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Chen J, Liu R, Huang T, Sun H, Jiang H. Adipose stem cells-released extracellular vesicles as a next-generation cargo delivery vehicles: a survey of minimal information implementation, mass production and functional modification. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:182. [PMID: 35505389 PMCID: PMC9062865 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02849-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate current situation of minimal information implementation highlighted by minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018) guidelines, and explore technological advances towards mass production and functional modification in aesthetic, plastic and reconstructive surgery. METHODS Original articles on extracellular vesicles (EVs) of adipose stem cells (ASCs) were identified. Statistics upon minimal information for EVs research, such as species, cell types, culture conditions, conditioned media harvesting parameters, EVs isolation/storage/identification/quantification, functional uptake and working concentration, were analyzed. RESULTS The items of cell culture conditions such as passage number, seeding density, conditioned media harvesting time, functional uptake and working concentration were poorly documented, with a reporting percentage of 47.13%, 54.02%, 29.89%, 62.07% and 36.21%, respectively. However, there were some studies not reporting information of ASCs origin, culture medium, serum, EVs isolation methods, quantification and identification of EVs, accounting for 3.45%, 10.34%, 6.90%, 3.45%, 18.39% and 4.02%, respectively. Serum deprivation and trophic factors stimuli were attempted for EVs mass production. Several technological advances towards functional modification included hypoxia pre-condition, engineering EVs and controlled release. Presently, ASCs EVs have been applied in multiple fields, including diabetic/non-diabetic wound healing, angiogenesis, inflammation modulation, fat grafting, hair regeneration, antiaging, and healing and regeneration of cartilage/bone/peripheral nerve/tendon. CONCLUSION Our results highlight normative reporting of ASCs EVs in functional studies to increase reliability and reproducibility of scientific publications. The advances towards mass production and functional modification of ASCs EVs are also recommended to enhance therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Chen
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 33 Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100144, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiquan Liu
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 33 Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100144, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyu Huang
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 33 Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100144, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengyun Sun
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 33 Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100144, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyue Jiang
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 33 Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100144, People's Republic of China.
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Yu Y, Xie S, Wang K, Zhang F, Jiang C, Qiu C, Zhu J, Shen W. Perfusion Analysis of Kidney Injury in Rats With Cirrhosis Induced by Common Bile Duct Ligation Using Arterial Spin Labeling MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 2022; 55:1393-1404. [PMID: 34499757 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arterial spin labeling (ASL) has been proven to be effective in ischemia-induced acute kidney injury (AKI); however, validation of ASL magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is limited in AKI in the presence of cirrhosis. PURPOSE To investigate the feasibility of ASL in revealing renal blood flow (RBF) changes in kidney injury in the presence of cirrhosis and to assess its value in the early diagnosis of disease. STUDY TYPE Longitudinal. ANIMAL MODEL Rats were randomized into baseline group (N = 3), sham surgery group (N = 18), and common bile duct ligation (BDL) group (N = 48). All groups were divided into six subgroups based on different sacrificed time points. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE 3 T scanner, prototypic pulsed ASL sequence using flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery preparation, half-Fourier acquisition single-shot turbo spin echo sequence. ASSESSMENT RBF measurement was performed by ASL. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) score, Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1α) score, peritubular capillar (PTC) density, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, serum total bilirubin, total bile acids, serum creatinine (Scr), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were harvested. STATISTICAL TESTS Analysis of variance, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and receiver operating characteristic curves were performed. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS RBF, HE score, HIF-1α score, and PTC density after BDL were significantly different from baseline. RBF was highly correlated with HE score, HIF-1α score, and PTC density (r = -0.7598, r = -0.7434, r = 0.6406, respectively). RBF and Scr began to differ significantly from baseline at day 3 and 7 after intervention, respectively. The areas under the curves of RBF, Scr, and BUN for distinguishing non-AKI from AKI in cirrhosis were 1.00, 0.888, and 0.911, while those for distinguishing mild from severe kidney injury were 0.961, 0.830, and 0.857, respectively. DATA CONCLUSION ASL allows the longitudinal assessment of the degree of AKI induced by cholestatic cirrhosis in rats and can serve as a noninvasive marker for the early and accurate diagnosis of AKI. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongquan Yu
- Department of Radiology, First Central Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Radiology, Weihai Central Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Shuangshuang Xie
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Kaiqi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Fuzhi Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Rushan People's Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of Public Health, Zhangye People's Hospital Affiliated to Hexi University, Zhangye, China
| | - Caixin Qiu
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinxia Zhu
- MR Collaboration, Siemens Healthcare Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Shen
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Zhao Y, Guo C, Zeng L, Li J, Liu X, Wang Y, Zhao K, Chen B. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Ameliorate Fibrosis by Enhancing Autophagy via Inhibiting Galectin-3/Akt/mTOR Pathway and by Alleviating the EMT via Inhibiting Galectin-3/Akt/GSK3β/Snail Pathway in NRK-52E Fibrosis. Int J Stem Cells 2022; 16:52-65. [PMID: 35483714 PMCID: PMC9978829 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc22014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Epithelial-Mesenchymal transition (EMT) is one of the origins of myofibroblasts in renal interstitial fibrosis. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) alleviating EMT has been proved, but the concrete mechanism is unclear. To explore the mechanism, serum-free MSCs conditioned medium (SF-MSCs-CM) was used to treat rat renal tubular epithelial cells (NRK-52E) fibrosis induced by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) which ameliorated EMT. Methods and Results Galectin-3 knockdown (Gal-3 KD) and overexpression (Gal-3 OE) lentiviral vectors were established and transfected into NRK-52E. NRK-52E fibrosis model was induced by TGF-β1 and treated with the SF-MSCs-CM for 24 h after modelling. Fibrosis and autophagy related indexes were detected by western blot and immunocytochemistry. In model group, the expressions of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibronectin (FN), Galectin-3, Snail, Kim-1, and the ratios of P-Akt/Akt, P-GSK3β/GSK3β, P-PI3K/PI3K, P-mTOR/mTOR, TIMP1/MMP9, and LC3B-II/I were obviously increased, and E-Cadherin (E-cad) and P62 decreased significantly compared with control group. SF-MSCs-CM showed an opposite trend after treatment compared with model group. Whether in Gal-3 KD or Gal-3 OE NRK-52E cells, SF-MSCs-CM also showed similar trends. However, the effects of anti-fibrosis and enhanced autophagy in Gal-3 KD cells were more obvious than those in Gal-3 OE cells. Conclusions SF-MSCs-CM probably alleviated the EMT via inhibiting Galectin-3/Akt/GSK3β/Snail pathway. Meanwhile, Gal-3 KD possibly enhanced autophagy via inhibiting Galectin-3/Akt/mTOR pathway, which synergistically ameliorated renal fibrosis. Targeting galectin-3 may be a potential target for the treatment of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China,Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Chongqing University Fuling Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuan Guo
