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Jiang Z, Zhang H, Wang Y, Yu B, Wang C, Liu C, Lu J, Chen F, Wang M, Yu X, Lin J, Pan X, Wang P, Zhu H. Altered Hepa1-6 cells by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-treatment induce anti-tumor immunity in vivo. Oncotarget 2016; 7:9340-52. [PMID: 26824185 PMCID: PMC4891044 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is the use of the immune system to treat cancer. Our current research proposed an optional strategy of activating immune system involving in cancer immunotherapy. When being treated with 2% DMSO in culture medium, Hepa1-6 cells showed depressed proliferation with no significant apoptosis or decreased viability. D-hep cells, Hepa1-6 cells treated with DMSO for 7 days, could restore to the higher proliferation rate in DMSO-free medium, but alteration of gene expression profile was irreversible. Interestingly, tumors from D-hep cells, not Hepa1-6 cells, regressed in wild-type C57BL/6 mice whereas D-hep cells exhibited similar tumorigenesis as Hep1–6 cells in immunodeficient mice. As expected, additional Hepa1-6 cells failed to form tumors in the D-hep-C57 mice in which D-hep cells were eliminated. Further research confirmed that D-hep-C57 mice established anti-tumor immunity against Hepa1-6 cells. Our research proposed viable tumor cells with altered biological features by DMSO-treatment could induce anti-tumor immunity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Center for Stem Cell and Medicine, The Graduate School, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Center for Stem Cell and Medicine, The Graduate School, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ye Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Center for Stem Cell and Medicine, The Graduate School, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of Cell Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Center for Stem Cell and Medicine, The Graduate School, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Center for Stem Cell and Medicine, The Graduate School, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Changcheng Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Center for Stem Cell and Medicine, The Graduate School, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Juan Lu
- Training Department, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Center for Stem Cell and Medicine, The Graduate School, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Minjun Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Center for Stem Cell and Medicine, The Graduate School, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xinlu Yu
- Department of Cell Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Center for Stem Cell and Medicine, The Graduate School, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jiahao Lin
- School of Clinic Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xinghua Pan
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Pin Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Haiying Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Center for Stem Cell and Medicine, The Graduate School, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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Thaler R, Maurizi A, Roschger P, Sturmlechner I, Khani F, Spitzer S, Rumpler M, Zwerina J, Karlic H, Dudakovic A, Klaushofer K, Teti A, Rucci N, Varga F, van Wijnen AJ. Anabolic and Antiresorptive Modulation of Bone Homeostasis by the Epigenetic Modulator Sulforaphane, a Naturally Occurring Isothiocyanate. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:6754-71. [PMID: 26757819 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.678235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone degenerative pathologies like osteoporosis may be initiated by age-related shifts in anabolic and catabolic responses that control bone homeostasis. Here we show that sulforaphane (SFN), a naturally occurring isothiocyanate, promotes osteoblast differentiation by epigenetic mechanisms. SFN enhances active DNA demethylation viaTet1andTet2and promotes preosteoblast differentiation by enhancing extracellular matrix mineralization and the expression of osteoblastic markers (Runx2,Col1a1,Bglap2,Sp7,Atf4, andAlpl). SFN decreases the expression of the osteoclast activator receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) in osteocytes and mouse calvarial explants and preferentially induces apoptosis in preosteoclastic cells via up-regulation of theTet1/Fas/Caspase 8 and Caspase 3/7 pathway. These mechanistic effects correlate with higher bone volume (∼20%) in both normal and ovariectomized mice treated with SFN for 5 weeks compared with untreated mice as determined by microcomputed tomography. This effect is due to a higher trabecular number in these mice. Importantly, no shifts in mineral density distribution are observed upon SFN treatment as measured by quantitative backscattered electron imaging. Our data indicate that the food-derived compound SFN epigenetically stimulates osteoblast activity and diminishes osteoclast bone resorption, shifting the balance of bone homeostasis and favoring bone acquisition and/or mitigation of bone resorptionin vivo Thus, SFN is a member of a new class of epigenetic compounds that could be considered for novel strategies to counteract osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Thaler
- From the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of Social Health Insurance Vienna (WGKK) and Austrian Social Insurance for Occupational Risks (AUVA) Trauma Center Meidling, First Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, 1140 Vienna, Austria, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, and
