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Stehman CR, Testo Z, Gershaw RS, Kellogg AR. Burnout, Drop Out, Suicide: Physician Loss in Emergency Medicine, Part I. West J Emerg Med 2019; 20:485-494. [PMID: 31123550 PMCID: PMC6526882 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2019.4.40970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Each year more than 400 physicians take their lives, likely related to increasing depression and burnout. Burnout—a psychological syndrome featuring emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and a reduced sense of personal accomplishment—is a disturbingly and increasingly prevalent phenomenon in healthcare, and emergency medicine (EM) in particular. As self-care based solutions have proven unsuccessful, more system-based causes, beyond the control of the individual physicians, have been identified. Such system-based causes include limitations of the electronic health record, long work hours and substantial educational debt, all in a culture of “no mistakes allowed.” Blame and isolation in the face of medical errors and poor outcomes may lead to physician emotional injury, the so-called “second victim” syndrome, which is both a contributor to and consequence of burnout. In addition, emergency physicians (EP) are also particularly affected by the intensity of clinical practice, the higher risk of litigation, and the chronic fatigue of circadian rhythm disruption. Burnout has widespread consequences, including poor quality of care, increased medical errors, patient and provider dissatisfaction, and attrition from medical practice, exacerbating the shortage and maldistribution of EPs. Burned-out physicians are unlikely to seek professional treatment and may attempt to deal with substance abuse, depression and suicidal thoughts alone. This paper reviews the scope of burnout, contributors, and consequences both for medicine in general and for EM in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine R Stehman
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Zachary Testo
- University of Massachusetts Medical School-Baystate Health, Department of Emergency Medicine, Springfield, Massachusetts
| | - Rachel S Gershaw
- University of Massachusetts Medical School-Baystate Health, Department of Emergency Medicine, Springfield, Massachusetts
| | - Adam R Kellogg
- University of Massachusetts Medical School-Baystate Health, Department of Emergency Medicine, Springfield, Massachusetts
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Hale AJ, Ricotta DN, Freed J, Smith CC, Huang GC. Adapting Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs as a Framework for Resident Wellness. TEACHING AND LEARNING IN MEDICINE 2019; 31:109-118. [PMID: 29708437 DOI: 10.1080/10401334.2018.1456928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
ISSUE Burnout in graduate medical education is pervasive and has a deleterious impact on career satisfaction, personal well-being, and patient outcomes. Interventions in residency programs have often addressed isolated contributors to burnout; however, a more comprehensive framework for conceptualizing wellness is needed. EVIDENCE In this article the authors propose Maslow's hierarchy of human needs (physiologic, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization) as a potential framework for addressing wellness initiatives. There are numerous contributors to burnout among physician-trainees, and programs to combat burnout must be equally multifaceted. A holistic approach, considering both the trainees personal and professional needs, is recommended. Maslow's Needs can be adapted to create such a framework in graduate medical education. The authors review current evidence to support this model. IMPLICATIONS This work surveys current interventions to mitigate burnout and organizes them into a scaffold that can be used by residency programs interested in a complete framework to supporting wellness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Hale
- a Infectious Diseases, University of Vermont Medical Center , Burlington , Vermont , USA
| | - Daniel N Ricotta
- b Department of Medicine , Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Jason Freed
- b Department of Medicine , Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
| | - C Christopher Smith
- b Department of Medicine , Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Grace C Huang
- b Department of Medicine , Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
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Rao AD, Nicholas SE, Kachniarz B, Hu C, Redmond KJ, Deville C, Wright JL, Page BR, Terezakis S, Viswanathan AN, DeWeese TL, Fivush BA, Alcorn SR. Association of a Simulated Institutional Gender Equity Initiative With Gender-Based Disparities in Medical School Faculty Salaries and Promotions. JAMA Netw Open 2018; 1:e186054. [PMID: 30646313 PMCID: PMC6324345 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.6054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Despite progress in narrowing gender-based salary gaps, notable disparities persist in the scientific community. The significance of pay difference may be underestimated, with little data evaluating its effect on lifetime wealth after accounting for factors like time to promotion and savings. OBJECTIVES To characterize gender disparities in salary and assess the outcomes associated with a gender equity initiative (GEI). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Quality improvement study with simulations of salary and additional accumulated wealth (AAW) using retrospectively reviewed Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine annual salary and promotion data. All academic faculty were included in the faculty salary analysis from 2005 (n = 1481) and 2016 (n = 1885). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Salary and longitudinal promotion data from 2005 to 2016 were used to estimate gender-based differences in salary and time to promotion. The effect of these differences on total salary and AAW, including retirement and salary-based investments, was simulated for a representative male and female faculty member over a 30-year career in 3 scenarios: (1) pre-GEI, (2) post-GEI, and (3) in real time for GEI, beginning with and progressing through these initiatives. RESULTS Analyses of salaries of 1481 faculty (432 women) in 2005 and 1885 faculty (742 women) in 2016 revealed that a decade after GEI implementation, the overall mean (SE) salary gap by gender decreased from -2.6% (1.2%) (95% CI, -5.6% to -0.3%) to -1.9% (1.1%) (95% CI, -4.1% to 0.3%). Simulation of pre-GEI disparities correlated with male faculty collecting an average lifetime AAW of $501 416 more than the equivalent woman, with disparities persisting past retirement. The AAW gap decreased to $210 829 in the real-time GEI simulation and to $66 104 using post-GEI conditions, reflecting success of GEI efforts. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Even small gender-based salary gaps are associated with substantial differences in lifetime wealth, but an institutional commitment to achieving equitable promotion and compensation for women can appreciably reduce these disparities. The findings of this study support broad implementation of similar initiatives without delay, as results may take more than a decade to emerge. A modifiable version of the simulation is provided so that external users may assess the potential disparities present within their own institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avani D. Rao
- Department of Radiation and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sarah E. Nicholas
- Department of Radiation and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bartlomiej Kachniarz
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chen Hu
- Department of Oncology—Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kristin J. Redmond
- Department of Radiation and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Curtiland Deville
- Department of Radiation and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jean L. Wright
- Department of Radiation and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Brandi R. Page
- Department of Radiation and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stephanie Terezakis
- Department of Radiation and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Akila N. Viswanathan
- Department of Radiation and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Theodore L. DeWeese
- Department of Radiation and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Barbara A. Fivush
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sara R. Alcorn
- Department of Radiation and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Wong R, Ng P, Bonino J, Gonzaga AM, Mieczkowski AE. Financial Attitudes and Behaviors of Internal Medicine and Internal Medicine-Pediatrics Residents. J Grad Med Educ 2018; 10:639-645. [PMID: 30619520 PMCID: PMC6314372 DOI: 10.4300/jgme-d-18-00015.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Residents graduate from medical school with increasing levels of debt and also may possess poor financial knowledge and practices. Prior studies have assessed resident financial knowledge and interest in financial education, yet additional information regarding their attitudes about personal finance and financial planning could be essential for the development of relevant curricula. OBJECTIVE We assessed baseline financial attitudes and planning behaviors of internal medicine and internal medicine-pediatrics residents in 3 geographically diverse academic programs. METHODS A modified version of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority National Financial Capability survey was administered anonymously to residents in 3 programs in spring 2017. Outcomes included levels of educational debt, positive financial planning behaviors, perception of finances and debt, and education about personal finance. RESULTS Response rate was 62% (184 of 298). Rates of educational debt were high, with 81% (149 of 184) of respondents reporting educational debt, and the majority owing more than $100,000. Residents' financial practices were variable, and residents could be grouped into 1 of 3 categories-concerned-engaged, concerned-unengaged, and unconcerned-unengaged-based on their engagement with debt and financial management. Residents with high debt (> $250,000) had a bimodal distribution of respondents who strongly agreed and those who strongly disagreed they were concerned about debt. CONCLUSIONS Resident financial attitudes and practices are variable, ranging from highly engaged residents actively managing their financial wellness to unengaged residents who have low concern, despite high educational debt.
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Do Websites Provide What Applicants Need? Plastic Surgery Residency Program Websites Versus Applicant Self-reported Needs. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2018; 6:e1900. [PMID: 30534485 PMCID: PMC6250462 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000001900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background: Plastic surgery residency program websites (PSRWs) remain a major resource for applicants to one of the most competitive specialties in medicine, yet it is unclear how the website content aligns with information applicants need. Objective: To evaluate PSRWs and whether they are meeting applicant needs. Methods: An anonymous online survey of 2016 plastic and reconstructive surgery applicants evaluated the use of PSRWs and information desired. Two researchers then independently analyzed all 93 PSRWs in the United States to determine whether the websites met the needs of applicants based on a quantitative scoring system. Results: Out of 369 total applicants to plastic surgery, the survey was sent to the 189 applicants to University of Southern California, and 87 responded (46% response rate). Ninety-eight percentage of respondents used websites during the application process. For 31%, websites served as the only source of information. Websites were moderately (60%) and only slightly useful (32%). For 22% and 34%, the quality of a website influenced their decision to apply or interview, respectively. Out of the 22 common components between the applicant survey and scoring assessment of websites, there was a significant difference in 17 components (77%) between those rated as “important” by applicants and availability of the corresponding component on websites (P < 0.05). Average (SD) score among websites was 18.7 (5.3) out of 49 maximum points (36.9%). Over 30% of websites displayed broken links or missing or outdated information. Only 19.6% displayed a link to provide website feedback. Conclusions: PSRWs commonly include pertinent information that is useful; however, most are lacking components valued by applicants. These findings can help guide the design, content, and improvement of PSRWs to be quality resources for applicants.