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lianlin Zeng
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jialing Li
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Kun Zhao
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China,Correspondence to Bo Chen, Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, No.1, Section 1, Lingxiang Road, Matan Long District, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China, Tel: +86-08303160545, E-mail: ,
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Liu T, Li T, Zheng Y, Xu X, Sun R, Zhan S, Guo X, Zhao Z, Zhu W, Feng B, Wei F, Jiang N, Wang J, Chen X, Fang F, Guo H, Yang R. Evaluating adipose-derived stem cell exosomes as miRNA drug delivery systems for the treatment of bladder cancer. Cancer Med 2022; 11:3687-3699. [PMID: 35441482 PMCID: PMC9554444 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Exosomes are essential mediators of intercellular communication as they transport proteins and RNAs between cells. Owing to their tumor‐targeting capacity, immune compatibility, low toxicity, and long half‐life, mesenchymal stem cell‐derived exosomes have great potential for the development of novel antitumor strategies. In this context, the role of exosomes produced by adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) for the treatment of bladder cancer (BC) remains unclear. Here, we investigated the use of ADSCs as a source of therapeutic exosomes, as well as their efficacy in delivering the tumor suppressor miR‐138‐5p in BC. Methods ADSCs stably expressing miR‐138‐5p were established using Lentivirus infection, and ADSC‐derived miR‐138‐5p exosomes (Exo‐miR‐138‐5p) were isolated from the cell culture medium. The effect of Exo‐miR‐138‐5p on BC cell migration, invasion, and proliferation was evaluated in vitro using wound healing, transwell invasion, and proliferation assays. The in vivo effect of Exo‐miR‐138‐5p was investigated using a subcutaneous xenograft mouse model. Results Exo‐miR‐138‐5p prevented the migration, invasion, and proliferation of BC cells in vitro. Moreover, ADSC‐derived exosomes could penetrate tumor tissues and successfully deliver miR‐138‐5p to suppress the growth of xenograft tumors in vivo. Conclusions The present results reveal that ADSC‐derived exosomes are an effective delivery vehicle for small molecule drugs in vivo, and exosome‐delivered miR‐138‐5p is a promising therapeutic agent for BC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyao Liu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianhang Li
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yufeng Zheng
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for microRNA Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyan Xu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shoubin Zhan
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for microRNA Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu Guo
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for microRNA Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zihan Zhao
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjie Zhu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Baofu Feng
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fayun Wei
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for microRNA Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for microRNA Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongqian Guo
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Yang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Cao Q, Huang C, Chen XM, Pollock CA. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: Toward Cell-Free Therapeutic Strategies in Chronic Kidney Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:816656. [PMID: 35386912 PMCID: PMC8977463 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.816656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is rising in global prevalence and has become a worldwide public health problem, with adverse outcomes of kidney failure, cardiovascular disease, and premature death. However, current treatments are limited to slowing rather than reversing disease progression or restoring functional nephrons. Hence, innovative strategies aimed at kidney tissue recovery hold promise for CKD therapy. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are commonly used for regenerative therapy due to their potential for proliferation, differentiation, and immunomodulation. Accumulating evidence suggests that the therapeutic effects of MSCs are largely mediated by paracrine secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs), predominantly exosomes. MSC-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos) replicate the functions of their originator MSCs via delivery of various genetic and protein cargos to target cells. More recently, MSC-Exos have also been utilized as natural carriers for targeted drug delivery. Therapeutics can be effectively incorporated into exosomes and then delivered to diseased tissue. Thus, MSC-Exos have emerged as a promising cell-free therapy in CKD. In this paper, we describe the characteristics of MSC-Exos and summarize their therapeutic efficacy in preclinical animal models of CKD. We also discuss the potential challenges and strategies in the use of MSC-Exos-based therapies for CKD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Cao
- Renal Medicine, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Chunling Huang
- Renal Medicine, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Xin-Ming Chen
- Renal Medicine, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Carol A Pollock
- Renal Medicine, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
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Kosanović M, Milutinovic B, Glamočlija S, Morlans IM, Ortiz A, Bozic M. Extracellular Vesicles and Acute Kidney Injury: Potential Therapeutic Avenue for Renal Repair and Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073792. [PMID: 35409151 PMCID: PMC8998560 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a sudden decline of renal function and represents a global clinical problem due to an elevated morbidity and mortality. Despite many efforts, currently there are no treatments to halt this devastating condition. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoparticles secreted by various cell types in both physiological and pathological conditions. EVs can arise from distinct parts of the kidney and can mediate intercellular communication between various cell types along the nephron. Besides their potential as diagnostic tools, EVs have been proposed as powerful new tools for regenerative medicine and have been broadly studied as therapeutic mediators in different models of experimental AKI. In this review, we present an overview of the basic features and biological relevance of EVs, with an emphasis on their functional role in cell-to-cell communication in the kidney. We explore versatile roles of EVs in crucial pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to AKI and give a detailed description of the renoprotective effects of EVs from different origins in AKI. Finally, we explain known mechanisms of action of EVs in AKI and provide an outlook on the potential clinical translation of EVs in the setting of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Kosanović
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, INEP, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.K.); (S.G.)
| | - Bojana Milutinovic
- Department of Neurosurgery, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Sofija Glamočlija
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, INEP, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.K.); (S.G.)