| | - Antonio Maurizi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Paul Roschger
- From the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of Social Health Insurance Vienna (WGKK) and Austrian Social Insurance for Occupational Risks (AUVA) Trauma Center Meidling, First Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, 1140 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ines Sturmlechner
- From the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of Social Health Insurance Vienna (WGKK) and Austrian Social Insurance for Occupational Risks (AUVA) Trauma Center Meidling, First Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, 1140 Vienna, Austria
| | - Farzaneh Khani
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, and
| | - Silvia Spitzer
- From the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of Social Health Insurance Vienna (WGKK) and Austrian Social Insurance for Occupational Risks (AUVA) Trauma Center Meidling, First Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, 1140 Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Rumpler
- From the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of Social Health Insurance Vienna (WGKK) and Austrian Social Insurance for Occupational Risks (AUVA) Trauma Center Meidling, First Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, 1140 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jochen Zwerina
- From the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of Social Health Insurance Vienna (WGKK) and Austrian Social Insurance for Occupational Risks (AUVA) Trauma Center Meidling, First Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, 1140 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heidrun Karlic
- From the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of Social Health Insurance Vienna (WGKK) and Austrian Social Insurance for Occupational Risks (AUVA) Trauma Center Meidling, First Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, 1140 Vienna, Austria
| | - Amel Dudakovic
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, and
| | - Klaus Klaushofer
- From the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of Social Health Insurance Vienna (WGKK) and Austrian Social Insurance for Occupational Risks (AUVA) Trauma Center Meidling, First Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, 1140 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Teti
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Nadia Rucci
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Franz Varga
- From the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of Social Health Insurance Vienna (WGKK) and Austrian Social Insurance for Occupational Risks (AUVA) Trauma Center Meidling, First Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, 1140 Vienna, Austria,
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, and
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Gordon JAR, Stein JL, Westendorf JJ, van Wijnen AJ. Chromatin modifiers and histone modifications in bone formation, regeneration, and therapeutic intervention for bone-related disease. Bone 2015; 81:739-745. [PMID: 25836763 PMCID: PMC4591092 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications of chromatin such as DNA methylation and different types of histone acetylation, methylation and phosphorylation are well-appreciated epigenetic mechanisms that confer information to progeny cells during lineage commitment. These distinct epigenetic modifications have defined roles in bone, development, tissue regeneration, cell commitment and differentiation, as well as disease etiologies. In this review, we discuss the role of these chromatin modifications and the enzymes regulating these marks (methyltransferases, demethylases, acetyltransferases, and deacetylases) in progenitor cells, osteoblasts and bone-related cells. In addition, the clinical relevance of deregulated histone modifications and enzymes as well as current and potential therapeutic interventions targeting chromatin modifiers are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janet L Stein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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A cost-effective system for differentiation of intestinal epithelium from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17297. [PMID: 26616277 PMCID: PMC4663490 DOI: 10.1038/srep17297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human intestinal epithelium is a useful model for pharmacological studies of absorption, metabolism, drug interactions, and toxicology, as well as for studies of developmental biology. We established a rapid and cost effective system for differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells into definitive endoderm (DE) cells. In the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), a low concentration of Activin at 6.25 ng/ml is sufficient to give a similar differentiation efficiency with that using Activin at 100 ng/ml at the presence of Wnt activator. In the presence of DMSO, Activin at low concentration triggered hiPS cells to undergo differentiation through G1 arrest, reduce apoptosis, and potentiate activation of downstream targets, such as SMAD2 phosphorylation and SOX17 expression. This increased differentiation into CDX2 + SOX17 + DE cells. The present differentiation procedure therefore permits rapid and efficient derivation of DE cells, capable of differentiating into intestinal epithelium upon BIO and DAPT treatment and of giving rise to functional cells, such as enterocytes.
