation in off-target tissues, resulting in unfavorable side effects. Here, we report a nanocomposite made of amine-functionalized mesoporous silica nanocomposites (MSNs) that are surface-coated with cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNPs) for the controlled delivery and release of TKIs. Amine-functionalized MSNs were prepared using a sol-gel method and loaded with TKIs. To trap drug molecules into the mesoporous structure, CNPs were covalently conjugated to the surface of MSNs. The synthesis and functionalization steps were controlled using different characterization methods, confirming the desired morphology and structure, the identity of functional groups on the surface, successful coating, and appropriate loading efficiency. Under physiological conditions, CNP-capped MSNs demonstrated a sustained drug release over time as a result of CNPs' gatekeeping effect on the payloads. Strong cellular interactions with different liver cancer cells and enhanced cellular uptake were also observed in vitro for the gate-capped MSNs. Internalization of nanocomposites induced cell death via the production of reactive oxygen species, and subsequent activation of apoptosis pathways. This study demonstrates that gate-capped MSNs are promising chemotherapeutic vehicles characterized by a sustained drug release profile and high cellular internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Sedighi
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Life Sciences Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, 1439957131 Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fereshteh Rahimi
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Life Sciences Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, 1439957131 Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.,Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, 4513956184 Zanjan, Iran
| | - Ali Hossein Rezayan
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Life Sciences Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, 1439957131 Tehran, Iran
| | - Helene Kettiger
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Tomaz Einfalt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Huwyler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Witzigmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Health Sciences Mall, V6T 1Z3 Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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53
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Mebendazole augments sensitivity to sorafenib by targeting MAPK and BCL-2 signalling in n-nitrosodiethylamine-induced murine hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19095. [PMID: 31836811 PMCID: PMC6911098 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55666-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorafenib (SO) is a multi-kinase inhibitor that targets upstream signals in the MAPK pathway. Drug resistance and transient survival benefits are the main obstacles associated with SO treatment in Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Mebendazole (MBZ), an anthelmintic agent, has demonstrated activity against various cancer types. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the possible mechanisms of MBZ other than its anti-tubulin activity. MBZ (100 mg/kg/day, P.O.) was administered to N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced HCC mice as a monotherapeutic agent or in combination with SO. Our results revealed that MBZ decreased AFP levels, improved liver function and histology and increased survival in HCC mice, particularly when administered in combination with SO. MBZ also reduced hepatic inflammation and fibrogenesis as evidenced by reductions in TNF-α and TGF-β1 levels, respectively. Increased hepatic caspases-3 and -9 and decreased BCL-2 levels suggest induced-cell death. In addition, MBZ demonstrated anti-angiogenic, anti-metastatic, and anti-proliferative effects, as indicated by reduced VEGF levels, MMP-2:TIMP-1 ratios, and reduced cyclin D1 levels and Ki67 immunostaining, respectively. Our main finding was that MBZ targeted downstream signal of the MAPK pathway by inhibiting ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Targeting downstream MAPK signalling by MBZ and upstream signalling by SO is a novel approach to minimizing resistance and prolonging survival.
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Ali MY, Tariq I, Farhan Sohail M, Amin MU, Ali S, Pinnapireddy SR, Ali A, Schäfer J, Bakowsky U. Selective anti-ErbB3 aptamer modified sorafenib microparticles: In vitro and in vivo toxicity assessment. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 145:42-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Vengoji R, Ponnusamy MP, Rachagani S, Mahapatra S, Batra SK, Shonka N, Macha MA. Novel therapies hijack the blood-brain barrier to eradicate glioblastoma cancer stem cells. Carcinogenesis 2019; 40:2-14. [PMID: 30475990 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is amongst the most aggressive brain tumors with a dismal prognosis. Despite significant advances in the current multimodality therapy including surgery, postoperative radiotherapy (RT) and temozolomide (TMZ)-based concomitant and adjuvant chemotherapy (CT), tumor recurrence is nearly universal with poor patient outcomes. These limitations are in part due to poor drug penetration through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and resistance to CT and RT by a small population of cancer cells recognized as tumor-initiating cells or cancer stem cells (CSCs). Though CT and RT kill the bulk of the tumor cells, they fail to affect CSCs, resulting in their enrichment and their development into more refractory tumors. Therefore, identifying the mechanisms of resistance and developing therapies that specifically target CSCs can improve response, prevent the development of refractory tumors and increase overall survival of GBM patients. Small molecule inhibitors that can breach the BBB and selectively target CSCs are emerging. In this review, we have summarized the recent advancements in understanding the GBM CSC-specific signaling pathways, the CSC-tumor microenvironment niche that contributes to CT and RT resistance and the use of novel combination therapies of small molecule inhibitors that may be used in conjunction with TMZ-based chemoradiation for effective management of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghupathy Vengoji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Moorthy P Ponnusamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Satyanarayana Rachagani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sidharth Mahapatra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Nicole Shonka
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Ebrahim HM, El-Rouby MN, Morsy ME, Said MM, Ezz MK. The Synergistic Cytotoxic Effect of Laser-Irradiated Gold Nanoparticles and Sorafenib Against the Growth of a Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:3369-3376. [PMID: 31759361 PMCID: PMC7062997 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.11.3369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles are the most promising candidate in cancer treatment due to their physiochemical properties and increased use in photothermal therapy (PTT). In the present study, spherical gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized using citrate reduction method. The particles were then characterized using UV-VIS spectroscopy and transmission electron microscope. A hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) was incubated with sorafenib and/or non-irradiated or laser-irradiated AuNPs for 48 hrs. The cytotoxic effect of different treatment modalities was determined using MTT assay. Furthermore, apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry using annexin V/propidium iodide, as well as estimating the level of caspases. Results showed that AuNPs and sorafenib reduced HepG2 cell viability, and the cytotoxicity was associated with increased release of LDH in the culture medium. The recorded cytotoxicity was attributed to enhanced apoptosis as revealed by increased cellular caspases (3, 8 and 9), that was further confirmed by flow cytometry. The most notable cytotoxic effect was recorded when combining sorafenib with laser-irradiated AuNPs. In conclusion, a synergistic cytotoxic effect was observed between sorafenib and laser-irradiated AuNPs against the growth of HepG2, suggesting the potential substitution of large toxic doses of sorafenib by lower doses in combination with photothermal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidy M Ebrahim
- Department of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud N El-Rouby
- Department of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mona E Morsy
- Department of Medical Applications, National Institute of Laser-Enhanced Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Said
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Magda K Ezz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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57
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Delman M, Avcı ST, Akçok İ, Kanbur T, Erdal E, Çağır A. Antiproliferative activity of (R)-4'-methylklavuzon on hepatocellular carcinoma cells and EpCAM +/CD133 + cancer stem cells via SIRT1 and Exportin-1 (CRM1) inhibition. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 180:224-237. [PMID: 31306909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic effects of (R)-4'-methylklavuzon were investigated on hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HuH-7 and HepG2) and HuH-7 EpCAM+/CD133+ cancer stem cells. IC50 of (R)-4'-methylklavuzon was found as 1.25 μM for HuH-7 parental cells while it was found as 2.50 μM for HuH-7 EpCAM+/CD133+ cancer stem cells. (R)-4'-methylklavuzon tended to show more efficient in vitro cytotoxicity with its lower IC50 values on hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines compared to its lead molecule, goniothalamin and FDA-approved drugs, sorafenib and regorafenib. Cell-based Sirtuin/HDAC enzyme activity measurements revealed that endogenous Sirtuin/HDAC enzymes were reduced by 40% compared to control. SIRT1 protein levels were upregulated indicating triggered DNA repair mechanism. p53 was overexpressed in HepG2 cells. (R)-4'-methylklavuzon inhibited CRM1 protein providing increased retention of p53 and RIOK2 protein in the nucleus. HuH-7 parental and EpCAM+/CD133+ cancer stem cell spheroids lost intact morphology. 3D HepG2 spheroid viabilities were decreased in a correlation with upregulation in p53 protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Delman
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sanem Tercan Avcı
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, 35340, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - İsmail Akçok
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Tuğçe Kanbur
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Esra Erdal
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, 35340, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Ali Çağır
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430, Urla, Izmir, Turkey.
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Li H, Xu K, Pian G, Sun S. Artesunate and sorafenib: Combinatorial inhibition of liver cancer cell growth. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:4735-4743. [PMID: 31611983 PMCID: PMC6781774 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
An antimalarial medication, artesunate (Art), has exhibited promising anticancer effects with excellent tolerability in various types of cancer, suggesting that it has the potential to be used in combination with sorafenib (Sora) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment. To determine the potency of this combination, the present study attempted to quantitatively measure the dose-effect relationship of each drug alone and in combination in liver cancer cells in vitro using Calcusyn software. Cell growth inhibition was determined using the CyQUANT proliferation assay in two liver cancer cell lines, HepG2 and Huh7. Drug combination and reduction indices and isobologram plots were used to assess drug interactions. Cell apoptosis was evaluated by measurements of the proportion of cells in the sub G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle, and determination of protein expression levels of cleaved poly ADP ribose polymerase and caspase-9. Additionally, a cell migration assay was conducted using Essen ImageLock plates with an IncuCyte Zoom imaging system. The results of the present study revealed that the inhibitory effect of Sora on cell growth was synergistically enhanced by the combination with Art in HepG2 and Huh7 cells. The combination index and dose reduction index were specific to each cell line. Furthermore, combination at a fixed ratio presented mutual enhancement with respect to apoptosis induction and suppression of in vitro liver cancer cell migration. Therefore, considering the low toxicity and well-defined clinical characteristics of Art, combination of Sora and Art may present an attractive therapeutic option in the development of clinical trials for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133000, P.R. China
| | - Kanghe Xu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133000, P.R. China
| | - Guangzhe Pian
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133000, P.R. China
| | - Shu Sun
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133000, P.R. China
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Michel M, Hollenbach M, Pohl S, Ripoll C, Zipprich A. Inhibition of Glyoxalase-I Leads to Reduced Proliferation, Migration and Colony Formation, and Enhanced Susceptibility to Sorafenib in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2019; 9:785. [PMID: 31482070 PMCID: PMC6710403 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Glyoxalase-I (Glo-I) is essential for detoxification of methylglyoxal (MGO), a byproduct of glycolysis. Overexpression of Glo-I has been linked to multi-drug resistance in cancer therapy. The aim of this study was to analyze Glo-I in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the effect of the multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor sorafenib on Glo-I. Methods: Expression and specific activity of Glo-I was measured in human HCC samples, HCC-cell lines (HepG2, Huh7) and a hepatocyte cell line (AML 12). Cells were either treated with Glo-I inhibitors, ethyl pyruvate (EP, 1-20 mM) and BrBzGSHCp2 (1-10 μM), or sorafenib (2.5-10 μM) and protein expression (Western Blot), proliferation (WST-assay), migration (scratch assay), and colony formation (clonogenic assay) were assessed. Results: High expression of Glo-I was detected in human HCC tissue samples. Huh7 showed highest expression and activity of Glo-I and revealed highest proliferation compared to AML 12 and HepG2. Targeting Glo-I by EP or BrBzGSHCp2 led to significantly reduced proliferation (20 mM EP 24 h: 57 ± 12%), migration and colony formation. Glo-I inhibition by 20 mM EP resulted in reduced expression of PDGFR-β (18 ± 10%), VEGFR2 (46 ± 11%), VEGF (61 ± 10%), pERK/ERK (62 ± 6%), NF-κB (44 ± 12%) as well as stimulation of Nrf2 (243 ± 36%). Similar results were seen with BrBzGSHCp2. Sorafenib treatment revealed elevation of Glo-I (10 μM: 209 ± 25%) and MGO. Co-treatment of EP and sorafenib led to an additional reduction of proliferation compared to sorafenib alone. Conclusion: Glo-I is positively correlated with HCC proliferation. Inhibition of Glo-I reduced proliferation, migration, and colony formation. In turn, sorafenib increases Glo-I. Co-treatment using Glo-I inhibitors could enhance susceptibility of HCC to sorafenib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Michel
- Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Marcus Hollenbach
- Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sabine Pohl
- Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Cristina Ripoll
- Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Alexander Zipprich
- Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Preclinical efficacy of a novel dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, CMG002, alone and in combination with sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2019; 84:809-817. [PMID: 31385002 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-019-03918-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sorafenib has been the only first systemic drug that improves survival of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, because the response rate of sorafenib is relatively low, novel therapeutic strategies are needed to improve survival in patients with HCC. This study investigated the effect of CMG002 alone and in combination with sorafenib on HCC in vitro and vivo. METHODS The effect of a newly developed dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, CMG002, on the proliferation of Huh-7 and HepG2 HCC cells was investigated using the MTT assay. Western blotting was performed to assess phosphorylation of the key enzymes in the Ras/Raf/MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways. HepG2 cells were inoculated into mice, which were treated with vehicle, sorafenib, CMG002, and their combinations. Tumor cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis were evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis of Ki-67 and CD31, respectively. Tumor cell apoptosis was detected by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay. Levels of key enzymes in the Ras/Raf/MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways were evaluated by western blot analysis. RESULTS The combination of sorafenib and CMG002 additively inhibited Huh-7 and HepG2 cell proliferation compared to single-agent treatment. Sorafenib and CMG002 as single agents differentially inhibited or activated key enzymes in the Ras/Raf/MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways. The combination of sorafenib and CMG002 inhibited all key enzymes in the two pathways. Treatment with CMG002 for 4 weeks alone and in combination with sorafenib strongly inhibited tumor growth. CMG002 inhibited HCC cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, and decreased tumor angiogenesis. Furthermore, these effects were enhanced when CMG002 was combined with sorafenib. CONCLUSIONS The combination of CMG002 and sorafenib significantly inhibited HCC cell proliferation and tumorigenesis by inhibiting the Ras/Raf/MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways. These findings suggest that CMG002 to be a potential novel candidate treatment for HCC.
