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Khan M. Introduction and persistence of tularemia in Bulgaria. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2017. [PMID: 28649303 PMCID: PMC5475328 DOI: 10.1080/20008686.2017.1323532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Khan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Dammam , Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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52
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Kasap M, Karadenizli A, Akpınar G, Uzuner H, Ayimugu A, Karaosmanoğlu K, Er DK. Comparative Analysis of Proteome Patterns of Francisella tularensis Isolates from Patients and the Environment. Curr Microbiol 2016; 74:230-238. [PMID: 27990601 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-016-1178-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is the causative agent of tularemia. Although major contributors and the main mechanism of the virulence are well known, some of the molecular details are still missing. Proteomics studies regarding F. tularensis have provided snapshot pictures of the organism grown under different culture conditions to understand the mechanism of virulence. In general, such studies were carried out with standard strains e.g., LVS and did not involve comparisons of F. tularensis isolates from either clinical or environmental sources. In this study, we performed two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE)-based proteomic analysis and compared the protein profiles of the F. tularensis subsp. holarctica strains isolated from the clinical and the environmental samples. Regulations were detected in 14 spots when twofold regulation criteria were applied. The regulated protein spots were subjected to MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis and identified. Classification of the identified proteins based on metabolic functions revealed that the translation machinery was the most varying metabolic processes among the isolates. Using normalized protein spot intensities, PCA analysis was also performed. The results indicated that the strain isolated from water source was different then the strains isolated from the patients. Most interestingly, the isolates were strikingly distinguishable from the standard NCTC 10857 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Kasap
- Medical Biology Department/DEKART Proteomics Laboratory, Kocaeli University Medical Faculty, Umuttepe, Kocaeli, 41380, Turkey
| | - Aynur Karadenizli
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Kocaeli University Medical Faculty, Umuttepe, Kocaeli, 41380, Turkey.
| | - Gürler Akpınar
- Medical Biology Department/DEKART Proteomics Laboratory, Kocaeli University Medical Faculty, Umuttepe, Kocaeli, 41380, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Uzuner
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Kocaeli University Medical Faculty, Umuttepe, Kocaeli, 41380, Turkey
| | - Abula Ayimugu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kocaeli University Technology Faculty, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Kübra Karaosmanoğlu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kocaeli University Technology Faculty, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Doğanhan Kadir Er
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Kocaeli University Medical Faculty, Umuttepe, Kocaeli, 41380, Turkey
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Maurin M, Gyuranecz M. Tularaemia: clinical aspects in Europe. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016; 16:113-124. [PMID: 26738841 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(15)00355-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Tularaemia is a zoonotic disease caused by Francisella tularensis, a Gram-negative, facultative intracellular bacterium. Typically, human and animal infections are caused by F tularensis subspecies tularensis (type A) strains mainly in Canada and USA, and F tularensis subspecies holarctica (type B) strains throughout the northern hemisphere, including Europe. In the past, the epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic, and prognostic aspects of tularaemia reported in the English medical literature were mainly those that had been reported in the USA, where the disease was first described. Tularaemia has markedly changed in the past decade, and a large number of studies have provided novel data for the disease characteristics in Europe. In this Review we aim to emphasise the specific and variable aspects of tularaemia in different European countries. In particular, two natural lifecycles of F tularensis have been described in this continent, although not fully characterised, which are associated with different modes of transmission, clinical features, and public health burdens of tularaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Maurin
- Centre National de Référence des Francisella, Département des Agents Infectieux, Institut de Biologie et Pathologie, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, cedex 9, France; Université Grenoble Alpes and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Microorganismes, IMR 5163, Grenoble, France.