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Mi Y, Gao X, Dai J, Ma Y, Xu L, Jin W. A Novel Function of TET2 in CNS: Sustaining Neuronal Survival. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:21846-57. [PMID: 26378518 PMCID: PMC4613284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160921846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA dioxygenases Ten-Eleven Translocation (TET) proteins can catalyze the conversion of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) of DNA to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), and thereby alter the epigenetic state of DNA. The TET family includes TET1, TET2 and TET3 members in mammals. Recently, accumulative research uncovered that TET1-3 occur abundantly in the central nervous system (CNS), and their biological functions have just begun to be investigated. In the present study, we demonstrated that mRNA and protein of TET2 were highly expressed in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus along the whole brain-development process. Further studies showed that TET2 was expressed in various types of cells, especially in most neurons. Subcellular distribution pattern implicated that TET2 is localized in both nucleus and cytoplasm of neurons. Down-regulation of TET2 in cultured cortical neurons with RNA interference implied that TET2 was required for cell survival. In all, our results indicate that neuronal TET2 is positively involved in the regulation of cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
- Institute of Basic Medicine Science, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Xingchun Gao
- Institute of Basic Medicine Science, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China.
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Jinxiang Dai
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Yue Ma
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Information and Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Lixian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Weilin Jin
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Information and Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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56
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Wang J, Wang Y, Chen X, Zhang PZ, Shi ZT, Wen LT, Qiu JH, Chen FQ. Histone deacetylase inhibitor sodium butyrate attenuates gentamicin-induced hearing loss in vivo. Am J Otolaryngol 2015; 36:242-8. [PMID: 25554003 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition has been shown to protect against gentamicin (GM)-induced hearing loss in vitro, its protective effect has not been proven in vivo. In the present study, the aim was to investigate the protective effect of sodium butyrate (NaB), a specific HDAC inhibitor, on GM-induced ototoxicity in vivo. METHODS Forty 8-week-old albino guinea pigs were divided into two experimental groups. Group 1 (n=10) underwent bilateral ear surgery to place sponges (0.3mm(3)) permeated with NaB (10μl, 100mg/ml) and physiological saline (10μl; control) in the right and left round window niches, respectively. The sponges were left in place for 15days to evaluate the effects of NaB at the applied concentration. Group 2 (n=30) underwent the same bilateral ear surgery described for Group 1, except three days after surgery, the animals received intramuscular GM injections (200mg/kg/day) for 5 consecutive days. Seven days after the final GM injection, the protective effects of NaB were examined. RESULTS After 15days of NaB treatment (10μl, 100mg/ml), an increase in histone acetylation was detected in Corti organ samples. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold shifts and hair cell loss were also reduced in NaB-treated ears after GM administration. Furthermore, GM treatment increased HDAC1 expression in outer hair cells (OHCs) in vivo, and NaB blocked this action. CONCLUSION GM increases HDAC1 expression in OHCs, and NaB is able to block this action. Thus, it appears that the HDAC inhibitor, NaB, attenuates GM-induced hearing loss in guinea pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 17 Changle Western Road, Xi'an, China; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Shanxi, Xi'an, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 17 Changle Western Road, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 17 Changle Western Road, Xi'an, China
| | - Peng-zhi Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 17 Changle Western Road, Xi'an, China
| | - Ze-tao Shi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 17 Changle Western Road, Xi'an, China
| | - Li-ting Wen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 17 Changle Western Road, Xi'an, China
| | - Jian-hua Qiu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 17 Changle Western Road, Xi'an, China
| | - Fu-quan Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 17 Changle Western Road, Xi'an, China.