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Weng X, Zeng L, Yan F, He M, Wu X, Zheng D. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B gene is associated with the sensitivity of hepatoma cells to Sorafenib. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:5025-5036. [PMID: 31388306 PMCID: PMC6607202 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s196607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The sensitivity of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to Sorafenib is low. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B (CDKN2B) gene on the prognosis of HCC and the sensitivity of HCC cells to Sorafenib. Patients and methods: Streptavidin-perosidase (SP) staining was performed to determine the expression of CDKN2B in HCC tissues and adjacent tissues. The cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was carried out to determine cell viability. CDKN2B mRNA and protein were tested by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blot, respectively. CDKN2B gene was silenced or over-expressed in the cells by plasmid transfection technique. Flow cytometry was carried out to detect cell cycle and apoptosis. Results: SP staining results showed that CDKN2B was positive in adjacent tissues and in HCC tissues from partial response (PR) patients, CDKN2B was slightly positive in stable disease (SD) patients, but negative in progression disease (PD) patients. The survival rate of patients with low expression of CDKN2B was low. Up-regulation of CDKN2B expression could promote the pro-apoptotic effect of Sorafenib and cell arrest in G1 phase. When the CDKN2B gene expression was down-regulated, the cell apoptosis rate and the proportion of cells treated with Sorafenib in G1 phase decreased. Silencing CDKN2B reversed CDKN2B overexpression caused by Sorafenib. Conclusion: CDKN2B genes were lowly expressed in tumor tissues from HCC patients who were treated with Sorafenib and had a poor prognosis. Up-regulation of CDKN2B promoted sensitivity of HCC to Sorafenib, and similarly down-regulation of CDKN2B reduced the sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xie Weng
- Department of Cancer Center,TCM-Integrated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510310, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixian Zeng
- Department of Cancer Center,TCM-Integrated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510310, People's Republic of China
| | - Feifei Yan
- Department of Cancer Center,TCM-Integrated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510310, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengxue He
- Department of Cancer Center,TCM-Integrated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510310, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuqiong Wu
- Department of Cancer Center,TCM-Integrated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510310, People's Republic of China
| | - Dayong Zheng
- Department of Cancer Center,TCM-Integrated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510310, People's Republic of China
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Faranda T, Grossi I, Manganelli M, Marchina E, Baiocchi G, Portolani N, Crosatti M, De Petro G, Salvi A. Differential expression profiling of long non-coding RNA GAS5 and miR-126-3p in human cancer cells in response to sorafenib. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9118. [PMID: 31235746 PMCID: PMC6591391 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45604-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs are involved in numerous physio-pathological conditions included cancer. To better understand the molecular mechanism of the oral antitumor multikinase inhibitor sorafenib, we profiled the expression of a panel of lncRNAs and miRNAs by qPCR array in a sorafenib-treated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell line. Among the most affected ncRNAs, we found that sorafenib mediated the dysregulation of the lncRNAs GAS5, HOTTIP and HOXA-AS2 and the miR-126-3p, in a panel of human cancer cell lines (HCC, renal and breast carcinomas). By luciferase gene reporter assay, we discovered that GAS5 may act as a sponge for miR-126-3p in HCC cells. The expression level of GAS5 and miR-126-3p was verified in human liquid and/or solid biopsies from HCC patients. miR-126-3p expression in HCC tissues was decreased respect to their correspondent peritumoral tissues. The levels of plasmatic circulating miR-126-3p and GAS5 were significantly higher and lower in HCC patients compared to healthy subjects, respectively. This study highlighted the capability of sorafenib to modulate the expression of a wide range of ncRNAs and specifically, GAS5 and miR-126-3p were involved in the response to sorafenib of different cancer cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Faranda
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Biology and Genetics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Grossi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Biology and Genetics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Michele Manganelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Biology and Genetics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Marchina
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Biology and Genetics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Gianluca Baiocchi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Surgical Clinic, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Nazario Portolani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Surgical Clinic, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppina De Petro
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Biology and Genetics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Salvi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Biology and Genetics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
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Zhou K, Fountzilas C. Outcomes and Quality of Life of Systemic Therapy in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E861. [PMID: 31234316 PMCID: PMC6627968 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide; most patients are diagnosed with advanced disease for which there is no known cure. Tremendous progress has been made over the past decade in the development of new agents for HCC, including small-molecule kinase inhibitors such as sorafenib, lenvatinib, cabozantinib, regorafenib, and monoclonal antibodies like ramucirumab, nivolumab, and pembrolizumab. Ideal use of these agents in clinics has improved the long-term outcome of patients with advanced HCC as well as introduced unique toxicities that can affect quality of life. These toxicities usually are thought to be partially related to cirrhosis, a major risk factor for the development of HCC and a pathophysiological barrier complicating the optimal delivery of antineoplastic therapy. Additionally, side effects of medications together with advanced HCC symptoms not only decrease quality of life, but also cause treatment interruptions and dose reductions that can potentially decrease efficacy. Physicians caring for patients with advanced HCC are called to optimally manage HCC along with cirrhosis in order to prolong life while at the same time preserve the quality of life. In this review, we aimed to summarize outcomes and quality of life with the use of modern systemic treatments in advanced HCC and provide a physician reference for treatment toxicity and cirrhosis management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehua Zhou
- Catholic Health System Internal Medicine Training Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
| | - Christos Fountzilas
- Division of Gastrointestinal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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Pharmacogenetic-Based Interactions between Nutraceuticals and Angiogenesis Inhibitors. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060522. [PMID: 31151284 PMCID: PMC6627675 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Angiogenesis inhibitors (AIs) have become established as an effective cancer treatment. Whereas their interactions with antineoplastic drugs have extensively been investigated, little is known of the effect of their co-administration with nutraceuticals/dietary supplements (N/DSs), which are often self-prescribed. N/DSs comprise a wide range of products such as herbs, nutrients, vitamins, minerals, and probiotics. Assessment of their interactions with cancer drugs, particularly AIs, is hampered by the difficulty of gauging the amount of active substances patients actually take. Moreover, there is no agreement on which approach should be used to determine which N/DSs are most likely to influence AI treatment efficacy. We present a comprehensive review of the metabolic routes of the major AIs and their possible interactions with N/DSs. Methods: The PubMed and Cochrane databases were searched for papers describing the metabolic routes of the main AIs and N/DSs. Results: Data from the 133 studies thus identified were used to compile a diagnostic table reporting known and expected AI-N/DS interactions based on their metabolization pathways. AIs and N/DSs sharing the cytochrome P450 pathway are at risk of negative interactions. Conclusions: Recent advances in pharmacogenetics offer exceptional opportunities to identify prognostic and predictive markers to enhance the efficacy of individualized AI treatments. The table provides a guide to genotyping patients who are due to receive AIs and is a promising tool to prevent occult AI-N/DS interactions in poor metabolizers. N/DS use by cancer patients receiving AIs is a topical problem requiring urgent attention from the scientific community.
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Christen KE, Davis RA, Kennedy D. Psammaplysin F increases the efficacy of bortezomib and sorafenib through regulation of stress granule formation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 112:24-38. [PMID: 31022461 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The past few decades have delivered significant improvements in diagnosis and treatment of cancer, however, despite these improvements cancer continues to be a major global health issue requiring the urgent development of new strategies for treatment. Stress granules are cytoplasmic structures that triage gene expression in response to environmental stresses, including chemotherapies, and have been implicated in the development of drug resistance. One novel approach to developing a new anti-cancer strategy involves inhibiting stress granules with compounds derived from natural products. In a previous rapid screen, a subset of 132 compounds from the Davis Open Access Natural Product Library was screened using a stress granule inhibition assay and provisionally one hit was identified which was the known marine sponge-derived metabolite, psammaplysin F. Using cell based assays psammaplysin F was assessed to determine whether it could inhibit the formation of stress granules after exposure to sodium arsenite in Vero, HEK293 MCF7, T47D, HeLa and MCF7MDR cells by analysing the number of stress granules using high content imaging. A significant reduction in the number of stress granules was observed and subsequent analysis by western blot revealed that treatment with psammaplysin F decreased levels of phosphorylated eIF2α. Combinational studies in MCF7, HeLa and MCF7MDR cells revealed that psammaplysin F increased the efficacy of bortezomib and sorafenib and a synergistic effect was observed in vitro. Stress granules appear to be one tool in a battery of responses that cancer cells can exploit to elicit drug resistance. Disrupting stress granule formation by use of orally available drugs presents a potential mechanism to restore drug efficacy. The work presented here provides evidence that small molecules derived from nature, such as psammaplysin F, can prevent the formation of stress granules and therefore may represent a useful strategy to improving drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley E Christen
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia; School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Rohan A Davis
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia; School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Derek Kennedy
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia; School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia.