| | - Ingrid Mena Morlans
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida Dr. Pifarré Foundation (IRBLleida), 25196 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Milica Bozic
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida Dr. Pifarré Foundation (IRBLleida), 25196 Lleida, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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Song BW, Oh S, Chang W. Multiplexed targeting of microRNA in stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles for regenerative medicine. BMB Rep 2022. [PMID: 35000674 PMCID: PMC8891620 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2022.55.2.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Byeong-Wook Song
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary’s Hospital, Incheon 22711, Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 22711, Korea
| | - Sekyung Oh
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 22711, Korea
| | - Woochul Chang
- Department of Biology Education, College of Education, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
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Liang M, Zhang D, Zheng D, He W, Jin J. Exosomes from miR-374a-5p-modified mesenchymal stem cells inhibit the progression of renal fibrosis by regulating MAPK6/MK5/YAP axis. Bioengineered 2022; 13:4517-4527. [PMID: 35137672 PMCID: PMC8973867 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2033465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) in clinical is defined as a gradual loss of kidney function for more than 3 months. The pathologic course of CKD is characterized by extensive renal fibrosis; thus, preventing renal fibrosis is vital for the treatment of CKD. It has been reported that microRNA (miR)-374a-5p was under-expressed in renal venous blood samples from patients with CKD. In addition, it exhibited anti-apoptotic effects in renal tissues suggesting that miR-374a-5p may play an important role in CKD. However, it is not clear whether miR-374a-5p could be delivered to renal cells by exosomes and exerts anti-renal fibrosis effects. To mimic renal fibrosis in vitro, human renal tubular epithelial cell lines (HK-2 cells) were treated by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) 1. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase-chain reaction (RT-qPCR) or Western blot was carried out to evaluate the mechanism by which miR-374a-5p regulated the development of renal fibrosis. Next, exosomes were isolated using with ultracentrifugation method, and the relationship between miR-374a-5p and MAPK6 was evaluated using dual-Luciferase a reporter assay system. The results indicated TGF-β1 significantly down-regulated the expression of miR-374a-5p in HK-2 cells and miR-374a-5p agomir remarkably inhibited the progression of fibrosis in vitro. In addition, exosomal miR-374a-5p could be internalized by HK-2 cells and obviously enhanced the level of miR-374a-5p in HK-2 cells. Furthermore, exosomal miR-374a-5p prevented the progression of renal fibrosis in vivo by regulating MAPK6/MK5/YAP axis. In conclusion, exosomal miR-374a-5p inhibited the progression of renal fibrosis by regulating MAPK6/MK5/YAP axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Liang
- Department of Nephrology, The Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.,Nephrology Center, Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital and Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Nephrology Center, Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital and Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Danna Zheng
- Nephrology Center, Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital and Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenfang He
- Nephrology Center, Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital and Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Juan Jin
- Nephrology Center, Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital and Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Lee SA, Yoo TH. Therapeutic application of extracellular vesicles for various kidney diseases: a brief review. BMB Rep 2022. [PMID: 34903318 PMCID: PMC8810552 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2022.55.1.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sul A Lee
- Department of Medicine, MetroWest Medical Center/Tufts University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
| | - Tae Hyun Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
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Hong P, Yu M, Tian W. Diverse RNAs in adipose-derived extracellular vesicles and their therapeutic potential. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 26:665-677. [PMID: 34703651 PMCID: PMC8516999 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue, which is considered an energy storage and active endocrine organ, produces and secretes a large amount of adipokines to regulate distant targets through blood circulation, especially extracellular vesicles (EVs). As cell-derived, membranous nanoparticles, EVs have recently garnered great attention as novel mediators in establishing intercellular communications as well as in accelerating interorgan crosstalk. Studies have revealed that the RNAs, including coding RNAs (messenger RNAs) and noncoding RNAs (long noncoding RNAs, microRNAs, and circular RNAs) are key bioactive cargoes of EV functions in various pathophysiological processes, such as cell differentiation, metabolic homeostasis, immune signal transduction, and cancer. Moreover, certain EV-contained RNAs have gradually been recognized as novel biomarkers, prognostic indicators, or even therapeutic nanodrugs of diseases. Therefore, in this review, we comprehensively summarize different classes of RNAs presented in adipose-derived EVs and discuss their therapeutic potential according to the latest research progress to provide valuable knowledge in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weidong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Wiśniewska J, Sadowska A, Wójtowicz A, Słyszewska M, Szóstek-Mioduchowska A. Perspective on Stem Cell Therapy in Organ Fibrosis: Animal Models and Human Studies. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11101068. [PMID: 34685439 PMCID: PMC8538998 DOI: 10.3390/life11101068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue fibrosis is characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) components that result from the disruption of regulatory processes responsible for ECM synthesis, deposition, and remodeling. Fibrosis develops in response to a trigger or injury and can occur in nearly all organs of the body. Thus, fibrosis leads to severe pathological conditions that disrupt organ architecture and cause loss of function. It has been estimated that severe fibrotic disorders are responsible for up to one-third of deaths worldwide. Although intensive research on the development of new strategies for fibrosis treatment has been carried out, therapeutic approaches remain limited. Since stem cells, especially mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), show remarkable self-renewal, differentiation, and immunomodulatory capacity, they have been intensively tested in preclinical studies and clinical trials as a potential tool to slow down the progression of fibrosis and improve the quality of life of patients with fibrotic disorders. In this review, we summarize in vitro studies, preclinical studies performed on animal models of human fibrotic diseases, and recent clinical trials on the efficacy of allogeneic and autologous stem cell applications in severe types of fibrosis that develop in lungs, liver, heart, kidney, uterus, and skin. Although the results of the studies seem to be encouraging, there are many aspects of cell-based therapy, including the cell source, dose, administration route and frequency, timing of delivery, and long-term safety, that remain open areas for future investigation. We also discuss the contemporary status, challenges, and future perspectives of stem cell transplantation for therapeutic options in fibrotic diseases as well as we present recent patents for stem cell-based therapies in organ fibrosis.
