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Abstract
Regenerative processes that maintain the function of the gastrointestinal (GI) epithelium are critical for health and survival of multicellular organisms. In insects and vertebrates, intestinal stem cells (ISCs) regenerate the GI epithelium. ISC function is regulated by intrinsic, local, and systemic stimuli to adjust regeneration to tissue demands. These control mechanisms decline with age, resulting in significant perturbation of intestinal homeostasis. Processes that lead to this decline have been explored intensively in Drosophila melanogaster in recent years and are now starting to be characterized in mammalian models. This review presents a model for age-related regenerative decline in the fly intestine and discusses recent findings that start to establish molecular mechanisms of age-related decline of mammalian ISC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich Jasper
- Immunology Discovery, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA;
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52
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Yu L, Tian X, Gao D, Lang Y, Zhang XX, Yang C, Gu MM, Shi J, Zhou PK, Shang ZF. Oral administration of hydroxylated-graphene quantum dots induces intestinal injury accompanying the loss of intestinal stem cells and proliferative progenitor cells. Nanotoxicology 2019; 13:1409-1421. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2019.1668068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University; Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Suzhou Digestive Diseases and Nutrition Research Center, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University; Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Dexuan Gao
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yue Lang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University; Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University; Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chen Yang
- The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Meng-Meng Gu
- The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianming Shi
- Suzhou Digestive Diseases and Nutrition Research Center, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ping-Kun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University; Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zeng-Fu Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University; Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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53
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Patel PH, Pénalva C, Kardorff M, Roca M, Pavlović B, Thiel A, Teleman AA, Edgar BA. Damage sensing by a Nox-Ask1-MKK3-p38 signaling pathway mediates regeneration in the adult Drosophila midgut. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4365. [PMID: 31554796 PMCID: PMC6761285 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12336-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelia are exposed to diverse types of stress and damage from pathogens and the environment, and respond by regenerating. Yet, the proximal mechanisms that sense epithelial damage remain poorly understood. Here we report that p38 signaling is activated in adult Drosophila midgut enterocytes in response to diverse stresses including pathogenic bacterial infection and chemical and mechanical insult. Two upstream kinases, Ask1 and Licorne (MKK3), are required for p38 activation following infection, oxidative stress, detergent exposure and wounding. Ask1-p38 signaling in enterocytes is required upon infection to promote full intestinal stem cell (ISC) activation and regeneration, partly through Upd3/Jak-Stat signaling. Furthermore, reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by the NADPH oxidase Nox in enterocytes, are required for p38 activation in enterocytes following infection or wounding, and for ISC activation upon infection or detergent exposure. We propose that Nox-ROS-Ask1-MKK3-p38 signaling in enterocytes integrates multiple different stresses to induce regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthive H Patel
- Elizabeth Blackwell Institute for Health Research, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1UH, UK.
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Center for Molecular Biology, University of Heidelberg (ZMBH), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Clothilde Pénalva
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Michael Kardorff
- Center for Molecular Biology, University of Heidelberg (ZMBH), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marianne Roca
- Center for Molecular Biology, University of Heidelberg (ZMBH), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bojana Pavlović
- Center for Molecular Biology, University of Heidelberg (ZMBH), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Thiel
- Center for Molecular Biology, University of Heidelberg (ZMBH), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Bruce A Edgar
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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54