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Lai HH, Li CW, Hong CC, Sun HY, Chiu CF, Ou DL, Chen PS. TARBP2-mediated destabilization of Nanog overcomes sorafenib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Oncol 2019; 13:928-945. [PMID: 30657254 PMCID: PMC6441883 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a lethal human malignancy and a leading cause of cancer‐related death worldwide. Patients with HCC are often diagnosed at an advanced stage, and the prognosis is usually poor. The multikinase inhibitor sorafenib is the first‐line treatment for patients with advanced HCC. However, cases of primary or acquired resistance to sorafenib have gradually increased, leading to a predicament in HCC therapy. Thus, it is critical to investigate the mechanism underlying sorafenib resistance. Transactivation response element RNA‐binding protein 2 (TARBP2) is a multifaceted miRNA biogenesis factor that regulates cancer stem cell (CSC) properties. The tumorigenicity and drug resistance of cancer cells are often enhanced due to the acquisition of CSC features. However, the role of TARBP2 in sorafenib resistance in HCC remains unknown. Our results demonstrate that TARBP2 is significantly downregulated in sorafenib‐resistant HCC cells. The TARBP2 protein was destabilized through autophagic–lysosomal proteolysis, thereby stabilizing the expression of the CSC marker protein Nanog, which facilitates sorafenib resistance in HCC cells. In summary, here we reveal a novel miRNA‐independent role of TARBP2 in regulating sorafenib resistance in HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Huang Lai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Li
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chen Hong
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yu Sun
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Ching-Feng Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Da-Liang Ou
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pai-Sheng Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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67
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MiR-122 Targets SerpinB3 and Is Involved in Sorafenib Resistance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8020171. [PMID: 30717317 PMCID: PMC6406326 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The only first-line treatment approved for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is sorafenib. Since many patients experience drug resistance, the discovery of more effective therapeutic strategies represents an unmet clinical need. MicroRNA (MiR)-122 is downregulated in most HCCs, while oncogenic SerpinB3 is upregulated. Here, we assessed the relationship between miR-122 and SerpinB3 and their influence on cell phenotype and sorafenib resistance in HCC. A bioinformatics analysis identified SerpinB3 among hypothetical miR-122 targets. In SerpinB3-overexpressing HepG2 cells, miR-122 transfection decreased SerpinB3 mRNA and protein levels, whereas miR-122 inhibition increased SerpinB3 expression. Luciferase assay demonstrated the interaction between miR-122 and SerpinB3 mRNA. In an HCC rat model, high miR-122 levels were associated with negative SerpinB3 expression, while low miR-122 levels correlated with SerpinB3 positivity. A negative correlation between miR-122 and SerpinB3 or stem cell markers was found in HCC patients. Anti-miR-122 transfection increased cell viability in sorafenib-treated Huh-7 cells, while miR-122 overexpression increased sorafenib sensitivity in treated cells, but not in those overexpressing SerpinB3. In conclusion, we demonstrated that miR-122 targets SerpinB3, and its low levels are associated with SerpinB3 positivity and a stem-like phenotype in HCC. MiR-122 replacement therapy in combination with sorafenib deserves attention as a possible therapeutic strategy in SerpinB3-negative HCCs.
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68
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Sawant AV, Srivastava S, Prassanawar SS, Bhattacharyya B, Panda D. Crocin, a carotenoid, suppresses spindle microtubule dynamics and activates the mitotic checkpoint by binding to tubulin. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 163:32-45. [PMID: 30710515 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Crocin, a constituent of the saffron spice, exhibits promising antitumor activity in animal models and also inhibits the proliferation of several types of cancer cells in culture. Recently, we have shown that crocin binds to purified tubulin at the vinblastine site, depolymerizes microtubules and induces a mitotic block in cultured cells. Here, we extend our previous suggestion and explore the cellular effects of crocin to further understand its mechanism of action. In a kinetic study, we observed that the crocin-induced depolymerization of microtubules preceded both DNA damage and reactive oxygen species generation indicating that depolymerizing microtubules is the primary action of crocin. Crocin also inhibited the growth of cold-depolymerized microtubules in HeLa cells indicating that it can inhibit microtubule dynamics. Using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, crocin was found to suppress the spindle microtubule dynamics in live HeLa cells. Further, crocin treatment resulted in activation of spindle assembly checkpoint proteins, BubR1 and Mad2. Similar to other microtubule-targeting agents, crocin also perturbed the localization of end-binding protein EB1 from the growing microtubule ends and enhanced the acetylation of remaining microtubules. Further, crocin was found to bind to purified tubulin with a dissociation constant of 12 ± 1.5 μM. The results suggested that crocin exerted its antiproliferative effect primarily by inhibiting the assembly and dynamics of microtubules. Importantly, the combination of crocin with known anticancer agents like combretastatin A-4, cisplatin, doxorubicin or sorafenib, exerted a strong synergistic cytotoxic effect in HeLa cells indicating that crocin may enhance the effectiveness of other anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishkar V Sawant
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Shalini Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Shweta S Prassanawar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | | | - Dulal Panda
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India.
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69
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Huang CC, Chen HY, Chang RH, Liao PA, Lien HH, Hung CS, Yang SS, Hu JT. A real-life experience of sorafenib treatment for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective analysis at Cathay General Hospital, 2007-2015. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2019; 13:397-404. [PMID: 30774305 PMCID: PMC6349409 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s191334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Sorafenib is an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor that is indicated for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of the present study was to determine the clinical outcomes of HCC patients receiving sorafenib in real-life clinical setting in comparison with formal clinical trials. Methods Patients diagnosed with advanced HCC between 2007 and 2015 at single institute were retrospectively enrolled and evaluated for survival and tolerability following sorafenib treatment. Overall survival (OS) and duration of treatment (TTP) were examined by different stratifications including age, gender, etiology, liver functions, and severities. Results A total of 67 advanced HCC patients were enrolled for analysis. Of the 67 eligible patients, 66 patients (99%) were diagnosed as Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage C and 45 (67%) were Child-Pugh A. Chronic hepatitis B virus infection was the main etiology (67%), followed by hepatitis C virus infection (12%) and alcohol liver disease (8%). The median duration of treatment was 3.0 months (95% CI 2.6–3.4 months) and median OS was 8.0 months (95% CI 5.0–11.0 months). By multivariate analysis, female gender (HR =2.462, 95% CI 1.126–5.387, P=0.024), Child-Pugh C (HR =3.913, 95% CI 1.063–14.410, P=0.04), extrahepatic spread (HR =2.123, 95% CI 1.122–4.015, P=0.021), and combined other therapies (HR =0.410, 95% CI 0.117–0.949, P=0.037) were the independent predictors of OS. Conclusion OS of advanced HCC patients treated with sorafenib was longer than that reported in the Asia-Pacific trial study. Impaired hepatic functions are associated with the shorter survival in real-life setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chun Huang
- Liver Center, Cathay General Hospital Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan,
| | - Hsin-Yi Chen
- Liver Center, Cathay General Hospital Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan,
| | - Ruei-Hsin Chang
- Liver Center, Cathay General Hospital Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan,
| | - Pen-An Liao
- Department of Radiology, Cathay General Hospital Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Heng-Hui Lien
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, .,Department of Surgery, Cathay General Hospital Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Sheng Hung
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cathay General Hospital Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sien-Sing Yang
- Liver Center, Cathay General Hospital Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, .,School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan,
| | - Jui-Ting Hu
- Liver Center, Cathay General Hospital Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, .,School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan,
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Menyhárt O, Nagy Á, Győrffy B. Determining consistent prognostic biomarkers of overall survival and vascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:181006. [PMID: 30662724 PMCID: PMC6304123 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Background: Potential prognostic biomarker candidates for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are abundant, but their generalizability is unexplored. We cross-validated markers of overall survival (OS) and vascular invasion in independent datasets. Methods: The literature search yielded 318 genes related to survival and 52 related to vascular invasion. Validation was performed in three datasets (RNA-seq, n = 371; Affymetrix arrays, n = 91; Illumina gene chips, n = 135) by uni- and multivariate Cox regression and Mann-Whitney U-test, separately for Asian and Caucasian patients. Results: One hundred and eighty biomarkers remained significant in Asian and 128 in Caucasian subjects at p < 0.05. After multiple testing correction BIRC5 (p = 1.9 × 10-10), CDC20 (p = 2.5 × 10-9) and PLK1 (p = 3 × 10-9) endured as best performing genes in Asian patients; however, none remained significant in the Caucasian cohort. In a multivariate analysis, significance was reached by stage (p = 0.0018) and expression of CENPH (p = 0.0038) and CDK4 (p = 0.038). KIF18A was the only gene predicting vascular invasion in the Affymetrix and Illumina cohorts (p = 0.003 and p = 0.025, respectively). Conclusion: Overall, about half of biomarker candidates failed to retain prognostic value and none were better than stage predicting OS. Impact: Our results help to eliminate biomarkers with limited capability to predict OS and/or vascular invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otília Menyhárt
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Nagy
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Author for correspondence: Balázs Győrffy e-mail:
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71
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Marisi G, Cucchetti A, Ulivi P, Canale M, Cabibbo G, Solaini L, Foschi FG, De Matteis S, Ercolani G, Valgiusti M, Frassineti GL, Scartozzi M, Casadei Gardini A. Ten years of sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma: Are there any predictive and/or prognostic markers? World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:4152-4163. [PMID: 30271080 PMCID: PMC6158485 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i36.4152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sorafenib has been considered the standard of care for patients with advanced unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) since 2007 and numerous studies have investigated the role of markers involved in the angiogenesis process at both the expression and genetic level and clinical aspect. What results have ten years of research produced? Several clinical and biological markers are associated with prognosis. The most interesting clinical parameters are adverse events, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage, and macroscopic vascular invasion, while several single nucleotide polymorphisms and plasma angiopoietin-2 levels represent the most promising biological biomarkers. A recent pooled analysis of two phase III randomized trials showed that the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, etiology and extra-hepatic spread are predictive factors of response to sorafenib, but did not identify any predictive biological markers. After 10 years of research into sorafenib there are still no validated prognostic or predictive factors of response to the drug in HCC. The aim of the present review was to summarize 10 years of research into sorafenib, looking in particular at the potential of associated clinical and biological markers to predict its efficacy in patients with advanced HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Marisi
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola 47014, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cucchetti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
- General and Oncologic Surgery, Morgagni-Pierantoni Hospital, Forlì 47121, Italy
| | - Paola Ulivi
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola 47014, Italy
| | - Matteo Canale
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola 47014, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cabibbo
- Section of Gastroenterology, DI.BI.M.I.S., University of Palermo, Palermo 35628, Italy
| | - Leonardo Solaini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
- General and Oncologic Surgery, Morgagni-Pierantoni Hospital, Forlì 47121, Italy
| | - Francesco G Foschi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Degli Infermi Hospital, Faenza 48018, Italy
| | - Serena De Matteis
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola 47014, Italy
| | - Giorgio Ercolani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
- General and Oncologic Surgery, Morgagni-Pierantoni Hospital, Forlì 47121, Italy
| | - Martina Valgiusti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori IRCCS, Meldola 47014, Italy
| | - Giovanni L Frassineti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori IRCCS, Meldola 47014, Italy
| | - Mario Scartozzi
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari 45698, Italy
| | - Andrea Casadei Gardini
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori IRCCS, Meldola 47014, Italy
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Antrodia cinnamomea boosts the anti-tumor activity of sorafenib in xenograft models of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12914. [PMID: 30150684 PMCID: PMC6110745 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31209-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been recognized worldwide as one of the major causes of cancer death. The medicinal fungus Antrodia cinnamomea (A. cinnamomea) has been served as a functional food for liver protection. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential activity of A. cinnamomea extracts as a safe booster for the anticancer activity of sorafenib, a multi-kinase inhibitor approved for the treatment of HCC. The biologically active triterpenoids in the ethanolic extracts of A. cinnamomea (EAC) were initially identified by HPLC/LC/MS then the different extracts and sorafenib were assessed in vitro and in vivo. EAC could effectively sensitize HCC cells to low doses of sorafenib, which was perceived via the ability of the combination to repress cell viability and to induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HCC cells. The ability of EAC to enhance sorafenib activity was mediated through targeting mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, modulating cyclin proteins expression and inhibiting cancer cell invasion. Moreover, the proposed combination significantly suppressed ectopic tumor growth in mice with high safety margins compared to single-agent treatment. Thus, this study highlights the advantage of combining EAC with sorafenib as a potential adjuvant therapeutic strategy against HCC.