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Exosomes: Emerging Therapy Delivery Tools and Biomarkers for Kidney Diseases. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:7844455. [PMID: 34471412 PMCID: PMC8405320 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7844455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanometer-sized small EVs coated with bilayer structure, which are released by prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Exosomes are rich in a variety of biologically active substances, such as proteins, nucleotides, and lipids. Exosomes are widely present in various body fluids and cell culture supernatants, and it mediates the physiological and pathological processes of the body through the shuttle of these active ingredients to target cells. In recent years, studies have shown that exosomes from a variety of cell sources can play a beneficial role in acute and chronic kidney disease. In particular, exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells have significant curative effects on the prevention and treatment of kidney disease in preclinical trials. Besides, some encapsulated substances are demonstrated to exert beneficial effects on various diseases, so they have attracted much attention. In addition, exosomes have extensive sources, stable biological activity, and good biocompatibility and are easy to store and transport; these advantages endow exosomes with superior diagnostic value. With the rapid development of liquid biopsy technology related to exosomes, the application of exosomes in the rapid diagnosis of kidney disease has become more prominent. In this review, the latest development of exosomes, including the biosynthesis process, the isolation and identification methods of exosomes are systematically summarized. The utilization of exosomes in diagnosis and their positive effects in the repair of kidney dysfunction are discussed, along with the specific mechanisms. This review is expected to be helpful for relevant studies and to provide insight into future applications in clinical practice.
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Ji Z, Chen S, Cui J, Huang W, Zhang R, Wei J, Zhang S. Oct4-dependent FoxC1 activation improves the survival and neovascularization of mesenchymal stem cells under myocardial ischemia. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:483. [PMID: 34454602 PMCID: PMC8403428 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02553-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The administration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) remains the most promising approach for cardiac repair after myocardial infarct (MI). However, their poor survival and potential in the ischemic environment limit their therapeutic efficacy for heart repair after MI. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of FoxC1-induced vascular niche on the activation of octamer-binding protein 4 (Oct4) and the fate of MSCs under hypoxic/ischemic conditions.
Methods Vascular microenvironment/niche was induced by efficient delivery of FoxC1 transfection into hypoxic endothelial cells (ECs) or infarcted hearts. MSCs were cultured or injected into this niche by utilizing an in vitro coculture model and a rat MI model. Survival and neovascularization of MSCs regulated by Oct4 were explored using gene transfer and functional studies.
Results Here, using gene expression heatmap, we demonstrated that cardiac ECs rapidly upregulated FoxC1 after acute ischemic cardiac injury, contributing to an intrinsic angiogenesis. In vitro, FoxC1 accelerated tube-like structure formation and increased survival of ECs, resulting in inducing a vascular microenvironment. Overexpression of FoxC1 in ECs promoted survival and neovascularization of MSCs under hypoxic coculture. Overexpression of Oct4, a FoxC1 target gene, in MSCs enhanced their mesenchymal-to-endothelial transition (MEndoT) while knockdown of Oct4 by siRNA altering vascularization. In a rat MI model, overexpression of FoxC1 in ischemic hearts increased post-infarct vascular density and improved cardiac function. The transplantation of adOct4-pretreated MSCs into these ischemic niches augments MEndoT, enhanced vascularity, and further improved cardiac function. Consistently, these cardioprotective effects of FoxC1 was abrogated when Oct4 was depleted in the MSCs and was mimicked by overexpression of Oct4. Conclusions Together, these studies demonstrate that the FoxC1/Oct4 axis is an essential aspect for survival and neovascularization of MSCs in the ischemic conditions and represents a potential therapeutic target for enhancing cardiac repair. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02553-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Ji
- Department of Cardiology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital Medical College of Jinan University, 396 Tongfuzhong Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510220, China.,Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, China
| | - Songsheng Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital Medical College of Jinan University, 396 Tongfuzhong Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510220, China
| | - Jin Cui
- Department of Cardiology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital Medical College of Jinan University, 396 Tongfuzhong Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510220, China
| | - Weiguang Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital Medical College of Jinan University, 396 Tongfuzhong Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510220, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital Medical College of Jinan University, 396 Tongfuzhong Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510220, China
| | - Jianrui Wei
- Department of Cardiology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital Medical College of Jinan University, 396 Tongfuzhong Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510220, China
| | - Shaoheng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital Medical College of Jinan University, 396 Tongfuzhong Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510220, China.
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Shi Q, Wang D, Ding X, Yang X, Zhang Y. Exosome-shuttled miR-7162-3p from human umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells repair endometrial stromal cell injury by restricting APOL6. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 707:108887. [PMID: 33878328 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that exosomes (Exos) derived from stem cells can be used as paracrine factors to regenerate cells and tissues via shuttling miRNAs. Exos derived from human umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSCs) have been found to alleviate mifepristone-induced endometrial stromal cell (ESC) injury in vitro. Information on the functions and mechanisms of Exos from UCMSC-induced endometrial repair is limited and requires more study. METHODS UCMSC-Exos were isolated and identified by Transmission Electron Microscopy, Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis software, and western blot assays. The damaged-ESC model and the UCMSC co-culture system were established, while GW4869, a noncompetitive neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase) inhibitor, was used to investigate the effects of UCMSC-Exos on mifepristone-induced ESC injury. Cell apoptosis of damaged ESCs treated with UCMSCs was detected using the TUNEL assay and flow cytometry analysis. Then, miRNA microarrays were performed to detect differentially expressed miRNA profiles in both UCMSCs and ESCs after co-culturing. A subset of upregulated miRNAs was validated by qRT-PCR, and miRNA mimics/inhibitor were used to investigate the functions of miR-7162-3p. The miRNA-mRNA interactions were predicted by Targetscan software, while the miRNA binding sites were predicted by miRcode software. Moreover, dual-luciferase reporter, western blot assays and qPCR were conducted to identify the regulatory mechanisms between miR-7162-3p and APOL6. RESULTS UCMSCs attenuated mifepristone-induced endometrial stromal cell apoptosis by Exos, while three miRNAs (miR-6831-5p, miR-4669, and miR-7162-3p) were both upregulated in UCMSCs and ESCs after co-culture, and were candidate effectors of UCMSC-Exos-mediated endometrial repair. We showed that miR-7162-3p was shuttled by Exos from UCMSCs and regulated the expression of APOL6 by targeting its 3'-UTR in ESCs. CONCLUSIONS These results showed UCMSC-Exos protected ESCs from mifepristone-induced apoptosis and played an active role in repairing the damaged ESCs by in vitro shuttling of miR-7162-3p. The miR-7162-3p-overexpressed UCMSC-Exos may therefore be used in cell-free therapy of endometrial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226000, China.
| | - Di Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226000, China.
| | - Xiaoying Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226000, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226000, China.
| | - Yuquan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226000, China.