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Xu N, Zhang D, Chen J, He G, Gao L. Low expression of ryanodine receptor 2 is associated with poor prognosis in thyroid carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:3605-3612. [PMID: 31516575 PMCID: PMC6732998 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic alterations are vital in the progression of thyroid carcinoma. Ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2) is reported to serve an important role in several types of human carcinoma. However, the expression and effect of RyR2 in thyroid carcinoma remain unknown. Therefore, the present study analyzed the status of RyR2 in thyroid carcinoma using bioinformatics tools. The mRNA profiles of thyroid carcinoma were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas. RyR2 was distinguished as a differentially expressed gene that has not been reported in thyroid carcinoma. Further analysis indicated that there was selective downregulation of RyR2 expression in thyroid carcinoma tissues compared with that in normal thyroid tissues. Survival analysis showed that RyR2 expression was associated with poorer disease-free survival (DFS) for all patients with thyroid carcinoma. Univariate analysis revealed that a low expression of RyR2 was significantly associated with lymphatic metastasis, extracapsular extension, and the Tumor-Node-Metastasis stage. Cox analysis demonstrated that RyR2 was an independent prognostic factor in thyroid carcinoma for DFS. The biological processes and signaling pathways of RyR2 were reviewed with Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. In conclusion, the present study has revealed that RyR2 is downregulated in thyroid carcinoma, and that low expression of RyR2 is associated with poor prognosis in patients with thyroid carcinoma. RyR2 may therefore serve as a promising tumor suppressor gene in thyroid carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nizhen Xu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Deguang Zhang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Gaofei He
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
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Cinnamaldehyde Ameliorates High-Glucose–Induced Oxidative Stress and Cardiomyocyte Injury Through Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2019; 74:30-37. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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56
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Zhang P, Holowatyj AN, Roy T, Pronovost SM, Marchetti M, Liu H, Ulrich CM, Edgar BA. An SH3PX1-Dependent Endocytosis-Autophagy Network Restrains Intestinal Stem Cell Proliferation by Counteracting EGFR-ERK Signaling. Dev Cell 2019; 49:574-589.e5. [PMID: 31006650 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of intracellular vesicle trafficking on stem-cell behavior is largely unexplored. We screened the Drosophila sorting nexins (SNXs) and discovered that one, SH3PX1, profoundly affects gut homeostasis and lifespan. SH3PX1 restrains intestinal stem cell (ISC) division through an endocytosis-autophagy network that includes Dynamin, Rab5, Rab7, Atg1, 5, 6, 7, 8a, 9, 12, 16, and Syx17. Blockages in this network stabilize ligand-activated EGFRs, recycling them via Rab11-dependent endosomes to the plasma membrane. This hyperactivated ERK, calcium signaling, and ER stress, autonomously stimulating ISC proliferation. The excess divisions induced epithelial stress, Yki activity, and Upd3 and Rhomboid production in enterocytes, catalyzing feedforward ISC hyperplasia. Similarly, blocking autophagy increased ERK activity in human cells. Many endocytosis-autophagy genes are mutated in cancers, most notably those enriched in microsatellite instable-high and KRAS-wild-type colorectal cancers. Disruptions in endocytosis and autophagy may provide an alternative route to RAS-ERK activation, resulting in EGFR-dependent cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Andreana N Holowatyj
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Taylor Roy
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Stephen M Pronovost
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Marco Marchetti
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Hanbin Liu
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Cornelia M Ulrich
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Bruce A Edgar
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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57
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Lian T, Wu Q, Hodge BA, Wilson KA, Yu G, Yang M. Drosophila Gut-A Nexus Between Dietary Restriction and Lifespan. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123810. [PMID: 30501099 PMCID: PMC6320777 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is often defined as the accumulation of damage at the molecular and cellular levels which, over time, results in marked physiological impairments throughout the organism. Dietary restriction (DR) has been recognized as one of the strongest lifespan extending therapies observed in a wide array of organisms. Recent studies aimed at elucidating how DR promotes healthy aging have demonstrated a vital role of the digestive tract in mediating the beneficial effects of DR. Here, we review how dietary restriction influences gut metabolic homeostasis and immune function. Our discussion is focused on studies of the Drosophila digestive tract, where we describe in detail the potential mechanisms in which DR enhances maintenance of the intestinal epithelial barrier, up-regulates lipid metabolic processes, and improves the ability of the gut to deal with damage or stress. We also examine evidence of a tissue-tissue crosstalk between gut and neighboring organs including brain and fat body. Taken together, we argue that the Drosophila gut plays a critical role in DR-mediated lifespan extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Lian
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Qi Wu
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Brian A Hodge
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94947, USA.
| | - Kenneth A Wilson
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94947, USA.