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Tom G, Philip S, Isaac R, Praseetha P, Jiji S, Asha V. Preparation of an efficient and safe polymeric-magnetic nanoparticle delivery system for sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma. Life Sci 2018; 206:10-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Bahman AA, Abaza MSI, Khoushiash SI, Al-Attiyah RJ. Sequence‑dependent effect of sorafenib in combination with natural phenolic compounds on hepatic cancer cells and the possible mechanism of action. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:1695-1715. [PMID: 29901131 PMCID: PMC6089756 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorafenib (Nexavar, BAY43-9006 or Sora) is the first molecular targeted agent that has exhibited significant therapeutic benefits in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, not all HCC patients respond well to Sora and novel therapeutic strategies to optimize the efficacy of Sora are urgently required. Plant-based drugs have received increasing attention owing to their excellent chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive activities; they are also well tolerated, non-toxic, easily available and inexpensive. It is well known that certain biologically active natural products act synergistically with synthetic drugs used in clinical applications. The present study aimed to investigate whether a combination therapy with natural phenolic compounds (NPCs), including curcumin (Cur), quercetin (Que), kaempherol (Kmf) and resveratrol (Rsv), would allow a dose reduction of Sora without concomitant loss of its effectiveness. Furthermore, the possible molecular mechanisms of this synergy were assessed. The hepatic cancer cell lines Hep3b and HepG2 were treated with Sora alone or in combination with NPCs in concomitant, sequential, and inverted sequential regimens. Cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis and expression of proteins associated with the cell cycle and apoptosis were investigated. NPCs markedly potentiated the therapeutic efficacy of Sora in a sequence-, type-, NPC dose- and cell line-dependent manner. Concomitant treatment with Sora and Cur [sensitization ratio (SR)=28], Kmf (SR=18) or Que (SR=8) was associated with the highest SRs in Hep3b cells. Rsv markedly potentiated the effect of Sora (SR=17) on Hep3b cells when administered in a reverse sequential manner. By contrast, Rsv and Que did not improve the efficacy of Sora against HepG2 cells, while concomitant treatment with Cur (SR=10) or Kmf (SR=4.01) potentiated the cytotoxicity of Sora. Concomitant treatment with Sora and Cur or Kmf caused S-phase and G2/M phase arrest of liver cancer cells and markedly induced apoptosis compared with mono-treatment with Sora, Cur or Kmf. Concomitant treatment with Sora and Cur reduced the protein levels of cyclins A, B2 and D1, phosphorylated retinoblastoma and B-cell lymphoma (Bcl) extra-large protein. By contrast, Sora and Cur co-treatment increased the protein levels of Bcl-2-associated X protein, cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-9 in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, concomitant treatment with Sora and Cur or Kmf appears to be a potent and promising therapeutic approach that may control hepatic cancer by triggering cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Additional studies are required to examine the potential of combined treatment with Sora and NPCs in human hepatic cancer and other solid tumor types in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmajeed A Bahman
- Molecular Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, 13060 Safat, State of Kuwait
| | - Mohamed Salah I Abaza
- Molecular Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, 13060 Safat, State of Kuwait
| | - Sarah I Khoushiash
- Molecular Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, 13060 Safat, State of Kuwait
| | - Rajaa J Al-Attiyah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, 13060 Safat, State of Kuwait
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75
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Timucin AC, Basaga H, Kutuk O. Selective targeting of antiapoptotic BCL-2 proteins in cancer. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:146-175. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Can Timucin
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Uskudar University; Uskudar Istanbul Turkey
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program; Sabanci University; Tuzla Istanbul Turkey
| | - Huveyda Basaga
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program; Sabanci University; Tuzla Istanbul Turkey
| | - Ozgur Kutuk
- Department of Medical Genetics; Adana Medical and Research Center; School of Medicine, Baskent University; Yuregir Adana Turkey
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Thomas MB, Garrett-Mayer E, Anis M, Anderton K, Bentz T, Edwards A, Brisendine A, Weiss G, Siegel AB, Bendell J, Baron A, Duddalwar V, El-Khoueiry A. A Randomized Phase II Open-Label Multi-Institution Study of the Combination of Bevacizumab and Erlotinib Compared to Sorafenib in the First-Line Treatment of Patients with Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Oncology 2018; 94:329-339. [PMID: 29719302 DOI: 10.1159/000485384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the clinical efficacy and tolerability of the combination of bevacizumab (B) and erlotinib (E) compared to sorafenib (S) as first-line treatment for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS A total of 90 patients with advanced HCC, Child-Pugh class A-B7 cirrhosis, and no prior systemic therapy were randomly assigned (1: 1) to receive either 10 mg/kg B intravenously every 14 days and 150 mg E orally daily (n = 47) (B+E) or 400 mg S orally twice daily (n = 43). The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS). Secondary endpoints included event-free survival (EFS), objective response rate based on Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST 1.1), time to progression, and safety and tolerability. RESULTS The median OS was 8.55 months (95% CI: 7.00-13.9) for patients treated with B+E and 8.55 months (95% CI: 5.69-12.2) for patients receiving S. The hazard ratio (HR) for OS was 0.92 (95% CI: 0.57-1.47). The median EFS was 4.37 months (95% CI: 2.99-7.36) for patients receiving B+E and 2.76 months (95% CI: 1.84-4.80) for patients receiving S. The HR for EFS was 0.67 (95% CI: 0.42-1.07; p = 0.09), favoring B+E over S. When OS was assessed among patients who were Child-Pugh class A, the median OS was 11.4 months (95% CI: 7.5-15.7) for patients treated with B+E (n = 39) and 10.26 months (95% CI: 5.9-13.0) for patients treated with S (n = 38) (HR = 0.88; 95% CI: 0.53-1.46). CONCLUSIONS There was no difference in efficacy between the B+E and S arms, although the safety and tolerability profile tended to favor B+E over S based on competing risk analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie B Thomas
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Gibbs Cancer Center and Research Institute, Spartanburg Regional Healthcare System, Spartanburg, South Carolina, USA
| | - Elizabeth Garrett-Mayer
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Munazza Anis
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kate Anderton
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Tricia Bentz
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Andie Edwards
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Alan Brisendine
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Geoffrey Weiss
- Department of Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Abby B Siegel
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Johanna Bendell
- GI Oncology Research, Sarah Canon Research Institute, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ari Baron
- California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Vinay Duddalwar
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anthony El-Khoueiry
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Luo L, Cai L, Luo L, Tang Z, Meng X. Silencing activating transcription factor 2 promotes the anticancer activity of sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:8053-8060. [PMID: 29693700 PMCID: PMC5983979 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the anticancer effect of sorafenib combined with silencing of activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and to assess the underlying molecular mechanisms. Huh-7 HCC cell line was selected for the present study. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-ATF2 sequence was constructed to silence ATF2 expression. The experiment was divided into 6 groups: i) Control; ii) vector; iii) sorafenib (6.8 µM); iv) vector+sorafenib; v) siRNA-ATF2; and vi) siRNA-ATF2+sorafenib groups. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion were detected following treatments with sorafenib and/or ATF2 silencing. Additionally, expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3) was detected using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. The current findings revealed that siRNA-ATF2 significantly reduced ATF2 expression. Cell proliferation, migration and invasion abilities in the sorafenib and siRNA-ATF2 groups were significantly reduced compared with the control group (P<0.05). Apoptotic rate in the sorafenib and siRNA-ATF2 groups was significantly increased compared with the control group (P<0.05). The mRNA and protein expression levels of ATF2 in the sorafenib or siRNA-ATF2 groups was significantly reduced when compared with control group. The phosphorylation of ATF2 was also reduced following sorafenib treatment or ATF2 silence. Although JNK3 mRNA expression level was not affected, the phosphorylation level of JNK3 was significantly promoted following sorafenib treatment or ATF2 silencing. Additionally, TNF-α mRNA and protein expression levels were increased following sorafenib treatment or ATF2 silencing. It is of note that siRNA-ATF2 treatment promoted the anticancer activity of sorafenib in Huh-7 cells. Additionally, siRNA-ATF2+sorafenib treatment combined additionally promoted TNF-α expression and phosphorylation of JNK3. Combined siRNA-ATF2 and sorafenib treatment had a greater anticancer effect compared with sorafenib or ATF2 silencing alone. The possible mechanism involved in the anticancer effect of sorafenib and ATF2 silencing may be associated with the activation of the TNF-α/JNK3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Lijing Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Laibang Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Zhimou Tang
- Department of Oncology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Meng
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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Monajati M, Tavakoli S, Abolmaali SS, Yousefi G, Tamaddon A. Effect of PEGylation on assembly morphology and cellular uptake of poly ethyleneimine-cholesterol conjugates for delivery of sorafenib tosylate in hepatocellular carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 8:241-252. [PMID: 30397579 PMCID: PMC6209830 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2018.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Sorafenib (SFB) is an FDA-approved chemotherapeutic agent with a high partition coefficient (log P = 4.34) for monotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The oral bioavailability is low and variable, so it was aimed to study the application of the polymeric nanoassembly of cholesterol conjugates of branched polyethyleneimine (PEI) for micellar solubilization of SFB and to investigate the impact of the polymer PEGylation on the physicochemical and cellular characteristics of the lipopolymeric dispersions. Methods: Successful synthesis of cholesterol-PEI lipopolymers, either native or PEGylated, was confirmed by FTIR, 1H-NMR, pyrene assay methods. The nanoassemblies were also characterized in terms of morphology, particle size distribution and zeta-potential by TEM and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The SFB loading was optimized using general factorial design. Finally, the effect of particle characteristics on cellular uptake and specific cytotoxicity was investigated by flow cytometry and MTT assay in HepG2 cells. Results: Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that PEGylation of the lipopolymers reduces the size and changes the morphology of the nanoassembly from rod-like to spherical shape. However, PEGylation of the lipopolymer increased critical micelle concentration (CMC) and reduced the drug loading. Moreover, the particle shape changes from large rods to small spheres promoted the cellular uptake and SFB-related cytotoxicity. Conclusion: The combinatory effects of enhanced cellular uptake and reduced general cytotoxicity can present PEGylated PEI-cholesterol conjugates as a potential carrier for delivery of poorly soluble chemotherapeutic agents such as SFB in HCC that certainly requires further investigations in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Monajati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71345, Iran.,Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Tavakoli
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71345, Iran
| | - Samira Sadat Abolmaali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71345, Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Yousefi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71345, Iran
| | - AliMohammad Tamaddon
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71345, Iran
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79
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Krstic J, Galhuber M, Schulz TJ, Schupp M, Prokesch A. p53 as a Dichotomous Regulator of Liver Disease: The Dose Makes the Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E921. [PMID: 29558460 PMCID: PMC5877782 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lifestyle-related disorders, such as the metabolic syndrome, have become a primary risk factor for the development of liver pathologies that can progress from hepatic steatosis, hepatic insulin resistance, steatohepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis, to the most severe condition of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). While the prevalence of liver pathologies is steadily increasing in modern societies, there are currently no approved drugs other than chemotherapeutic intervention in late stage HCC. Hence, there is a pressing need to identify and investigate causative molecular pathways that can yield new therapeutic avenues. The transcription factor p53 is well established as a tumor suppressor and has recently been described as a central metabolic player both in physiological and pathological settings. Given that liver is a dynamic tissue with direct exposition to ingested nutrients, hepatic p53, by integrating cellular stress response, metabolism and cell cycle regulation, has emerged as an important regulator of liver homeostasis and dysfunction. The underlying evidence is reviewed herein, with a focus on clinical data and animal studies that highlight a direct influence of p53 activity on different stages of liver diseases. Based on current literature showing that activation of p53 signaling can either attenuate or fuel liver disease, we herein discuss the hypothesis that, while hyper-activation or loss of function can cause disease, moderate induction of hepatic p53 within physiological margins could be beneficial in the prevention and treatment of liver pathologies. Hence, stimuli that lead to a moderate and temporary p53 activation could present new therapeutic approaches through several entry points in the cascade from hepatic steatosis to HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Krstic
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism & Aging, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Markus Galhuber
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism & Aging, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Tim J Schulz
- Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehhbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany.