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Huang Y, Yang L. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in therapy against fibrotic diseases. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:435. [PMID: 34348793 PMCID: PMC8334330 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02524-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is likely to occur in many tissues and organs to induce cicatrisation and dysfunction. The therapeutic regimens for delaying and even reversing fibrosis are quite limited at present. In nearly a decade, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been widely acknowledged as useful in treating fibrotic diseases in preclinical and clinical trials. Further preclinical studies indicated that the effects of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) are probably superior to that of MSCs. At present, MSC-EVs have attracted much attention in treating fibrosis of lung, liver, kidney, skin, and heart. By contrast, a significant knowledge-gap remains in treating fibrosis of other tissues and organs (including uterus, gastrointestinal tract, and peritoneum) with the aid of MSC-EVs. This review summarises the preclinical research status of MSC-EVs in treating fibrotic diseases and proposes solutions to existing problems, which contribute to further clinical research on the treatment of fibrotic diseases with MSC-EVs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Huang
- Departments of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155th Nanjing North Street, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Yang
- Departments of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155th Nanjing North Street, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang X, Jiang Y, Huang Q, Wu Z, Pu H, Xu Z, Li B, Lu X, Yang X, Qin J, Peng Z. Exosomes derived from adipose-derived stem cells overexpressing glyoxalase-1 protect endothelial cells and enhance angiogenesis in type 2 diabetic mice with limb ischemia. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:403. [PMID: 34266474 PMCID: PMC8281719 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02475-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic limb ischemia is a clinical syndrome and refractory to therapy. Our previous study demonstrated that adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) overexpressing glyoxalase-1 (GLO-1) promoted the regeneration of ischemic lower limbs in diabetic mice, but low survival rate, difficulty in differentiation, and tumorigenicity of the transplanted cells restricted its application. Recent studies have found that exosomes secreted by the ADSCs have the advantages of containing parental beneficial factors and exhibiting non-immunogenic, non-tumorigenic, and strong stable characteristics. Methods ADSCs overexpressing GLO-1 (G-ADSCs) were established using lentivirus transfection, and exosomes secreted from ADSCs (G-ADSC-Exos) were isolated and characterized to coculture with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and tube formation of the HUVECs were detected under high-glucose conditions. The G-ADSC-Exos were injected into ischemic hindlimb muscles of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mice, and the laser Doppler perfusion index, Masson’s staining, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry assays were adopted to assess the treatment efficiency. Moreover, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of the G-ADSC-Exos on the proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, and apoptosis of the HUVECs were explored. Results The G-ADSC-Exos enhanced the proliferation, migration, tube formation, and anti-apoptosis of the HUVECs in vitro under high-glucose conditions. After in vivo transplantation, the G-ADSC-Exo group showed significantly higher laser Doppler perfusion index, better muscle structural integrity, and higher microvessel’s density than the ADSC-Exo and control groups by Masson’s staining and immunofluorescence assays. The underlying mechanisms by which the G-ADSC-Exos protected endothelial cells both in vitro and in vivo might be via the activation of eNOS/AKT/ERK/P-38 signaling pathways, inhibition of AP-1/ROS/NLRP3/ASC/Caspase-1/IL-1β, as well as the increased secretion of VEGF, IGF-1, and FGF. Conclusion Exosomes derived from adipose-derived stem cells overexpressing GLO-1 protected the endothelial cells and promoted the angiogenesis in type 2 diabetic mice with limb ischemia, which will be a promising clinical treatment in diabetic lower limb ischemia. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02475-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yihong Jiang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Qun Huang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Zhaoyu Wu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Hongji Pu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Zhijue Xu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xinwu Lu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xinrui Yang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Jinbao Qin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Zhiyou Peng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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Extracellular Vesicles in Organ Fibrosis: Mechanisms, Therapies, and Diagnostics. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071596. [PMID: 34202136 PMCID: PMC8305303 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is the unrelenting deposition of excessively large amounts of insoluble interstitial collagen due to profound matrigenic activities of wound-associated myofibroblasts during chronic injury in diverse tissues and organs. It is a highly debilitating pathology that affects millions of people globally and leads to decreased function of vital organs and increased risk of cancer and end-stage organ disease. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced within the chronic wound environment have emerged as important vehicles for conveying pro-fibrotic signals between many of the cell types involved in driving the fibrotic response. On the other hand, EVs from sources such as stem cells, uninjured parenchymal cells, and circulation have in vitro and in vivo anti-fibrotic activities that have provided novel and much-needed therapeutic options. Finally, EVs in body fluids of fibrotic individuals contain cargo components that may have utility as fibrosis biomarkers, which could circumvent current obstacles to fibrosis measurement in the clinic, allowing fibrosis stage, progression, or regression to be determined in a manner that is accurate, safe, minimally-invasive, and conducive to repetitive testing. This review highlights the rapid and recent progress in our understanding of EV-mediated fibrotic pathogenesis, anti-fibrotic therapy, and fibrosis staging in the lung, kidney, heart, liver, pancreas, and skin.