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Guixiang Yu
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Mingyao Yang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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58
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Iatsenko I, Boquete JP, Lemaitre B. Microbiota-Derived Lactate Activates Production of Reactive Oxygen Species by the Intestinal NADPH Oxidase Nox and Shortens Drosophila Lifespan. Immunity 2018; 49:929-942.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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59
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Andriatsilavo M, Stefanutti M, Siudeja K, Perdigoto CN, Boumard B, Gervais L, Gillet-Markowska A, Al Zouabi L, Schweisguth F, Bardin AJ. Spen limits intestinal stem cell self-renewal. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007773. [PMID: 30452449 PMCID: PMC6277126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise regulation of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation properties is essential for tissue homeostasis. Using the adult Drosophila intestine to study molecular mechanisms controlling stem cell properties, we identify the gene split-ends (spen) in a genetic screen as a novel regulator of intestinal stem cell fate (ISC). Spen family genes encode conserved RNA recognition motif-containing proteins that are reported to have roles in RNA splicing and transcriptional regulation. We demonstrate that spen acts at multiple points in the ISC lineage with an ISC-intrinsic function in controlling early commitment events of the stem cells and functions in terminally differentiated cells to further limit the proliferation of ISCs. Using two-color cell sorting of stem cells and their daughters, we characterize spen-dependent changes in RNA abundance and exon usage and find potential key regulators downstream of spen. Our work identifies spen as an important regulator of adult stem cells in the Drosophila intestine, provides new insight to Spen-family protein functions, and may also shed light on Spen's mode of action in other developmental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maheva Andriatsilavo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis group, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Marine Stefanutti
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis group, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Katarzyna Siudeja
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis group, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Carolina N. Perdigoto
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis group, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Boumard
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis group, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Louis Gervais
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis group, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France
| | | | - Lara Al Zouabi
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis group, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - François Schweisguth
- Institut Pasteur, Dept of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR3738, Paris, France
| | - Allison J. Bardin
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis group, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France
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60
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Abstract
Understanding how activity patterns in specific neural circuits coordinate an animal’s behavior remains a key area of neuroscience research. Genetic tools and a brain of tractable complexity make Drosophila a premier model organism for these studies. Here, we review the wealth of reagents available to map and manipulate neuronal activity with light.
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61
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Miguel-Aliaga I, Jasper H, Lemaitre B. Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive Tract of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2018; 210:357-396. [PMID: 30287514 PMCID: PMC6216580 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.300224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract has recently come to the forefront of multiple research fields. It is now recognized as a major source of signals modulating food intake, insulin secretion and energy balance. It is also a key player in immunity and, through its interaction with microbiota, can shape our physiology and behavior in complex and sometimes unexpected ways. The insect intestine had remained, by comparison, relatively unexplored until the identification of adult somatic stem cells in the Drosophila intestine over a decade ago. Since then, a growing scientific community has exploited the genetic amenability of this insect organ in powerful and creative ways. By doing so, we have shed light on a broad range of biological questions revolving around stem cells and their niches, interorgan signaling and immunity. Despite their relatively recent discovery, some of the mechanisms active in the intestine of flies have already been shown to be more widely applicable to other gastrointestinal systems, and may therefore become relevant in the context of human pathologies such as gastrointestinal cancers, aging, or obesity. This review summarizes our current knowledge of both the formation and function of the Drosophila melanogaster digestive tract, with a major focus on its main digestive/absorptive portion: the strikingly adaptable adult midgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Miguel-Aliaga
- Medical Research Council London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Heinrich Jasper
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California 94945-1400
- Immunology Discovery, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Bruno Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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62
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Xu C, Ericsson M, Perrimon N. Understanding cellular signaling and systems biology with precision: A perspective from ultrastructure and organelle studies in the Drosophila midgut. CURRENT OPINION IN SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2018; 11:24-31. [PMID: 31595264 PMCID: PMC6781628 DOI: 10.1016/j.coisb.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