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Michael Schupp
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreas Prokesch
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism & Aging, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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80
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Han CW, Jeong MS, Jang SB. Structure, signaling and the drug discovery of the Ras oncogene protein. BMB Rep 2018; 50:355-360. [PMID: 28571593 PMCID: PMC5584742 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2017.50.7.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in Ras GTPase are among the most common genetic alterations in human cancers. Despite extensive research investigating Ras proteins, their functions still remain a challenge over a long period of time. The currently available data suggests that solving the outstanding issues regarding Ras could lead to development of effective drugs that could have a significant impact on cancer treatment. Developing a better understanding of their biochemical properties or modes of action, along with improvements in their pharmacologic profiles, clinical design and scheduling will enable the development of more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Woo Han
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Mi Suk Jeong
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Se Bok Jang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
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81
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Jeong YK, Kim MS, Lee JY, Kim EH, Kim W, Ha H, Jeong JH. Sorafenib Acts Synergistically in Combination with Radiotherapy without Causing Intestinal Damage in Colorectal Cancer. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 99:176-82. [DOI: 10.1177/030089161309900210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Aims and background Colorectal cancer is one of the commonest cancers. Chemoradiotherapy gives better results than radiotherapy or chemotherapy in colorectal cancer. To enhance radiosensitivity of tumor cells for chemoradiotherapy, targeted therapy drugs that act as radiosensitizers can be used. In the present study, we provide a scientific rationale for the clinical application of sorafenib as a radiosensitizer in colorectal cancer, without causing significant adverse effects on normal intestinal tissue. Methods Three human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines (HCT116, HT-29, and SW480) were treated with sorafenib alone, or radiation followed by sorafenib. In vitro tests were performed using colony forming assays, cell cycle analysis, and comet assays. In addition, the effects of sorafenib and radiation therapy on the inhibition HT-29 tumor growth and survival of intestinal jejunum crypts were examined in vivo. Results Sorafenib increased the radiosensitivity of tumor cells in human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines (HCT116, HT-29, and SW480), as well as in HT-29 xenograft animal models. Sorafenib, in combination with ionizing radiation, induced the accumulation of tumor cells in the G2-M phase and delayed the repair of DNA damage caused by ionizing radiation. The combination of sorafenib and ionizing radiation did not enhance the apoptosis of intestinal crypt cells, compared with the use of radiation alone. Conclusions We provide a scientific rationale for the use of sorafenib in combination with radiotherapy in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Kyoung Jeong
- Research Center for Radiotherapy, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences
- Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University
| | - Mi-Sook Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Young Lee
- Research Center for Radiotherapy, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences
| | - Eun Ho Kim
- Division of Heavy Ion Clinical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Wonwoo Kim
- Research Center for Radiotherapy, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences
| | - Hunjoo Ha
- Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University
| | - Jae-Hoon Jeong
- Research Center for Radiotherapy, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences
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82
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Rodríguez-Hernández MA, González R, de la Rosa ÁJ, Gallego P, Ordóñez R, Navarro-Villarán E, Contreras L, Rodríguez-Arribas M, González-Gallego J, Álamo-Martínez JM, Marín-Gómez LM, Del Campo JA, Quiles JL, Fuentes JM, de la Cruz J, Mauriz JL, Padillo FJ, Muntané J. Molecular characterization of autophagic and apoptotic signaling induced by sorafenib in liver cancer cells. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:692-708. [PMID: 30132846 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sorafenib is the unique accepted molecular targeted drug for the treatment of patients in advanced stage of hepatocellular carcinoma. The current study evaluated cell signaling regulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK), Akt, and 5'AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) leading to autophagy and apoptosis induced by sorafenib. Sorafenib induced early (3-12 hr) ER stress characterized by an increase of Ser51 P-eIF2α/eIF2α, C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), IRE1α, and sXBP1, but a decrease of activating transcription factor 6 expression, overall temporally associated with the increase of Thr183,Tyr185 P-JNK1/2/JNK1/2, Thr172 P-AMPKα, Ser413 P-Foxo3a, Thr308 P-AKt/AKt and Thr32 P-Foxo3a/Foxo3a ratios, and reduction of Ser2481 P-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/mTOR and protein translation. This pattern was related to a transient increase of tBid, Bim EL , Beclin-1, Bcl-xL, Bcl-2, autophagy markers, and reduction of myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) expression. The progressive increase of CHOP expression, and reduction of Thr308 P-AKt/AKt and Ser473 P-AKt/AKt ratios were associated with the reduction of autophagic flux and an additional upregulation of Bim EL expression and caspase-3 activity (24 hr). Small interfering-RNA (si-RNA) assays showed that Bim, but not Bak and Bax, was involved in the induction of caspase-3 in sorafenib-treated HepG2 cells. Sorafenib increased autophagic and apoptotic markers in tumor-derived xenograft model. In conclusion, the early sorafenib-induced ER stress and regulation of JNK and AMPK-dependent signaling were related to the induction of survival autophagic process. The sustained drug treatment induced a progressive increase of ER stress and PERK-CHOP-dependent rise of Bim EL , which was associated with the shift from autophagy to apoptosis. The kinetic of Bim EL expression profile might also be related to the tight balance between AKt- and AMPK-related signaling leading to Foxo3a-dependent BIM EL upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Rodríguez-Hernández
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Raúl González
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Ángel J de la Rosa
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Paloma Gallego
- Unit for the Clinical Management of Digestive Diseases, Hospital University "Nuestra Señora de Valme", Seville, Spain
| | - Raquel Ordóñez
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of León, León, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Navarro-Villarán
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Laura Contreras
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Department of Genetics, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Mario Rodríguez-Arribas
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Nursery and Occupational Therapy, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier González-Gallego
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of León, León, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Álamo-Martínez
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
- Department of General Surgery, Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville/IBiS/CSIC/University of Seville, Spain
| | - Luís M Marín-Gómez
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Department of General Surgery, Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville/IBiS/CSIC/University of Seville, Spain
| | - José A Del Campo
- Unit for the Clinical Management of Digestive Diseases, Hospital University "Nuestra Señora de Valme", Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - José L Quiles
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Biomedical Research Center, Department of Physiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José M Fuentes
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Nursery and Occupational Therapy, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús de la Cruz
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Department of Genetics, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - José L Mauriz
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of León, León, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Padillo
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
- Department of General Surgery, Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville/IBiS/CSIC/University of Seville, Spain
| | - Jordi Muntané
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
- Department of General Surgery, Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville/IBiS/CSIC/University of Seville, Spain
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Abrams SL, Ruvolo PP, Ruvolo VR, Ligresti G, Martelli AM, Cocco L, Ratti S, Tafuri A, Steelman LS, Candido S, Libra M, McCubrey JA. Targeting signaling and apoptotic pathways involved in chemotherapeutic drug-resistance of hematopoietic cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:76525-76557. [PMID: 29100331 PMCID: PMC5652725 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical problem in leukemia as well as other cancer therapies is the development of chemotherapeutic drug-resistance. We have developed models of hematopoietic drug resistance that are based on expression of dominant-negative TP53 [TP53 (DN)] or constitutively-active MEK1 [MEK1(CA)] oncogenes in the presence of chemotherapeutic drugs. In human cancer, functional TP53 activity is often lost in human cancers. Also, activation of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway frequently occurs due to mutations/amplification of upstream components of this and other interacting pathways. FL5.12 is an interleukin-3 (IL−3) dependent hematopoietic cell line that is sensitive to doxorubicin (a.k.a Adriamycin). FL/Doxo is a derivative cell line that was isolated by culturing the parental FL5.12 cells in doxorubicin for prolonged periods of time. FL/Doxo + TP53 (DN) and FL/Doxo + MEK1 (CA) are FL/Doxo derivate cell lines that were infected with retrovirus encoding TP53 (DN) or MEK1 (CA) and are more resistant to doxorubicin than FL/Doxo cells. This panel of cell lines displayed differences in the sensitivity to inhibitors that suppress mTORC1, BCL2/BCLXL, MEK1 or MDM2 activities, as well as, the proteasomal inhibitor MG132. The expression of key genes involved in cell growth and drug-resistance (e.g., MDM2, MDR1, BAX) also varied in these cells. Thus, we can begin to understand some of the key genes that are involved in the resistance of hematopoietic cells to chemotherapeutic drugs and targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Abrams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Peter P Ruvolo
- Section of Signal Transduction and Apoptosis, Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA.,Current/Present address: Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vivian R Ruvolo
- Section of Signal Transduction and Apoptosis, Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA.,Current/Present address: Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Giovanni Ligresti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Pathology and Oncology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Current/Present address: Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Alberto M Martelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucio Cocco
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Ratti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Agostino Tafuri
- Hematology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Linda S Steelman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Saverio Candido
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Pathology and Oncology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Massimo Libra
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Pathology and Oncology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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84
