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Vapniarsky N, Arzi B, Hu JC, Nolta JA, Athanasiou KA. Concise Review: Human Dermis as an Autologous Source of Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:1187-98. [PMID: 26253713 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The exciting potential for regenerating organs from autologous stem cells is on the near horizon, and adult dermis stem cells (DSCs) are particularly appealing because of the ease and relative minimal invasiveness of skin collection. A substantial number of reports have described DSCs and their potential for regenerating tissues from mesenchymal, ectodermal, and endodermal lineages; however, the exact niches of these stem cells in various skin types and their antigenic surface makeup are not yet clearly defined. The multilineage potential of DSCs appears to be similar, despite great variability in isolation and in vitro propagation methods. Despite this great potential, only limited amounts of tissues and clinical applications for organ regeneration have been developed from DSCs. This review summarizes the literature on DSCs regarding their niches and the specific markers they express. The concept of the niches and the differentiation capacity of cells residing in them along particular lineages is discussed. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of widely used methods to demonstrate lineage differentiation are considered. In addition, safety considerations and the most recent advancements in the field of tissue engineering and regeneration using DSCs are discussed. This review concludes with thoughts on how to prospectively approach engineering of tissues and organ regeneration using DSCs. Our expectation is that implementation of the major points highlighted in this review will lead to major advancements in the fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. SIGNIFICANCE Autologous dermis-derived stem cells are generating great excitement and efforts in the field of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. The substantial impact of this review lies in its critical coverage of the available literature and in providing insight regarding niches, characteristics, and isolation methods of stem cells derived from the human dermis. Furthermore, it provides analysis of the current state-of-the-art regenerative approaches using human-derived dermal stem cells, with consideration of current guidelines, to assist translation toward therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Vapniarsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Cures and Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Boaz Arzi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Cures and Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jerry C Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Cures and Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jan A Nolta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Cures and Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Cures and Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Dong L, Hao H, Liu J, Tong C, Ti D, Chen D, Chen L, Li M, Liu H, Fu X, Han W. Wnt1a maintains characteristics of dermal papilla cells that induce mouse hair regeneration in a 3D preculture system. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2015; 11:1479-1489. [PMID: 26118627 DOI: 10.1002/term.2046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hair follicle morphogenesis and regeneration depend on intensive but well-orchestrated interactions between epithelial and mesenchymal components. Therefore, an alternative strategy to reproduce the process of epithelial-mesenchymal interaction in vitro could use a 3D system containing appropriate cell populations. The 3D air-liquid culture system for reproducibly generating hair follicles from dissociated epithelial and dermal papilla (DP) cells combined with a collagen-chitosan scaffold is described in this study. Wnt-CM was prepared from the supernatant of Wnt1a-expressing bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) that maintain the hair-inducing gene expression of DP cells. The collagen-chitosan scaffold cells (CCS cells) were constructed using a two-step method by inoculating the Wnt-CM-treated DP cells and epidermal (EP) cells into the CCS. The cells in the air-liquid culture formed dermal condensates and a proliferative cell layer in vitro. The CCS cells were able to induce hair regeneration in nude mice. The results demonstrate that Wnt-CM can maintain the hair induction ability of DP cells in expansion cultures, and this approach can be used for large-scale preparation of CCS cells in vitro to treat hair loss. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Dong
- Institute of Basic Medicine Science, College of Life Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haojie Hao
- Institute of Basic Medicine Science, College of Life Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiejie Liu
- Institute of Basic Medicine Science, College of Life Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Tong
- Institute of Basic Medicine Science, College of Life Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongdong Ti
- Institute of Basic Medicine Science, College of Life Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Deyun Chen
- Institute of Basic Medicine Science, College of Life Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Chen
- Institute of Basic Medicine Science, College of Life Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Meirong Li
- Central Laboratory, Hainan Branch, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Sanya, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiling Liu
- Institute of Basic Medicine Science, College of Life Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- Institute of Basic Medicine Science, College of Life Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Han