One of the aims of systems biology is to model and discover properties of cells, tissues and organisms functioning as a system. In recent years, studies in the adult Drosophila gut have provided a wealth of information on the cell types and their functions, and the signaling pathways involved in the complex interactions between proliferating and differentiated cells in the context of homeostasis and pathology. Here, we document and discuss how high-resolution ultrastructure studies of organelle morphology have much to contribute to our understanding of how the gut functions as an integrated system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiwei Xu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maria Ericsson
- Department of Cell Biology, Electron Microscopy Facility, Harvard Medical School, Goldenson 323, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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63
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Su HA, Bai X, Zeng T, Lu YY, Qi YX. Identification, characterization and expression analysis of transient receptor potential channel genes in the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:674. [PMID: 30217143 PMCID: PMC6137742 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5053-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily are proteins that are critical for insects to detect changes in environmental stimuli and also play key roles in their sensory physiology. Moreover, this family provides potential targets for the design of insecticides. In contrast to a large number of studies conducted on Drosophila melanogaster, molecular studies to characterize TRP channels in agricultural pests are lacking. RESULTS In this study, we identified 15 TRP channel genes in the genome of a notorious agricultural pest, the oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis). Comparative analysis of the TRP channels (TRPs) in B. dorsalis with those in D. melanogaster, Glossina morsitans, Musca domestica and the closely related Ceratitis capitata, and TRPs from mosquitoes, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Hemiptera reveals that members of TRPA and TRPP subfamily are most diverse among insects. The results also suggest that Tephritidae family have two TRP-Polycystin 2 members even though most insects either possess just one or none. The highest expression levels of these two genes are in the testes of B. dorsalis, implying a role in regulating sperm function. We analyzed the expression profiles of the TRP channels identified in this study at different life stages using quantitative real time PCR. The results of this study demonstrate that all TRP channels are mainly expressed in adults, especially at mature stages. The one exception to this trend is BdTRPM, which is more highly expressed in the eggs of B. dorsalis, implying an important role in early development. We also detected the spatial expression of TRP channels in mature adult fruit flies by investigating expression levels within various tissues including those involved in sensory function, such as antennae, compound eyes, mouthparts, legs, and wings, as well as tissues critical for homeostasis and physiology (i.e., Malpighian tubules, the brain and gut as well as fat bodies, ovaries, and testes). CONCLUSION The results of this study establish a solid foundation for future functional characterization of B. dorsalis TRP channels as well as those of other insects and will help future insecticide design targeting these channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-ai Su
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road 483, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Xue Bai
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road 483, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Tian Zeng
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road 483, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Yong-yue Lu
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road 483, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Yi-xiang Qi
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road 483, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642 China
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64
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Boonen B, Alpizar YA, Meseguer VM, Talavera K. TRP Channels as Sensors of Bacterial Endotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10080326. [PMID: 30103489 PMCID: PMC6115757 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10080326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular and systemic effects induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) have been solely attributed to the activation of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signalling cascade. However, recent studies have shown that LPS activates several members of the Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) family of cation channels. Indeed, LPS induces activation of the broadly-tuned chemosensor TRPA1 in sensory neurons in a TLR4-independent manner, and genetic ablation of this channel reduced mouse pain and inflammatory responses triggered by LPS and the gustatory-mediated avoidance to LPS in fruit flies. LPS was also shown to activate TRPV4 channels in airway epithelial cells, an effect leading to an immediate production of bactericidal nitric oxide and to an increase in ciliary beat frequency. In this review, we discuss the role of TRP channels as sensors of bacterial endotoxins, and therefore, as crucial players in the timely detection of invading gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Boonen
- Laboratory for Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, O&N1 Herestraat 49 - box 802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Yeranddy A Alpizar
- Laboratory for Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, O&N1 Herestraat 49 - box 802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Victor M Meseguer
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain.