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Liu Y, Lou G, Norton JT, Wang C, Kandela I, Tang S, Shank NI, Gupta P, Huang M, Avram MJ, Green R, Mazar A, Appella D, Chen Z, Huang S. 6-Methoxyethylamino-numonafide inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma xenograft growth as a single agent and in combination with sorafenib. FASEB J 2017; 31:5453-5465. [PMID: 28821631 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700306rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading form of cancer worldwide, and its incidence is increasing rapidly in the United States, tripling over the past 3 decades. The current chemotherapeutic strategies against localized and metastatic HCC are ineffective. Here we report that 6-methoxyethylamino-numonafide (MEAN) is a potent growth inhibitor of murine xenografts of 2 human HCC cell lines. At the same dose and with the same treatment strategies, MEAN was more efficacious in inhibiting tumor growth in mice than sorafenib, the only approved drug for HCC. Treatment by MEAN at an effective dose for 6 wk was well tolerated by animals. Combined therapy using both sorafenib and MEAN enhanced tumor growth inhibition over monotherapy with either agent. Additional experiments revealed that MEAN inhibited tumor growth through mechanisms distinct from those of either its parent compound, amonafide, or sorafenib. MEAN suppressed C-MYC expression and increased expression of several tumor suppressor genes, including Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) and TXNIP (thioredoxin-interacting protein). As an encouraging feature for envisioned clinical application, the IC50 of MEAN was not significantly changed in several drug-resistant cell lines with activated P-glycoprotein drug efflux pumps compared to drug-sensitive parent cells, demonstrating the ability of MEAN to be effective in cells resistant to existing chemotherapy regimens. MEAN is a promising candidate for clinical development as a single-agent therapy or in combination with sorafenib for the management of HCC.-Liu, Y., Lou, G., Norton, J. T., Wang, C., Kandela, I., Tang, S., Shank, N. I., Gupta, P., Huang, M., Avram, M. J., Green, R., Mazar, A., Appella, D., Chen, Z., Huang, S. 6-Methoxyethylamino-numonafide inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma xenograft growth as a single agent and in combination with sorafenib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guohua Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - John T Norton
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Irawati Kandela
- Developmental Therapeutics Core, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Shuai Tang
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Nathaniel I Shank
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Pankaj Gupta
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Min Huang
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael J Avram
- Department of Anesthesiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Richard Green
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrew Mazar
- Developmental Therapeutics Core, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Daniel Appella
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China;
| | - Sui Huang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA;
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85
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Lo Re O, Panebianco C, Porto S, Cervi C, Rappa F, Di Biase S, Caraglia M, Pazienza V, Vinciguerra M. Fasting inhibits hepatic stellate cells activation and potentiates anti-cancer activity of Sorafenib in hepatocellular cancer cells. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:1202-1212. [PMID: 28471474 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a poor outcome. Most HCCs develop in the context of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis caused by chronic inflammation. Short-term fasting approaches enhance the activity of chemotherapy in preclinical cancer models, other than HCC. Multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor Sorafenib is the mainstay of treatment in HCC. However, its benefit is frequently short-lived. Whether fasting can alleviate liver fibrosis and whether combining fasting with Sorafenib is beneficial remains unknown. A 24 hr fasting (2% serum, 0.1% glucose)-induced changes on human hepatic stellate cells (HSC) LX-2 proliferation/viability/cell cycle were assessed by MTT and flow cytometry. Expression of lypolysaccharide (LPS)-induced activation markers (vimentin, αSMA) was evaluated by qPCR and immunoblotting. Liver fibrosis and inflammation were evaluated in a mouse model of steatohepatitis exposed to cycles of fasting, by histological and biochemical analyses. A 24 hr fasting-induced changes were also analyzed on the proliferation/viability/glucose uptake of human HCC cells exposed to Sorafenib. An expression panel of genes involved in survival, inflammation, and metabolism was examined by qPCR in HCC cells exposed to fasting and/or Sorafenib. Fasting decreased the proliferation and the activation of HSC. Repeated cycles of short term starvation were safe in mice but did not improve fibrosis. Fasting synergized with Sorafenib in hampering HCC cell growth and glucose uptake. Finally, fasting normalized the expression levels of genes which are commonly altered by Sorafenib in HCC cells. Fasting or fasting-mimicking diet diets should be evaluated in preclinical studies as a mean to potentiate the activity of Sorafenib in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriana Lo Re
- Center for Translational Medicine (CTM), International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Biology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Concetta Panebianco
- Gastroenterology Unit, IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Stefania Porto
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy.,Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London (UCL), Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Carlo Cervi
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London (UCL), Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Francesca Rappa
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefano Di Biase
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), California
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy.,Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Valerio Pazienza
- Gastroenterology Unit, IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Manlio Vinciguerra
- Center for Translational Medicine (CTM), International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London (UCL), Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
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86
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Zhang H, You Y, Zhu Z. The human RNA surveillance factor Up-frameshift 1 inhibits hepatic cancer progression by targeting MRP2/ABCC2. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 92:365-372. [PMID: 28554132 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.05.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the roles of Up-frameshift 1 (UPF1) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been partly revealed, the detailed mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry assays indicated that UPF1 expression was decreased in HCC tissues compared to the corresponding adjacent tissues, and was negatively correlated with MRP2/ABCC2 expression. Cell viability and apoptosis analyses showed that overexpression of UPF1 enhanced HCC cell sensitivity to sorafenib treatment, while knockdown of UPF1 decreased the sensitivity. Additionally, ectopic expression of UPF1 suppressed the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process and the generation of cells with stem cell properties. Mechanistically, UPF1 directly bound with ABCC2, increased nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) efficiency and thus led to downregualtion of ABCC2. Collectively, UPF1 functions as a tumor suppressor by preventing cancer stem cell (CSC)-like characteristics, inhibiting EMT process and enhancing chemotherapeutic sensitivity via inhibiting ABCC2 expression in HCC cells. These findings establish UPF1 as a potential therapeutic target for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huangshi Central Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435000, China
| | - Yina You
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huangshi Central Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435000, China
| | - Zhongliang Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435000, China.
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87
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Pattarozzi A, Carra E, Favoni RE, Würth R, Marubbi D, Filiberti RA, Mutti L, Florio T, Barbieri F, Daga A. The inhibition of FGF receptor 1 activity mediates sorafenib antiproliferative effects in human malignant pleural mesothelioma tumor-initiating cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:119. [PMID: 28545562 PMCID: PMC5445511 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0573-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Malignant pleural mesothelioma is an aggressive cancer, characterized by rapid progression and high mortality. Persistence of tumor-initiating cells (TICs, or cancer stem cells) after cytotoxic drug treatment is responsible for tumor relapse, and represents one of the main reasons for the poor prognosis of mesothelioma. In fact, identification of the molecules affecting TIC viability is still a significant challenge. Methods TIC-enriched cultures were obtained from 10 human malignant pleural mesotheliomas and cultured in vitro. Three fully characterized tumorigenic cultures, named MM1, MM3, and MM4, were selected and used to assess antiproliferative effects of the multi-kinase inhibitor sorafenib. Cell viability was investigated by MTT assay, and cell cycle analysis as well as induction of apoptosis were determined by flow cytometry. Western blotting was performed to reveal the modulation of protein expression and the phosphorylation status of pathways associated with sorafenib treatment. Results We analyzed the molecular mechanisms of the antiproliferative effects of sorafenib in mesothelioma TIC cultures. Sorafenib inhibited cell cycle progression in all cultures, but only in MM3 and MM4 cells was this effect associated with Mcl-1-dependent apoptosis. To investigate the mechanisms of sorafenib-mediated antiproliferative activity, TICs were treated with epidermal growth factor (EGF) or basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) causing, in MM3 and MM4 cells, MEK, ERK1/2, Akt, and STAT3 phosphorylation. These effects were abolished by sorafenib only in bFGF-treated cells, while a modest inhibition occurred after EGF stimulation, suggesting that sorafenib effects are mainly due to FGF receptor (FGFR) inhibition. Indeed, FGFR1 phosphorylation was inhibited by sorafenib. Moreover, in MM1 cells, which release high levels of bFGF and showed autocrine activation of FGFR1 and constitutive phosphorylation/activation of MEK-ERK1/2, sorafenib induced a more effective antiproliferative response, confirming that the main target of the drug is the inhibition of FGFR1 activity. Conclusions These results suggest that, in malignant pleural mesothelioma TICs, bFGF signaling is the main target of the antiproliferative response of sorafenib, acting directly on the FGFR1 activation. Patients with constitutive FGFR1 activation via an autocrine loop may be more sensitive to sorafenib treatment and the analysis of this possibility warrants further clinical investigation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-017-0573-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Pattarozzi
- Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI) and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Elisa Carra
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Via L.B. Alberti, 2, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Roberto E Favoni
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Via L.B. Alberti, 2, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Roberto Würth
- Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI) and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Daniela Marubbi
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Via L.B. Alberti, 2, 16132, Genova, Italy.,IRCCS-AOU San Martino-IST, Largo R. Benzi, 10, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Luciano Mutti
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of Salford, The Crescent, Salford, Manchester, M5 4WT, UK
| | - Tullio Florio
- Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI) and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2, 16132, Genova, Italy.
| | - Federica Barbieri
- Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI) and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2, 16132, Genova, Italy.