| | - Miklós Gyuranecz
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; OIE Reference Laboratory for Tularemia, Budapest, Country
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Karatuna O, Celebi B, Can S, Akyar I, Kilic S. The use of Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry in the identification of Francisella tularensis. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2016; 16:132-8. [PMID: 26773181 PMCID: PMC4852995 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2016.894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is the cause of the zoonotic disease tularemia and is classified among highly pathogenic bacteria (HPB) due to its low infection dose and potential for airborne transmission. In the case of HBP, there is a pressing need for rapid, accurate and reliable identification. Phenotypic identification of Francisella species is inappropriate for clinical microbiology laboratories because it is time-consuming, hazardous and subject to variable interpretation. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) was recently evaluated as a useful tool for the rapid identification of a variety of microorganisms. In this study, we evaluated the use of MALDI-TOF MS for the rapid identification of Francisella tularensis and differentiation of its subspecies. Using national collection of Francisella isolates from the National Tularemia Reference Laboratory (Public Health Institution of Turkey, Ankara), a total of 75 clinical isolates were investigated by species and subspecies-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test and MALDI-TOF MS. All isolates were originally identified as F. tularensis subsp. holarctica according to region of difference 1 (RD1) subspecies-specific PCR results. For all isolates MALDI-TOF MS provided results in concordance with subspecies-specific PCR analysis. Although PCR-based methods are effective in identifying Francisella species, they are labor-intensive and take longer periods of time to obtain the results when compared with MALDI-TOF MS. MALDI-TOF MS appeared to be a rapid, reliable and cost-effective identification technique for Francisella spp. Shorter analysis time and low cost make this an appealing new option in microbiology laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Karatuna
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Acibadem University School of Medicine, Icerenkoy Mh, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Abstract
Francisella tularensis is a facultative intracellular bacterium causing tularemia, a zoonotic disease. Francisella replicates in the macrophage cytosol and eventually triggers cytosolic immune responses. In murine macrophages, Francisella novicida and Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain lyse in the host cytosol and activate the cytosolic DNA receptor Aim2. Here, we review the mechanisms leading or contributing to Aim2 inflammasome activation, including the role of TLRs and of IFN signaling and the implication of the guanylate-binding proteins 2 and 5 in triggering cytosolic bacteriolysis. Furthermore, we present how this cytosolic Gram-negative bacterium escapes recognition by caspase-11 but can trigger a non-canonical caspase-8 inflammasome. In addition, we highlight the differences in inflammasome activation in murine and human cells with pyrin, NLRP3, and AIM2 involved in sensing Francisella in human phagocytes. From a bacterial prospective, we describe the hiding strategy of Francisella to escape recognition by innate sensors and to resist to bacteriolysis in the host cytosol. Finally, we discuss the inability of the inflammasome sensors to detect F. tularensis subspecies tularensis strains, making them highly pathogenic stealth microbes.
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Abstract
Francisellosis is a bacterial disease with increasing economic impacts in the culture of tilapia and Atlantic cod since emerging in 1992. Two main strains – Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis (Fno) and F. noatunensis subsp. noatunensis (Fnn), have been identified, causing both acute and chronic granulomatous systemic disease. The piscine host range is increasing and Francisella culture should be included in routine diagnosis. Differentiation from the major zoonotic F. tularensis and opportunistic zoonotic F. philomiragia when dealing with environmental soil and water samples from fish farms is important. Diagnosis can be challenging but presentation of granulomatous pathology in fish should require use of cysteine supplemented selective media, culture at 15–28°C or culture in fish cell lines and specific PCR to exclude piscine Fno or Fnn. Control of infections in fish rely on appropriate antibiotic selection although in the long term an effective commercial vaccine that includes the pathogenic species of Francisella is required.
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The Divergent Intracellular Lifestyle of Francisella tularensis in Evolutionarily Distinct Host Cells. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005208. [PMID: 26633893 PMCID: PMC4669081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Yapar D, Erenler AK, Terzi Ö, Akdoğan Ö, Ece Y, Baykam N. Predicting tularemia with clinical, laboratory and demographical findings in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 2015; 34:218-21. [PMID: 26577431 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2015.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We aimed to determine clinical, laboratory and demographical characteristics of tularemia on admission to Emergency Department (ED). MATERIAL AND METHODS Medical data of 317 patients admitted to ED and subsequently hospitalized with suspected tularemia between January 1, 2011, and May 31, 2015, were collected. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to microagglutination test results, as tularemia (+) and tularemia (-). RESULTS Of the 317 patients involved, 49 were found to be tularemia (+) and 268 were tularemia (-). Mean age of the tularemia (+) patients was found to be higher than that of tularemia (-) patients. When compared to tularemia (-) patients, a significant portion of patients in tularemia (+) patients were elderly, living in rural areas and had contact with rodents. When clinical and laboratory findings of the 2 groups were compared, any statistical significance could not be determined. CONCLUSION Tularemia is a disease of elderly people living in rural areas. Contact with rodents also increases risk of tularemia in suspected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Yapar
- Infectious Diseases, Hitit University Çorum Education and Research Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Çorum, Turkey.