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Zhao Y, Pu M, Wang Y, Yu L, Song X, He Z. Application of nanotechnology in acute kidney injury: From diagnosis to therapeutic implications. J Control Release 2021; 336:233-251. [PMID: 34171444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI), a major health issue concerning ~50% of patients treated in intensive care units, generally leads to severe renal damage associated with high mortality rate. The application of nanotechnology for the management of AKI has profound potential of further development, providing innovative strategies for predicting the early onset and progression of renal disease and improving the treatment efficacy of the life-threating AKI. This review has comprehensively summarized the nanomedicines in the application of AKI diagnosis and emphatically discussed the unique potential of various nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems (e.g., polymeric nanoparticles, organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, lipid-based nanoparticles, hydrogels etc.) in the treatment of AKI, allowing for improved therapeutic index by enhancing both efficacy and safety concurrently. These approaches may mechanically mitigate oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial and other organellar damage, etc. In addition, the combination of nanotechnology with stem cells-based therapy or gene therapy has been explored for reducing renal tissues damage and promoting kidney repair or recovery from AKI. The review provides insights into the synthesis, advantages, and limitations of innovative nanomedicine application in the early detection and effective treatment of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Mingju Pu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Liangmin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Xinyu Song
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Zhiyu He
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
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Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles to the Rescue of Renal Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126596. [PMID: 34202940 PMCID: PMC8235408 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are rising in global prevalence and cause significant morbidity for patients. Current treatments are limited to slowing instead of stabilising or reversing disease progression. In this review, we describe mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their constituents, extracellular vesicles (EVs) as being a novel therapeutic for CKD. MSC-derived EVs (MSC-EVs) are membrane-enclosed particles, including exosomes, which carry genetic information that mimics the phenotype of their cell of origin. MSC-EVs deliver their cargo of mRNA, miRNA, cytokines, and growth factors to target cells as a form of paracrine communication. This genetically reprograms pathophysiological pathways, which are upregulated in renal failure. Since the method of exosome preparation significantly affects the quality and function of MSC-exosomes, this review compares the methodologies for isolating exosomes from MSCs and their role in tissue regeneration. More specifically, it summarises the therapeutic efficacy of MSC-EVs in 60 preclinical animal models of AKI and CKD and the cargo of biomolecules they deliver. MSC-EVs promote tubular proliferation and angiogenesis, and inhibit apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and fibrosis, to alleviate AKI and CKD. By reprogramming these pathophysiological pathways, MSC-EVs can slow or even reverse the progression of AKI to CKD, and therefore offer potential to transform clinical practice.
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Nowak N, Yamanouchi M, Satake E. The Nephroprotective Properties of Extracellular Vesicles in Experimental Models of Chronic Kidney Disease: a Systematic Review. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 18:902-932. [PMID: 34110587 PMCID: PMC8942930 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10189-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicle (EV)-based therapy was hypothesized as a promising regenerative approach which has led to intensive research of EVs in various pathologies. In this study, we performed a comprehensive systematic review of the current experimental evidence regarding the protective properties of EVs in chronic kidney disease (CKD). We evaluated the EV-based experiments, EV characteristics, and effector molecules with their involvement in CKD pathways. Including all animal records with available creatinine or urea data, we performed a stratified univariable meta-analysis to assess the determinants of EV-based therapy effectiveness. We identified 35 interventional studies that assessed nephroprotective role of EVs and catalogued them according to their involvement in CKD mechanism. Systematic assessment of these studies suggested that EVs had consistently improved glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis, and cell damage, among different CKD models. Moreover, EV-based therapy reduced the progression of renal decline in CKD. The stratified analyses showed that the disease model, administered dose, and time of therapeutic intervention were potential predictors of therapeutic efficacy. Together, EV therapy is a promising approach for CKD progression in experimental studies. Further standardisation of EV-methods, continuous improvement of the study quality, and better understanding of the determinants of EV effectiveness will facilitate preclinical research, and may help development of clinical trials in people with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Nowak
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Bioinformatics and Data Analysis, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Masayuki Yamanouchi
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine Faculty of Medicine Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Toranomon Hospital, Nephrology Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Satake
- Section on Genetics and Epidemiology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, MA, Boston, USA
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Corrêa RR, Juncosa EM, Masereeuw R, Lindoso RS. Extracellular Vesicles as a Therapeutic Tool for Kidney Disease: Current Advances and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115787. [PMID: 34071399 PMCID: PMC8198688 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been described as important mediators of cell communication, regulating several physiological processes, including tissue recovery and regeneration. In the kidneys, EVs derived from stem cells have been shown to support tissue recovery in diverse disease models and have been considered an interesting alternative to cell therapy. For this purpose, however, several challenges remain to be overcome, such as the requirement of a high number of EVs for human therapy and the need for optimization of techniques for their isolation and characterization. Moreover, the kidney’s complexity and the pathological process to be treated require that EVs present a heterogeneous group of molecules to be delivered. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in the use of EVs as a therapeutic tool for kidney diseases. Moreover, we give an overview of the new technologies applied to improve EVs’ efficacy, such as novel methods of EV production and isolation by means of bioreactors and microfluidics, bioengineering the EV content and the use of alternative cell sources, including kidney organoids, to support their transfer to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Rodrigues Corrêa
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil;
| | - Estela Mancheño Juncosa
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: (R.M.); (R.S.L.); Tel.: +31-30-253-3529 (R.M.); Tel.: +55-21-3938-6520 (R.S.L.)
| | - Rafael Soares Lindoso
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil;
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine-REGENERA, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Correspondence: (R.M.); (R.S.L.); Tel.: +31-30-253-3529 (R.M.); Tel.: +55-21-3938-6520 (R.S.L.)