| | - Antonio Daga
- IRCCS-AOU San Martino-IST, Largo R. Benzi, 10, 16132, Genova, Italy
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88
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Abeni E, Salvi A, Marchina E, Traversa M, Arici B, De Petro G. Sorafenib induces variations of the DNA methylome in HA22T/VGH human hepatocellular carcinoma-derived cells. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:128-144. [PMID: 28560380 PMCID: PMC5467784 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorafenib is currently used to treat advanced and/or unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the increase of the median survival was only 3 months. Moreover, sorafenib has severe side effects and patients develop resistance quickly. Epigenetic alterations such as DNA methylation play a decisive role in the development and progression of HCC. To our knowledge, there are no studies that analysed the global DNA methylation changes in HCC cells treated with sorafenib. Using MeDip-chip technologies, we found 1230 differentially methylated genes in HA22T/VGH cells treated with sorafenib compared to untreated cells. Gene ontology and pathway analysis allowed identifying several enriched signaling pathways involved in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Among the genes differentially methylated we found genes related to apoptosis, angiogenesis and invasion, and genes belonging to pathways known to be deregulated in HCC such as RAF/MEK/ERK, JAK-STAT, PI3K/AKT/mTOR and NF-κB. Generally, we found that oncogenes tended to be hypermethylated and the tumor suppressor genes tended to be hypomethylated after sorafenib treatment. Finally, we validated MeDip-chip results for several genes found differentially methylated such as BIRC3, FOXO3, MAPK3, SMAD2 and TSC2, using both COBRA assay and direct bisulfite sequencing and we evaluated their mRNA expression. Our findings suggest that sorafenib could affect the methylation level of genes associated to cancer-related processes and pathways in HCC cells, some of which have been previously described to be directly targeted by sorafenib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Abeni
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Biology and Genetics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Salvi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Biology and Genetics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Marchina
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Biology and Genetics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Michele Traversa
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Biology and Genetics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Bruna Arici
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Biology and Genetics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppina De Petro
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Biology and Genetics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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89
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Sun W, Wang Y, Cai M, Lin L, Chen X, Cao Z, Zhu K, Shuai X. Codelivery of sorafenib and GPC3 siRNA with PEI-modified liposomes for hepatoma therapy. Biomater Sci 2017; 5:2468-2479. [DOI: 10.1039/c7bm00866j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel liposomal system incorporating branched PEI was prepared to efficiently codeliver sorafenib and GPC3 siRNA for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitong Sun
- PCFM Lab of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Yong Wang
- PCFM Lab of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Mingyue Cai
- Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Department of Radiology
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Liteng Lin
- Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Department of Radiology
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- PCFM Lab of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Zhong Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- School of Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Kangshun Zhu
- Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Department of Radiology
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Xintao Shuai
- PCFM Lab of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
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90
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Mishra S, Katare DP. Synergistic Combination for Chemoprevention of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: An In Silico and In Vitro Approach. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 120:532-540. [PMID: 27987371 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Combination therapy is one of the best methods to manage the fatality rate in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to formulate a synergistic combination of synthetic and herbal compounds for the treatment of HCC as well as to elucidate a possible signalling mechanism. MTT and enzymatic assay were performed to determine the synergistic effect of drug combination (sorafenib, vitamin K1 and trans-chalcone) on HepG2 cell lines after intoxication with H2 O2 . Protein-protein interaction and docking studies were performed using Pathwaylinker2.0 and Schrödinger's software application to find out the mechanism of action and major targets for drug combination. The overall in vitro result showed that combination of trans-chalcone, vitamin K1 and sorafenib (10, 5 and 5 μM concentration, respectively) enhanced the resistance against oxidative stress generated by H2 O2 . The interaction studies helped in identification of few targets for docking of ligands (trans-chalcone, vitamin K1 and sorafenib). The study reports the synergistic effects of the formulation that can protect the cells from oxidative stress and restore normal levels of cellular enzymes in HepG2 cell line. We were able to determine the mechanism of action of herbal and synthetic formulation through in silico studies. Finally, docking studies confirmed potential targets for inhibition of hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Mishra
- Proteomics & Translational Research Lab, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Deepshikha Pande Katare
- Proteomics & Translational Research Lab, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
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91
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Berretta M, Rinaldi L, Di Benedetto F, Lleshi A, De Re V, Facchini G, De Paoli P, Di Francia R. Angiogenesis Inhibitors for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:428. [PMID: 27881963 PMCID: PMC5101236 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Angiogenesis inhibitors have become an important therapeutic approach in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. The therapeutic inhibition of angiogenesis of Sorafenib in increasing overall survival of patients with HCC is a fundamental element of the treatment of this disease. Considering the heterogeneous aspects of HCC and to boost therapeutic efficacy, prevail over drug resistance and lessen toxicity, adding antiangiogenic drugs to antiblastic chemotherapy (AC), radiation therapy or other targeted drugs have been evaluated. The matter is additionally complicated by the combination of antiangiogenesis with further AC or biologic drugs. To date, no planned approach to understand which patients are more responsive to a given type of antiangiogenic treatment is available. Conclusion: Large investments in the clinical research are essential to improve treatment response and minimize toxicities for patients with HCC. Future investigations will need to focus on utilizing patterns of genetic information to classify HCC into groups that display similar prognosis and treatment sensitivity, and combining targeted therapies with AC producing enhanced anti-tumor effect. In this review the current panel of available antiangiogenic therapies for the treatment of HCC have been analyzed. In addition current clinical trials are also reported herein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Rinaldi
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Geriatric Sciences, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Di Benedetto
- Liver and Multivisceral Transplant Center, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena, Italy
| | - Arben Lleshi
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Institute Aviano, Italy
| | - Vallì De Re
- Bioimmunotherapy of Human Cancers Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO) National Cancer Institute Aviano, Italy
| | - Gaetano Facchini
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Uro-Gynaecological Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale"-IRCCS Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo De Paoli
- Scientific Directorate, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO) National Cancer Institute Aviano, Italy
| | - Raffaele Di Francia
- Department of Hematology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale"-IRCCS Naples Naples, Italy
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92
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Jiang S, Wang Q, Feng M, Li J, Guan Z, An D, Dong M, Peng Y, Kuerban K, Ye L. C2-ceramide enhances sorafenib-induced caspase-dependent apoptosis via PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Erk signaling pathways in HCC cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:1535-1546. [PMID: 27807662 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7930-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sorafenib as an effective multikinase inhibitor has been approved for the clinical treatment against advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC treatment requires usually combined therapy because of its complex pathogenesis. Ceramide has been confirmed to induce remarkable apoptosis in human tumor cells and has attracted increasing attention in investigations on combination therapy. In this paper, the anti-HCC effect of sorafenib combined with C2-ceramide was investigated on cell vitality, apoptosis, and migration, and the underlying mechanism was examined using flow cytometry and western blot. Bel7402 cells coincubated with sorafenib and C2-ceramide exhibited lower cell vitality and more irregular cellular morphology and cell cycle arrest. Sorafenib plus C2-ceramide stimulated significantly the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial depolarization, which promoted caspases-dependent cell apoptosis as illustrated by related protein expression including caspase 3, caspase 9, Bax, Bcl-2, and cytochrome c. Combination treatment of sorafenib and C2-ceramide inhibited obviously cell growth and proliferation via PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Erk signaling pathways. Furthermore, the combination treatment was proved to inhibit cell migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). These findings indicated that the combination of C2-ceramide and sorafenib provided synergistic inhibitory effects on HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Jiang
- Department of Biosynthesis and Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Biosynthesis and Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meiqing Feng
- Department of Biosynthesis and Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiyang Li
- Department of Biosynthesis and Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongbin Guan
- Shanghai Institute For Food And Drug Control, Shanghai, China
| | - Duopeng An
- Department of Biosynthesis and Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengxue Dong
- Department of Biosynthesis and Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuzhe Peng
- Department of Biosynthesis and Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kudelaidi Kuerban
- Department of Biosynthesis and Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Ye
- Department of Biosynthesis and Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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93
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Jueliger S, Lyons J, Cannito S, Pata I, Pata P, Shkolnaya M, Lo Re O, Peyrou M, Villarroya F, Pazienza V, Rappa F, Cappello F, Azab M, Taverna P, Vinciguerra M. Efficacy and epigenetic interactions of novel DNA hypomethylating agent guadecitabine (SGI-110) in preclinical models of hepatocellular carcinoma. Epigenetics 2016; 11:709-720. [PMID: 27646854 PMCID: PMC5094635 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2016.1214781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a deadly malignancy characterized at the epigenetic level by global DNA hypomethylation and focal hypermethylation on the promoter of tumor suppressor genes. In most cases it develops on a background of liver steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Guadecitabine (SGI-110) is a second-generation hypomethylating agent, which inhibits DNA methyltransferases. Guadecitabine is formulated as a dinucleotide of decitabine and deoxyguanosine that is resistant to cytidine deaminase (CDA) degradation and results in prolonged in vivo exposure to decitabine following small volume subcutaneous administration of guadecitabine. Here we found that guadecitabine is an effective demethylating agent and is able to prevent HCC progression in pre-clinical models. In a xenograft HCC HepG2 model, guadecitabine impeded tumor growth and inhibited angiogenesis, while it could not prevent liver fibrosis and inflammation in a mouse model of steatohepatitis. Demethylating efficacy of guadecitabine on LINE-1 elements was found to be the highest 8 d post-infusion in blood samples of mice. Analysis of a panel of human HCC vs. normal tissue revealed a signature of hypermethylated tumor suppressor genes (CDKN1A, CDKN2A, DLEC1, E2F1, GSTP1, OPCML, E2F1, RASSF1, RUNX3, and SOCS1) as detected by methylation-specific PCR. A pronounced demethylating effect of guadecitabine was obtained also in the promoters of a subset of tumor suppressors genes (CDKN2A, DLEC1, and RUNX3) in HepG2 and Huh-7 HCC cells. Finally, we analyzed the role of macroH2A1, a variant of histone H2A, an oncogene upregulated in human cirrhosis/HCC that synergizes with DNA methylation in suppressing tumor suppressor genes, and it prevents the inhibition of cell growth triggered by decitabine in HCC cells. Guadecitabine, in contrast to decitabine, blocked growth in HCC cells overexpressing macroH2A1 histones and with high CDA levels, despite being unable to fully demethylate CDKN2A, RUNX3, and DLEC1 promoters altered by macroH2A1. Collectively, our findings in human and mice models reveal novel epigenetic anti-HCC effects of guadecitabine, which might be effective specifically in advanced states of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Lyons
- a Astex Pharmaceuticals , Cambridge , UK
| | - Sara Cannito
- b Gastroenterology Unit, IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Hospital , San Giovanni Rotondo , Italy.,c Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London (UCL), Royal Free Hospital , London , UK
| | - Illar Pata
- d Department of Gene Technology , Tallinn University of Technology (TTU), IVEX Lab , Tallinn , Estonia
| | - Pille Pata
- d Department of Gene Technology , Tallinn University of Technology (TTU), IVEX Lab , Tallinn , Estonia
| | - Marianna Shkolnaya
- d Department of Gene Technology , Tallinn University of Technology (TTU), IVEX Lab , Tallinn , Estonia
| | - Oriana Lo Re
- e Center for Translational Medicine (CTM), International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Marion Peyrou
- f Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular , Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- f Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular , Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Valerio Pazienza
- b Gastroenterology Unit, IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Hospital , San Giovanni Rotondo , Italy
| | - Francesca Rappa
- g Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences , Section of Human Anatomy, University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy.,h Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST) , Palermo , Italy
| | - Francesco Cappello
- g Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences , Section of Human Anatomy, University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy.,h Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST) , Palermo , Italy
| | | | | | - Manlio Vinciguerra
- b Gastroenterology Unit, IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Hospital , San Giovanni Rotondo , Italy.,c Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London (UCL), Royal Free Hospital , London , UK.,e Center for Translational Medicine (CTM), International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital , Brno , Czech Republic.,h Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST) , Palermo , Italy
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94
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Youssef MM, Tolba MF, Badawy NN, Liu AW, El-Ahwany E, Khalifa AE, Zada S, Abdel-Naim AB. Novel combination of sorafenib and biochanin-A synergistically enhances the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30717. [PMID: 27470322 PMCID: PMC4965826 DOI: 10.1038/srep30717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sorafenib (SOR) is the first-line treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, its use is hindered by the recently expressed safety concerns. One approach for reducing SOR toxicity is to use lower doses in combination with other less toxic agents. Biochanin-A (Bio-A), a promising isoflavone, showed selective toxicity to liver cancer cells. We postulated that combining SOR and Bio-A could be synergistically toxic towards HCC cells. We further evaluated the underlying mechanism. Cytotoxicity assay was performed to determine the IC50 of Bio-A and SOR in HepG2, SNU-449 and Huh-7 cells. Then, combination index in HepG2 was evaluated using Calcusyn showing that the concurrent treatment with lower concentrations of SOR and Bio-A synergistically inhibited cell growth. Our combination induced significant arrest in pre-G and G0/G1 cell cycle phases and decrease in cyclin D1 protein level. Concomitantly, SOR/Bio-A reduced Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Furthermore, this co-treatment significantly increased caspase-3 & -9 apoptotic markers, while decreased anti-apoptotic and proliferative markers; survivin and Ki-67, respectively. Active caspase-3 in HepG2, SNU-449 and Huh-7 confirmed our synergism hypothesis. This study introduces a novel combination, where Bio-A synergistically enhanced the anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects of SOR in HCC cells, which could serve as a potential effective regimen for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohieldin M Youssef
- The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, 11835 Egypt.,Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, OIST, Okinawa, 904-0495 Japan
| | - Mai F Tolba
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, 11566 Egypt
| | - Noha N Badawy
- The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, 11835 Egypt
| | - Andrew W Liu
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, OIST, Okinawa, 904-0495 Japan
| | - Eman El-Ahwany
- Immunology Department, Theodor-Bilharz Research Institute (TBRI), Giza, 12411 Egypt
| | - Amani E Khalifa
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, 11566 Egypt
| | - Suher Zada
- The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, 11835 Egypt
| | - Ashraf B Abdel-Naim
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, 11566 Egypt
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95
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Cytotoxic effect of levoglucosenone and related derivatives against human hepatocarcinoma cell lines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3955-7. [PMID: 27422336 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Levoglucosenone has been used as template for the synthesis of a wide variety of compounds with an impressive structural variability. However, scarce work has been done regarding the generation of new bioactive entities. Here we report the cytotoxic effect of levoglucosenone and some related derivatives against hepatocarcinoma cell lines. Compounds were obtained in only one synthetic step and one of them showed an activity within the range of IC50 values of cisplatin, a frequently administered chemotherapy drug.