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Shappell E, Ahn J, Ahmed N, Harris I, Park YS, Tekian A. Personal Finance Education for Residents: A Qualitative Study of Resident Perspectives. AEM EDUCATION AND TRAINING 2018; 2:195-203. [PMID: 30051089 PMCID: PMC6050061 DOI: 10.1002/aet2.10090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Personal finance has been linked to wellness and resiliency; however, the level of financial literacy among residents is low. Development of a personal finance curriculum could improve the financial well-being of trainees. The first step in this process is understanding residents' educational needs. OBJECTIVE The objective was to describe the financial knowledge, attitudes, and experiences of residents to inform the design of a personal finance curriculum. METHODS A qualitative approach using semistructured interviews was used to explore the knowledge, attitudes, and experiences of residents in the realm of personal finance. Twelve residents completed interviews: one male and one female resident from the first and third years of training in the specialties of emergency medicine, internal medicine, and pediatrics. RESULTS Three themes were formulated and analyzed through the existing frameworks: 1) daily finances, 2) financial knowledge and experiences, and 3) approach to financial planning. Prominent subthemes included a lack of knowledge and desire for personal finance education, debt-related anxiety, and uncertainty where to find reliable financial advice. CONCLUSIONS Residents report a low level of financial literacy and high interest in financial education. The framework provided in this study can inform the design of education interventions to promote financial wellness in trainees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Shappell
- Department of MedicineSection of Emergency MedicineUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIL
| | - James Ahn
- Department of MedicineSection of Emergency MedicineUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIL
| | - Nadia Ahmed
- Biological Sciences DepartmentUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIL
| | - Ilene Harris
- Department of Medical EducationUniversity of Illinois at Chicago College of MedicineChicagoIL
| | - Yoon Soo Park
- Department of Medical EducationUniversity of Illinois at Chicago College of MedicineChicagoIL
| | - Ara Tekian
- Department of Medical EducationUniversity of Illinois at Chicago College of MedicineChicagoIL
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Beginning a Career in Anesthesia: Women Entering the Anesthesiology Workforce in the 21st Century. Int Anesthesiol Clin 2018; 56:5-20. [PMID: 29889122 DOI: 10.1097/aia.0000000000000195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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McKillip R, Ernst M, Ahn J, Tekian A, Shappell E. Toward a Resident Personal Finance Curriculum: Quantifying Resident Financial Circumstances, Needs, and Interests. Cureus 2018; 10:e2540. [PMID: 29951347 PMCID: PMC6019332 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.2540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Resident financial health has been linked to wellness and resiliency, yet financial literacy among residents is highly variable. While some medical school curricula include budgeting and student loan education, content on managing finances as a resident is usually lacking. We sought to quantitatively assess residents' financial circumstances, needs, and interests to inform the design of a resident personal finance curriculum. Methods Surveys were sent to residents in eight specialties at an academic medical center. Likert-type responses allowed respondents to rate their level of comfort (1 = Very Uncomfortable, 7 = Very Comfortable) and interest (1 = Very Uninterested, 7 = Very Interested) in various personal finance topics including budgeting, loan repayment, disability insurance, life insurance, home buying, and retirement planning. Details regarding financial circumstances, including assets, liabilities, and insurance, were also collected. Results of questions that utilized a Likert-type scale are reported as median (interquartile range). Results Of 346 residents surveyed, 144 (41.6%) responded. Residents were from Internal Medicine (56, 38.9%), Pediatrics (34, 23.6%), Emergency Medicine (18, 12.5%), and other specialties (36, 25.0%). Ninety-one (63.2%) reported educational loans, with an average balance of $191,730. Credit card balances exceeding $3,000 were reported by 11 (7.6%) respondents. One-hundred-two (70.1%) reported emergency savings, but only 65 (45.1%) reported having a retirement account (average balance $27,608). Respondents rated highest comfort levels with budgeting (5[4-6]), and lowest level of comfort with disability insurance (2[2-4]) and home buying (2[2-5]). Interest in learning each topic was high (6[5-7]), with retirement planning (6[5-7]), investing (6[5-7]), and home buying (6[5-7]) the topics of highest interest. Conclusion These results highlight the deficits in personal finance literacy among residents. Future work should focus on development of a nationally scalable personal finance curriculum for residents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Ernst
- Section of Emergency Medicine, University of Chicago
| | - James Ahn
- Section of Emergency Medicine, University of Chicago
| | - Ara Tekian
- Department of Medical Education, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine
| | - Eric Shappell
- Section of Emergency Medicine, University of Chicago
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Lynch A, Best T, Gutierrez SC, Daily JA. What Should I Do With My Student Loans? A Proposed Strategy for Educational Debt Management. J Grad Med Educ 2018; 10:11-15. [PMID: 29467967 PMCID: PMC5821025 DOI: 10.4300/jgme-d-17-00279.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Mills AM, Champeaux A. Financial Health for the Pathology Trainee: Fiscal Prevention, Diagnosis, and Targeted Therapy for Young Physicians. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2017; 142:12-15. [PMID: 28930486 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2017-0360-ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Mills
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (Dr Mills); and the Department of Pathology, University of South Florida, Tampa (Dr Champeaux)
| | - Anne Champeaux
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (Dr Mills); and the Department of Pathology, University of South Florida, Tampa (Dr Champeaux)
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