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Jin J, Qian F, Zheng D, He W, Gong J, He Q. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Attenuate Renal Fibrosis via Exosomes-Mediated Delivery of microRNA Let-7i-5p Antagomir. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:3565-3578. [PMID: 34079249 PMCID: PMC8164705 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s299969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Renal fibrosis is a chronic and progressive process affecting kidneys in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes (MSCs-Exo) have been shown to alleviate renal fibrosis and injury, but the mechanism of MSCs-Exo-induced renal protection remains unknown. Methods In this study, MSCs were transfected with let-7i-5p antagomir (anti-let-7i-5p), and then exosomes were isolated from the transfected MSCs to deliver anti-let-7i-5p oligonucleotides to inhibit the level of let-7i-5p in kidney tubular epithelial cells (NRK-52E). Results In both NRK-52E cells stimulated by TGF-β1 and the mouse kidneys after unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), we demonstrated increased level of let-7i-5p. In addition, MSCs-Exo can deliver anti-let-7i-5p to reduce the level of let-7i-5p in NRK-52E cells and increase the expression of its target gene TSC1. Moreover, exosomal anti-let-7i-5p reduced extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and attenuated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1)-stimulated NRK-52E cells and in the kidneys of UUO-treated mice. Meanwhile, mice received exosomal anti-let-7i-5p displayed reduced renal fibrosis and improved kidney function when challenged with UUO. Furthermore, exosomal anti-let-7i-5p promoted the activation the tuberous sclerosis complex subunit 1/mammalian target of rapamycin (TSC1/mTOR) signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro. Conclusion In conclusion, exosomal anti-let-7i-5p from MSCs exerts anti-fibrotic effects in TGF-β1-induced fibrogenic responses in NRK52E cells in vitro as well as in UUO-induced renal fibrosis model in vivo. These results provided a novel perspective on improving renal fibrosis by MSCs-Exo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Jin
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital and Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengmei Qian
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital and Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Danna Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital and Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenfang He
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital and Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguang Gong
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital and Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang He
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital and Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, People's Republic of China
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73
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Hassanzadeh A, Rahman HS, Markov A, Endjun JJ, Zekiy AO, Chartrand MS, Beheshtkhoo N, Kouhbanani MAJ, Marofi F, Nikoo M, Jarahian M. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cell-derived exosomes in regenerative medicine and cancer; overview of development, challenges, and opportunities. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:297. [PMID: 34020704 PMCID: PMC8138094 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02378-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and their widespread biomedical applications have attracted great consideration from the scientific community around the world. However, reports have shown that the main populations of the transplanted MSCs are trapped in the liver, spleen, and lung upon administration, highlighting the importance of the development of cell-free therapies. Concerning rising evidence suggesting that the beneficial effects of MSC therapy are closely linked to MSC-released components, predominantly MSC-derived exosomes, the development of an MSC-based cell-free approach is of paramount importance. The exosomes are nano-sized (30100nm) lipid bilayer membrane vesicles, which are typically released by MSCs and are found in different body fluids. They include various bioactive molecules, such as messenger RNA (mRNA), microRNAs, proteins, and bioactive lipids, thus showing pronounced therapeutic competence for tissues recovery through the maintenance of their endogenous stem cells, the enhancement of regenerative phenotypic traits, inhibition of apoptosis concomitant with immune modulation, and stimulation of the angiogenesis. Conversely, the specific roles of MSC exosomes in the treatment of various tumors remain challenging. The development and clinical application of novel MSC-based cell-free strategies can be supported by better understanding their mechanisms, classifying the subpopulation of exosomes, enhancing the conditions of cell culture and isolation, and increasing the production of exosomes along with engineering exosomes to deliver drugs and therapeutic molecules to the target sites. In the current review, we deliver a brief overview of MSC-derived exosome biogenesis, composition, and isolation methods and discuss recent investigation regarding the therapeutic potential of MSC exosomes in regenerative medicine accompanied by their double-edged sword role in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hassanzadeh
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Heshu Sulaiman Rahman
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Suleimanyah, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | | | - Judi Januadi Endjun
- Medical Faculty, UPN Veteran, Jakarta, Indonesia.,Gatot Soebroto Indonesia Army Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Nasrin Beheshtkhoo
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Jadidi Kouhbanani
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Faroogh Marofi
- Immunology Research Center (IRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Marzieh Nikoo
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mostafa Jarahian
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit (G401), German Cancer Research Center, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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74
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Kosanović M, Llorente A, Glamočlija S, Valdivielso JM, Bozic M. Extracellular Vesicles and Renal Fibrosis: An Odyssey toward a New Therapeutic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083887. [PMID: 33918699 PMCID: PMC8069044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a complex disorder characterized by the destruction of kidney parenchyma. There is currently no cure for this devastating condition. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous vesicles released from cells in both physiological and diseased states. Given their fundamental role in transferring biomolecules to recipient cells and their ability to cross biological barriers, EVs have been widely investigated as potential cell-free therapeutic agents. In this review, we provide an overview of EVs, focusing on their functional role in renal fibrosis and signaling messengers responsible for EV-mediated crosstalk between various renal compartments. We explore recent findings regarding the renoprotective effect of EVs and their use as therapeutic agents in renal fibrosis. We also highlight advantages and future perspectives of the therapeutic applications of EVs in renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Kosanović
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, INEP, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.K.); (S.G.)
| | - Alicia Llorente
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway;
- Department for Mechanical, Electronics and Chemical Engineering, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0167 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sofija Glamočlija
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, INEP, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.K.); (S.G.)
| | - José M. Valdivielso
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Institute for Biomedical Research in Lleida (IRBLleida) and RedInRen RETIC, 25196 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Milica Bozic
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway;
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Institute for Biomedical Research in Lleida (IRBLleida) and RedInRen RETIC, 25196 Lleida, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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75
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Mesenchymal stem cells and extracellular vesicles in therapy against kidney diseases. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:219. [PMID: 33789750 PMCID: PMC8011150 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02289-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney diseases pose a threat to human health due to their rising incidence and fatality rate. In preclinical and clinical studies, it has been acknowledged that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are effective and safe when used to treat kidney diseases. MSCs play their role mainly by secreting trophic factors and delivering extracellular vesicles (EVs). The genetic materials and proteins contained in the MSC-derived EVs (MSC-EVs), as an important means of cellular communication, have become a research focus for targeted therapy of kidney diseases. At present, MSC-EVs have shown evident therapeutic effects on acute kidney injury (AKI), chronic kidney disease (CKD), diabetic nephropathy (DN), and atherosclerotic renovascular disease (ARVD); however, their roles in the transplanted kidney remain controversial. This review summarises the mechanisms by which MSC-EVs treat these diseases in animal models and proposes certain problems, expecting to facilitate corresponding future clinical practice.