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57
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Czysz K, Minger S, Thomas N. DMSO efficiently down regulates pluripotency genes in human embryonic stem cells during definitive endoderm derivation and increases the proficiency of hepatic differentiation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117689. [PMID: 25659159 PMCID: PMC4320104 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Definitive endoderm (DE) is one of the three germ layers which during in vivo vertebrate development gives rise to a variety of organs including liver, lungs, thyroid and pancreas; consequently efficient in vitro initiation of stem cell differentiation to DE cells is a prerequisite for successful cellular specification to subsequent DE-derived cell types [1, 2]. In this study we present a novel approach to rapidly and efficiently down regulate pluripotency genes during initiation of differentiation to DE cells by addition of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to Activin A-based culture medium and report its effects on the downstream differentiation to hepatocyte-like cells. Materials and Methods Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) were differentiated to DE using standard methods in medium supplemented with 100ng/ml of Activin A and compared to cultures where DE specification was additionally enhanced with different concentrations of DMSO. DE cells were subsequently primed to generate hepatic-like cells to investigate whether the addition of DMSO during formation of DE improved subsequent expression of hepatic markers. A combination of flow cytometry, real-time quantitative reverse PCR and immunofluorescence was applied throughout the differentiation process to monitor expression of pluripotency (POUF5/OCT4 & NANOG), definitive endoderm (SOX17, CXCR4 & GATA4) and hepatic (AFP & ALB) genes to generate differentiation stage-specific signatures. Results Addition of DMSO to the Activin A-based medium during DE specification resulted in rapid down regulation of the pluripotency genes OCT4 and NANOG, accompanied by an increase expression of the DE genes SOX17, CXCR4 and GATA4. Importantly, the expression level of ALB in DMSO-treated cells was also higher than in cells which were differentiated to the DE stage via standard Activin A treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Czysz
- GE Healthcare Life Sciences, The Maynard Centre, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Stephen Minger
- GE Healthcare Life Sciences, The Maynard Centre, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Thomas
- GE Healthcare Life Sciences, The Maynard Centre, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
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Effect of the antifreeze protein from the arctic yeast Leucosporidium sp. AY30 on cryopreservation of the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 175:677-86. [PMID: 25342270 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1337-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins are a group of proteins that allow organisms to survive in subzero environments. These proteins possess thermal hysteresis and ice recrystallization inhibition activities. In the present study, we demonstrated the efficiency of a recombinant antifreeze protein from the Arctic yeast Leucosporidium sp. AY30, LeIBP, in cryopreservation of the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, which is one of the classical model diatoms and has most widely been studied with regard to its ecology, physiology, biochemistry, and molecular biology. P. tricornutum cells were frozen by either a fast or two-step freezing method in freezing medium containing 10 % dimethyl sulfoxide, glycerol, propylene glycol, and ethylene glycol, respectively, with or without LeIBP supplement. When cells were frozen using the two-step freezing method, cell survival was significantly increased and statistically the same as that of unfrozen native cells in the presence of 0.1 mg/ml LeIBP in 10 % propylene glycol or 10 % ethylene glycol at day 11 of post-thaw culture. In the presence of LeIBP, the concentration of chlorophyll a was dramatically increased to 14-, 48-, 1.6-, and 8.8-fold when cells were frozen in freezing medium containing dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), glycerol, propylene glycol (PG), and ethylene glycol (EG), respectively. Scanning electron microscopy observations demonstrated that the cells were also successfully preserved and epitheca or hypotheca were not deformed. These results demonstrate that LeIBP was successfully applied to improve cryopreservation of the marine diatom P. tricornutum.
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Wang F, Fischhaber PL, Guo C, Tang TS. Epigenetic modifications as novel therapeutic targets for Huntington’s disease. Epigenomics 2014; 6:287-97. [DOI: 10.2217/epi.14.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease is a late-onset, autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor, cognitive and psychiatric symptomatology. The earliest stage of Huntington’s disease is marked by alterations in gene expression, which partially results from dysregulated epigenetic modifications. In past decades, altered epigenetic markers including histone modifications (acetylation, methylation, ubiquitylation and phosphorylation) and DNA modifications (cytosine methylation and hydroxymethylation) have been reported as important epigenetic features in patients and multiple animal models of Huntington’s disease. Drugs aimed to correct some of those alterations have shown promise in treating Huntington’s disease. This article discusses the field of epigenetics for potential Huntington’s disease interventions and presents the most recent findings in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane & Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Paula L Fischhaber
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330–8262, USA
| | - Caixia Guo
- Center for Genome Variations & Precision Biomedicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Tie-Shan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane & Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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De Paepe C, Krivega M, Cauffman G, Geens M, Van de Velde H. Totipotency and lineage segregation in the human embryo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 20:599-618. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gau027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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61
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Amphipathic polymer-mediated uptake of trehalose for dimethyl sulfoxide-free human cell cryopreservation. Cryobiology 2013; 67:305-11. [PMID: 24045066 PMCID: PMC3842503 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
For stem cell therapy to become a routine reality, one of the major challenges to overcome is their storage and transportation. Currently this is achieved by cryopreserving cells utilising the cryoprotectant dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO). Me2SO is toxic to cells, leads to loss of cell functionality, and can produce severe side effects in patients. Potentially, cells could be frozen using the cryoprotectant trehalose if it could be delivered into the cells at a sufficient concentration. The novel amphipathic membrane permeabilising agent PP-50 has previously been shown to enhance trehalose uptake by erythrocytes, resulting in increased cryosurvival. Here, this work was extended to the nucleated human cell line SAOS-2. Using the optimum PP-50 concentration and media osmolarity, cell viability post-thaw was 60 ± 2%. In addition, the number of metabolically active cells 24 h post-thaw, normalised to that before freezing, was found to be between 103 ± 4% and 91 ± 5%. This was found to be comparable to cells frozen using Me2SO. Although reduced (by 22 ± 2%, p = 0.09), the doubling time was found not to be statistically different to the non-frozen control. This was in contrast to cells frozen using Me2SO, where the doubling time was significantly reduced (by 41 ± 4%, p = 0.004). PP-50 mediated trehalose delivery into cells could represent an alternative cryopreservation protocol, suitable for research and therapeutic applications.