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96
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Emma MR, Iovanna JL, Bachvarov D, Puleio R, Loria GR, Augello G, Candido S, Libra M, Gulino A, Cancila V, McCubrey JA, Montalto G, Cervello M. NUPR1, a new target in liver cancer: implication in controlling cell growth, migration, invasion and sorafenib resistance. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2269. [PMID: 27336713 PMCID: PMC5143401 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Sorafenib, an oral multikinase inhibitor, is the only approved agent for the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, its benefits are modest, and as its mechanisms of action remain elusive, a better understanding of its anticancer effects is needed. Based on our previous study results, we investigated here the implication of the nuclear protein 1 (NUPR1) in HCC and its role in sorafenib treatment. NUPR1 is a stress-inducible protein that is overexpressed in various malignancies, but its role in HCC is not yet fully understood. We found that NUPR1 expression was significantly higher in primary human HCC samples than in the normal liver. Knockdown of NUPR1 significantly increased cell sensitivity to sorafenib and inhibited the cell growth, migration and invasion of HCC cells, both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, NUPR1 silencing influenced the expression of RELB and IER3 genes. Unsurprisingly, RELB and IER3 knockdown also inhibited HCC cell viability, growth and migration. Using gene expression profiling of HCC cells following stable NUPR1 knockdown, we found that genes functionally involved in cell death and survival, cellular response to therapies, lipid metabolism, cell growth and proliferation, molecular transport and cellular movement were mostly suppressed. Network analysis of dynamic gene expression identified NF-κB and ERK as downregulated gene nodes, and several HCC-related oncogenes were also suppressed. We identified Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) gene as a NUPR1-regulated gene and demonstrated that RUNX2 gene silencing inhibits HCC cell viability, growth, migration and increased cell sensitivity to sorafenib. We propose that the NUPR1/RELB/IER3/RUNX2 pathway has a pivotal role in hepatocarcinogenesis. The identification of the NUPR1/RELB/IER3/RUNX2 pathway as a potential therapeutic target may contribute to the development of new treatment strategies for HCC management.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Emma
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "Alberto Monroy", National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy.,Biomedic Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties (DiBiMIS), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - J L Iovanna
- INSERM UMR1068, Center of Research in Cancerology of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
| | - D Bachvarov
- Cancer Research Centre, Hôpital L'Hotel-Dieu de Québec, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Quebec City (Quebec), Canada.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City (Quebec), Canada
| | - R Puleio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Histopathology and Immunohistochemistry Laboratory, Palermo, Italy
| | - G R Loria
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Histopathology and Immunohistochemistry Laboratory, Palermo, Italy
| | - G Augello
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "Alberto Monroy", National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy.,Biomedic Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties (DiBiMIS), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - S Candido
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - M Libra
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - A Gulino
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Department of Health Science, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - V Cancila
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Department of Health Science, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - J A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - G Montalto
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "Alberto Monroy", National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy.,Biomedic Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties (DiBiMIS), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - M Cervello
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "Alberto Monroy", National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
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97
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Prieto-Domínguez N, Ordóñez R, Fernández A, García-Palomo A, Muntané J, González-Gallego J, Mauriz JL. Modulation of Autophagy by Sorafenib: Effects on Treatment Response. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:151. [PMID: 27375485 PMCID: PMC4896953 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The multikinase inhibitor sorafenib is, at present, the only drug approved for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the most lethal types of cancer worldwide. However, the increase in the number of sorafenib tumor resistant cells reduces efficiency. A better knowledge of the intracellular mechanism of the drug leading to reduced cell survival could help to improve the benefits of sorafenib therapy. Autophagy is a bulk cellular degradation process activated in a broad range of stress situations, which allows cells to degrade misfolded proteins or dysfunctional organelles. This cellular route can induce survival or death, depending on cell status and media signals. Sorafenib, alone or in combination with other drugs is able to induce autophagy, but cell response to the drug depends on the complex integrative crosstalk of different intracellular signals. In cancerous cells, autophagy can be regulated by different cellular pathways (Akt-related mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition, 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) induction, dissociation of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family proteins from Beclin-1), or effects of some miRNAs. Inhibition of mTOR signaling by sorafenib and diminished interaction between Beclin-1 and myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1) have been related to induction of autophagy in HCC. Furthermore, changes in some miRNAs, such as miR-30α, are able to modulate autophagy and modify sensitivity in sorafenib-resistant cells. However, although AMPK phosphorylation by sorafenib seems to play a role in the antiproliferative action of the drug, it does not relate with modulation of autophagy. In this review, we present an updated overview of the effects of sorafenib on autophagy and its related activation pathways, analyzing in detail the involvement of autophagy on sorafenib sensitivity and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nestor Prieto-Domínguez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)León, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of LeónLeón, Spain
| | - Raquel Ordóñez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)León, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of LeónLeón, Spain
| | - Anna Fernández
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)León, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of LeónLeón, Spain
| | - Andres García-Palomo
- Service of Clinical Oncology, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León (Hospital of León) León, Spain
| | - Jordi Muntané
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)León, Spain; Department of General Surgery"Virgen del Rocío"-"Virgen Macarena" University Hospital/IBiS/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Javier González-Gallego
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)León, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of LeónLeón, Spain
| | - José L Mauriz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)León, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of LeónLeón, Spain
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98
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Activation of c-Jun predicts a poor response to sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma: Preliminary Clinical Evidence. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22976. [PMID: 26964667 PMCID: PMC4786823 DOI: 10.1038/srep22976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We determined the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) gene expression profile of acquired resistance in sorafenib-sensitive hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and aimed to identify c-Jun as an important molecule mediating the efficacy of sorafenib. Differences in gene expression of the MAPK signaling between untreated and sorafenib-treated HCC cell lines were investigated using real-time polymerase chain reaction array. Western blot and real-time PCR further evaluated the expression of c-Jun. Pathological specimens from 50 patients with advanced HCC were collected to measure p-c-Jun expression. Sorafenib-resistant HCC cells demonstrated greater levels of basal c-Jun mRNA and protein compared with sorafenib-sensitive HCC cells. Sorafenib activated p-c-Jun in a dose- and time-dependent manner in PLC/PRF/5 and MHCC97H cell lines. Decreased expression levels of 6 genes after sorafenib treatment suggested a robust inhibitory impact of sorafenib on MAPK signaling in HCC cells. c-Jun and p-c-Jun expression levels were inversely correlated with the efficacy of sorafenib; a high expression level of p-c-Jun was associated with resistance to sorafenib and poor overall survival in patients with clinical HCC. p-c-Jun may act as a biomarker for predicting responses of sorafenib treatment, thus advocating targeting of JNK/c-Jun signaling as an optimal therapeutic strategy in a subset of HCC.
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99
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Yang T, Zhao P, Rong Z, Li B, Xue H, You J, He C, Li W, He X, Lee RJ, Ma X, Xiang G. Anti-tumor Efficiency of Lipid-coated Cisplatin Nanoparticles Co-loaded with MicroRNA-375. Am J Cancer Res 2016; 6:142-54. [PMID: 26722380 PMCID: PMC4679361 DOI: 10.7150/thno.13130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major challenges in the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment is its insensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs. Here, we report the development of novel lipid-coated cisplatin nanoparticles co-loaded with microRNA-375 (NPC/miR-375) as a potential treatment for chemotherapy insensitive HCC. The NPC/miR-375 was fabricated by mixing two reverse microemulsions containing KCl solution and a highly soluble cis-diaminedihydroplatinum (II) coated with a cationic lipid layer. Subsequently, the miR-375 was incorporated into the lipid-coated cisplatin nanoparticles. The NPC/miR375 nanoparticles were expected to further decrease cell proliferation and to enhance the anti-tumor effect of cisplatin in chemotherapy resistant HCC cells. In vitro analysis of intracellular trafficking revealed that NPC/miR-375 were able to escape from the late endosomes instead of lysosomes thus avoiding degradation of the miR-375 in lysosomes. Importantly, NPC/miR-375 enhanced apoptosis and induced cell cycle arrest in HCC cells in vitro. In the double oncogenes Akt/Ras-induced primary HCC mouse model, multiple doses of NPC/miR-375 significantly inhibited tumor growth and delayed the tumor relapse. Our results indicate that cisplatin nanoparticles co-loaded with miR-375 represent a potential therapeutic agent for chemotherapy-insensitive HCC.
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100
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Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel quinazolinyl-diaryl urea derivatives as potential anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 107:12-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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