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76
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Li W, Shi L, Hu B, Hong Y, Zhang H, Li X, Zhang Y. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Stroke: Current Understanding and Challenges. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:628940. [PMID: 33633544 PMCID: PMC7899984 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.628940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke, the most prevalent cerebrovascular disease, causes serious loss of neurological function and is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite advances in pharmacological and surgical therapy, treatment for functional rehabilitation following stroke is limited with a consequent serious impact on quality of life. Over the past decades, mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs)-based therapy has emerged as a novel strategy for various diseases including stroke due to their unique properties that include easy isolation, multipotent differentiation potential and strong paracrine capacity. Although MSCs have shown promising results in the treatment of stroke, there remain many challenges to overcome prior to their therapeutic application. In this review, we focus on the following issues: the scientific data from preclinical studies and clinical trials of MSCs in the treatment of stroke; the potential mechanisms underlying MSC-based therapy for stroke; the challenges related to the timing and delivery of MSCs and MSC senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linli Shi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bei Hu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yimei Hong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Ma YS, Yang XL, Xin R, Liu JB, Fu D. Power and promise of exosomes as clinical biomarkers and therapeutic vectors for liquid biopsy and cancer control. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1875:188497. [PMID: 33370570 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes, microvesicles derived from the nuclear endosome and plasma membrane, can be released into the extracellular environment to act as mediators between the cell membrane and cytoplasmic proteins, lipids, or RNA. Exosomes are considered effective carriers of intercellular signals in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, because of their ability to efficiently transfer proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids between cellular compartments. Since the 2007 discovery that exosomes carry bioactive substances, exosomes have been intensively researched. In various physiological and pathological processes, exosomes play important biological roles by specifically combining with receptor cells and transmitting information. Their stable biological characteristics, diversity of contents, non-invasiveness path for introducing signaling molecules, and ability for rapid detection make exosomes a promising clinical diagnostic marker for potentially many pathological conditions, including cancers. Exosomes are not only considered biomarkers and prognostic disease factors, but also have potential as gene carriers and drug delivery vectors, and have important clinical significance and application potential in the fields of cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shui Ma
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Cancer Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Cancer Institute, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong 226631, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Xiao-Li Yang
- Central Laboratory for Medical Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Rui Xin
- Central Laboratory for Medical Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Ji-Bin Liu
- Cancer Institute, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong 226631, China
| | - Da Fu
- Central Laboratory for Medical Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
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78
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Mesenchymal stem cell derived-exosomes: a modern approach in translational medicine. J Transl Med 2020; 18:449. [PMID: 33246476 PMCID: PMC7691969 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02622-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have captured great attention in regenerative medicine for over a few decades by virtue of their differentiation capacity, potent immunomodulatory properties, and their ability to be favorably cultured and manipulated. Recent investigations implied that the pleiotropic effects of MSCs is not associated to their ability of differentiation, but rather is mediated by the secretion of soluble paracrine factors. Exosomes, nanoscale extracellular vesicles, are one of these paracrine mediators. Exosomes transfer functional cargos like miRNA and mRNA molecules, peptides, proteins, cytokines and lipids from MSCs to the recipient cells. Exosomes participate in intercellular communication events and contribute to the healing of injured or diseased tissues and organs. Studies reported that exosomes alone are responsible for the therapeutic effects of MSCs in numerous experimental models. Therefore, MSC-derived exosomes can be manipulated and applied to establish a novel cell-free therapeutic approach for treatment of a variety of diseases including heart, kidney, liver, immune and neurological diseases, and cutaneous wound healing. In comparison with their donor cells, MSC-derived exosomes offer more stable entities and diminished safety risks regarding the administration of live cells, e.g. microvasculature occlusion risk. This review discusses the exosome isolation methods invented and utilized in the clinical setting thus far and presents a summary of current information on MSC exosomes in translational medicine.
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79
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Wang M, Xu H, Li Y, Cao C, Zhu H, Wang Y, Zhao Z, Pei G, Zhu F, Yang Q, Deng X, Zhou C, Guo Y, Wu J, Liao W, Yang J, Yao Y, Zeng R. Exogenous bone marrow derived-putative endothelial progenitor cells attenuate ischemia reperfusion-induced vascular injury and renal fibrosis in mice dependent on pericytes. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:12144-12157. [PMID: 33204334 PMCID: PMC7667688 DOI: 10.7150/thno.48562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Capillaries are composed of endothelial cells and the surrounding mural cells, pericytes. Microvascular repair after injury involves not only the proliferation of endothelial cells but also pericyte-based vessel stabilization. Exogenous bone marrow derived-putative endothelial progenitor cells (b-pEPCs) have the potential for vascular repair; however, their effect on vascular structure stabilization and pericyte-related pathobiological outcomes in the injured kidney has not been fully examined. Methods: We applied ischemia-reperfusion (IR) to induce renal vascular injury and renal fibrosis in mice. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFR-β)-DTR-positive mice were generated to deplete pericytes, and exogenous b-pEPCs and the PDGFR-β ligand, PDGF chain B (PDGF-BB), were employed to explore the relationship among b-pEPCs, pericytes, vascular repair, and early renal fibrosis. Results: Administration of b-pEPCs reduced IR-induced pericyte-endothelial detachment, pericyte proliferation, and myofibroblast transition via a paracrine mode, which preserved not only vascular stabilization but also ameliorated IR-initiated renal fibrosis. PDGF-BB upregulated the expression of PDGFR-β, exacerbated vascular abnormality, and pericyte-myofibroblast transition, which were ameliorated by b-pEPCs administration. The exogenous b-pEPCs and their culture medium (CM) induced vascular injury protection, and renal fibrosis was blocked by selective deletion of pericytes. Conclusion: Exogenous b-pEPCs directly protect against IR-induced vascular injury and prevent renal fibrosis by inhibiting the activation of PDGFR-β-positive pericytes.
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