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62
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The impact of culture on epigenetic properties of pluripotent stem cells and pre-implantation embryos. Biochem Soc Trans 2013; 41:711-9. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20130049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cultured pluripotent stem cells hold great promise for regenerative medicine. Considerable efforts have been invested into the refinement and definition of improved culture systems that sustain self-renewal and avoid differentiation of pluripotent cells in vitro. Recent studies have, however, found that the choice of culture condition has a significant impact on epigenetic profiles of cultured pluripotent cells. Mouse and human ESCs (embryonic stem cells) show substantial epigenetic differences that are dependent on the culture condition, including global changes to DNA methylation and histone modifications and, in female human ESCs, to the epigenetic process of X chromosome inactivation. Epigenetic perturbations have also been detected during culture of pre-implantation embryos; limited research undertaken in mouse suggests a direct effect of the in vitro environment on epigenetic processes in this system. Widespread epigenetic changes induced by the culture condition in stem cells thus emphasize the necessity for extensive research into both immediate and long-term epigenetic effects of embryo culture during assisted reproductive technologies.
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63
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Kasaai B, Gaumond MH, Moffatt P. Regulation of the bone-restricted IFITM-like (Bril) gene transcription by Sp and Gli family members and CpG methylation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:13278-94. [PMID: 23530031 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.457010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND BRIL is a bone-specific membrane protein that is involved in osteogenesis imperfecta type V. RESULTS Bril transcription is activated by Sp1, Sp3, OSX, and GLI2 and by CpG demethylation. CONCLUSION Regulation of Bril involves trans-acting factors integrating at conserved promoter elements and epigenetic modifications. SIGNIFICANCE Identification of the mechanisms governing Bril transcription is important to understand its role in skeletal biology. Bril encodes a small membrane protein present in osteoblasts. In humans, a single recurrent mutation in the 5'-UTR of BRIL causes osteogenesis imperfecta type V. The exact function of BRIL and the mechanism by which it contributes to disease are still unknown. The goal of the current study was to characterize the mechanisms governing Bril transcription in humans, rats, and mice. In the three species, as detected by luciferase reporter assays in UMR106 cells, we found that most of the base-line regulatory activity was localized within ∼250 bp upstream of the coding ATG. Co-transfection experiments indicated that Sp1 and Sp3 were potent inducers of the promoter activity, through the binding of several GC-rich boxes. Osterix was a weak activator but acted cooperatively with Sp1 and GLI2 to synergistically induce the BRIL promoter. GLI2, a mediator of hedgehog signaling pathway, was also a potent activator of BRIL through a single GLI binding site. Correspondingly, agonists of the hedgehog pathway (purmorphamine and Indian hedgehog) in MC3T3 osteoblasts led to increased BRIL levels. The BRIL promoter activity was also found to be negatively modulated through two different mechanisms. First, the ZFP354C zinc finger protein repressed basal and Sp1-induced activity. Second, CpG methylation of the promoter region correlated with an inactive state and prevented Sp1 activation. The data provide the very first analyses of the cis- and trans-acting factors regulating Bril transcription. They revealed key roles for the Sp members and GLI2 that possibly cooperate to activate Bril when the promoter becomes demethylated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Kasaai
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A6, Canada
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