- Institute of Basic Medicine Science, College of Life Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Balañá ME, Charreau HE, Leirós GJ. Epidermal stem cells and skin tissue engineering in hair follicle regeneration. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:711-27. [PMID: 26029343 PMCID: PMC4444612 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i4.711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The reconstitution of a fully organized and functional hair follicle from dissociated cells propagated under defined tissue culture conditions is a challenge still pending in tissue engineering. The loss of hair follicles caused by injuries or pathologies such as alopecia not only affects the patients' psychological well-being, but also endangers certain inherent functions of the skin. It is then of great interest to find different strategies aiming to regenerate or neogenerate the hair follicle under conditions proper of an adult individual. Based upon current knowledge on the epithelial and dermal cells and their interactions during the embryonic hair generation and adult hair cycling, many researchers have tried to obtain mature hair follicles using different strategies and approaches depending on the causes of hair loss. This review summarizes current advances in the different experimental strategies to regenerate or neogenerate hair follicles, with emphasis on those involving neogenesis of hair follicles in adult individuals using isolated cells and tissue engineering. Most of these experiments were performed using rodent cells, particularly from embryonic or newborn origin. However, no successful strategy to generate human hair follicles from adult cells has yet been reported. This review identifies several issues that should be considered to achieve this objective. Perhaps the most important challenge is to provide three-dimensional culture conditions mimicking the structure of living tissue. Improving culture conditions that allow the expansion of specific cells while protecting their inductive properties, as well as methods for selecting populations of epithelial stem cells, should give us the necessary tools to overcome the difficulties that constrain human hair follicle neogenesis. An analysis of patent trends shows that the number of patent applications aimed at hair follicle regeneration and neogenesis has been increasing during the last decade. This field is attractive not only to academic researchers but also to the companies that own almost half of the patents in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Balañá
- María Eugenia Balañá, Gustavo José Leirós, Fundación Pablo Cassará -Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Saladillo 2468 C1440FFX, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hernán Eduardo Charreau
- María Eugenia Balañá, Gustavo José Leirós, Fundación Pablo Cassará -Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Saladillo 2468 C1440FFX, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo José Leirós
- María Eugenia Balañá, Gustavo José Leirós, Fundación Pablo Cassará -Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Saladillo 2468 C1440FFX, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Liu JQ, Zhao KB, Feng ZH, Qi FZ. Hair follicle units promote re-epithelialization in chronic cutaneous wounds: A clinical case series study. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:25-30. [PMID: 26170907 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic cutaneous wounds are one of the most unfavorable pathophysiological processes in routine practice. However, developments in hair follicle unit therapy may aid the treatment of these wounds. The aim of the present study was to investigate the function of hair follicle units in chronic cutaneous wound re-epithelialization and to develop an effective protocol for wound treatment. A total of 14 patients, of which nine were male and five were female, with a mean age of 60.71 years (range, 19-76 years) and a mean wound area of 74.14 cm2, were treated in the study. The hair follicle units were dissected from a scalp graft and transplanted into the chronic cutaneous wound bed, after which clinical evaluation was performed. Images of the recipient site were captured at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8 and 14 weeks following transplantation. In addition, histological examinations were conducted postoperatively at week 16. Total wound re-epithelialization was observed in all the patients. Histological analysis revealed that the epidermis and papillary dermis were present in the wound area. Adnexal structures and the reticular dermis were also observed. Therefore, the present study demonstrated the ability of hair follicle units to promote chronic cutaneous wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qi Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Kong-Bo Zhao
- Department of Surgery, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Hao Feng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Fa-Zhi Qi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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Turner NJ, Pezzone D, Badylak SF. Regional variations in the histology of porcine skin. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2014; 21:373-84. [PMID: 25205147 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2014.0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine skin is commonly used as a model for human skin injury and as a source material for biologic scaffold materials. Although remarkable similarities between porcine and human skin exist, regional anatomic variations present in human skin are also present in porcine skin. The objective of this study was to evaluate the structure of porcine skin from 11 different anatomic regions in the American Yorkshire crossbreed. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used, with emphasis on epidermal and dermal thickness, hair follicle density, and collagen and elastin composition and distribution. The results showed that significant regional differences in skin histology exist, particularly with regard to the thickness of the dermis and epidermis and the amount of collagen and elastin within each tissue. Differences were also seen in the distribution of type I and type III collagen within the dermis. Therefore, while porcine skin shares many similarities with human skin, distinct regional differences in composition and morphology exist. This study highlights the importance of appreciating these regional differences to avoid misinterpretation of experimental results when using porcine skin as a human analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neill J Turner
- 1 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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