| | - Ali Kemal Erenler
- Emergency Medicine, Hitit University Çorum Education and Research Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Bahçelievler Mah. 19200, Çorum, Turkey.
| | - Özlem Terzi
- Public Health, Ondokuzmayis University, Department of Public Health, Samsun, Turkey.
| | - Özlem Akdoğan
- Infectious Diseases, Hitit University Çorum Education and Research Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Çorum, Turkey.
| | - Yasemin Ece
- Hitit University Çorum Education and Research Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Çorum, Turkey.
| | - Nurcan Baykam
- Infectious Diseases, Hitit University Çorum Education and Research Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Çorum, Turkey.
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Karadenizli A, Forsman M, Şimşek H, Taner M, Öhrman C, Myrtennäs K, Lärkeryd A, Johansson A, Özdemir L, Sjödin A. Genomic analyses of Francisella tularensis strains confirm disease transmission from drinking water sources, Turkey, 2008, 2009 and 2012. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20. [PMID: 26062561 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2015.20.21.21136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne epidemics of tularaemia caused by Francisella tularensis are increasingly reported in Turkey. We have used whole genome sequencing to investigate if F. tularensis isolated from patients could be traced back to drinking water sources. Tonsil swabs from 33 patients diagnosed with oropharyngeal tularaemia in three outbreaks and 140 water specimens were analysed. F. tularensis subsp. holarctica was confirmed by microagglutination and PCR in 12 patients and five water specimens. Genomic analysis of three pairs of patient and water isolates from outbreaks in Sivas, Çorum, and Kocaeli showed the isolates to belong to two new clusters of the F. tularensis B.12 genetic clade. The clusters were defined by 19 and 15 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a multiple alignment based on 507 F. tularensis genomes. One synonymous SNP was chosen as a new canonical SNP (canSNP) for each cluster for future use in diagnostic assays. No SNP was identified between the genomes from the patient–water pair of isolates from Kocaeli, one SNP between the pair of isolates from Sivas, whereas the pair from Çorum differed at seven SNPs. These results illustrate the power of whole genome sequencing for tracing F. tularensis patient isolates back to their environmental source.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Karadenizli
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
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Zargar A, Maurin M, Mostafavi E. Tularemia, a re-emerging infectious disease in Iran and neighboring countrie. Epidemiol Health 2015; 37:e2015011. [PMID: 25773439 PMCID: PMC4430760 DOI: 10.4178/epih/e2015011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tularemia is a zoonotic disease transmitted by direct contact with infected animals and through arthropod bites, inhalation of contaminated aerosols, ingestion of contaminated meat or water, and skin contact with any infected material. It is widespread throughout the northern hemisphere, including Iran and its neighbors to the north, northeast, and northwest. METHODS In this paper, the epidemiology of tularemia as a re-emerging infectious disease in the world with a focus on Iran and the neighboring countries is reviewed. RESULTS In Iran, positive serological tests were first reported in 1973, in wildlife and domestic livestock in the northwestern and southeastern parts of the country. The first human case was reported in 1980 in the southwest of Iran, and recent studies conducted among at-risk populations in the western, southeastern, and southwestern parts of Iran revealed seroprevalences of 14.4, 6.52, and 6%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Several factors may explain the absence of reported tularemia cases in Iran since 1980. Tularemia may be underdiagnosed in Iran because Francisella tularensis subspecies holarctica is likely to be the major etiological agent and usually causes mild to moderately severe disease. Furthermore, tularemia is not a disease extensively studied in the medical educational system in Iran, and empirical therapy may be effective in many cases. Finally, it should be noted that laboratories capable of diagnosing tularemia have only been established in the last few years. Since both recent and older studies have consistently found tularemia antibodies in humans and animals, the surveillance of this disease should receive more attention. In particular, it would be worthwhile for clinical researchers to confirm tularemia cases more often by isolating F. tularensis from infected humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Zargar
- Department of Epidemiology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar-Ahang, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Max Maurin
- Centre National de Référence des Francisella, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Département des Agents Infectieux, Institut de Biologie et Pathologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France.,Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Microorganismes, CNRS UMR 5163, Grenoble, France
| | - Ehsan Mostafavi
- Department of Epidemiology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar-Ahang, Hamadan, Iran
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