| | - Karel Talavera
- Laboratory for Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, O&N1 Herestraat 49 - box 802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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65
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Srivillibhuthur M, Warder BN, Toke NH, Shah PP, Feng Q, Gao N, Bonder EM, Verzi MP. TFAM is required for maturation of the fetal and adult intestinal epithelium. Dev Biol 2018; 439:92-101. [PMID: 29684311 PMCID: PMC5978755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
During development, the embryo transitions from a metabolism favoring glycolysis to a metabolism favoring mitochondrial respiration. How metabolic shifts regulate developmental processes, or how developmental processes regulate metabolic shifts, remains unclear. To test the requirement of mitochondrial function in developing endoderm-derived tissues, we genetically inactivated the mitochondrial transcription factor, Tfam, using the Shh-Cre driver. Tfam mutants did not survive postnatally, exhibiting defects in lung development. In the developing intestine, TFAM-loss was tolerated until late fetal development, during which the process of villus elongation was compromised. While progenitor cell populations appeared unperturbed, markers of enterocyte maturation were diminished and villi were blunted. Loss of TFAM was also tested in the adult intestinal epithelium, where enterocyte maturation was similarly dependent upon the mitochondrial transcription factor. While progenitor cells in the transit amplifying zone of the adult intestine remained proliferative, intestinal stem cell renewal was dependent upon TFAM, as indicated by molecular profiling and intestinal organoid formation assays. Taken together, these studies point to critical roles for the mitochondrial regulator TFAM for multiple aspects of intestinal development and maturation, and highlight the importance of mitochondrial regulators in tissue development and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasa Srivillibhuthur
- Rutgers University, Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey (HGINJ), 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway Township, NJ 08854, USA; Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Bailey N Warder
- Rutgers University, Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey (HGINJ), 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway Township, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Natalie H Toke
- Rutgers University, Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey (HGINJ), 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway Township, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Pooja P Shah
- Rutgers University, Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey (HGINJ), 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway Township, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Qiang Feng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Edward M Bonder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Michael P Verzi
- Rutgers University, Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey (HGINJ), 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway Township, NJ 08854, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey (CINJ), 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
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Omaga CA, Fleming AM, Burrows CJ. The Fifth Domain in the G-Quadruplex-Forming Sequence of the Human NEIL3 Promoter Locks DNA Folding in Response to Oxidative Damage. Biochemistry 2018; 57:2958-2970. [PMID: 29718661 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
DNA oxidation is an inevitable and usually detrimental process, but the cell is capable of reversing this state because the cell possesses a highly developed set of DNA repair machineries, including the DNA glycosylase NEIL3 that is encoded by the NEIL3 gene. In this work, the G-rich promoter region of the human NEIL3 gene was shown to fold into a dynamic G-quadruplex (G4) structure under nearly physiological conditions using spectroscopic techniques (e.g., nuclear magnetic resonance, circular dichroism, fluorescence, and ultraviolet-visible) and DNA polymerase stop assays. The presence of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (OG) modified the properties of the NEIL3 G4 and entailed the recruitment of the fifth domain to function as a "spare tire", in which an undamaged fifth G-track is swapped for the damaged section of the G4. The polymerase stop assay findings also revealed that owing to its dynamic polymorphism, the NEIL3 G4 is more readily bypassed by DNA polymerase I (Klenow fragment) than well-known oncogene G4s are. This study identifies the NEIL3 promoter possessing a G-rich element that can adopt a G4 fold, and when OG is incorporated, the sequence can lock into a more stable G4 fold via recruitment of the fifth track of Gs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla A Omaga
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112-0850 , United States
| | - Aaron M Fleming
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112-0850 , United States
| | - Cynthia J Burrows
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112-0850 , United States
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He L, Si G, Huang J, Samuel ADT, Perrimon N. Mechanical regulation of stem-cell differentiation by the stretch-activated Piezo channel. Nature 2018; 555:103-106. [PMID: 29414942 PMCID: PMC6101000 DOI: 10.1038/nature25744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li He
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Guangwei Si
- Department of Physics, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Jiuhong Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Aravinthan D T Samuel
- Department of Physics, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Abstract
Stem cells have emerged as a promising cell source to heal, replace or regenerate tissue and organs damaged by aging, injury or diseases. The intestinal epithelium is the most rapidly renewing tissue in our body, which is maintained by intestinal stem cells (ISCs), located at the bottom of the crypts. ISCs continuously replace lost or injured intestinal epithelial cells in organisms ranging from Drosophila to humans. The adult Drosophila midgut provides an excellent in vivo model system to study ISC behavior during stress, regeneration, aging and infection. There are several signaling pathways/genes have been identified to regulate ISCs self-renewal and differentiation during normal and pathological conditions. A significant number of genetic tools and markers have been developed in the last one decade to study Drosophila ISCs behavior. Here, we describe some of the markers and methods used to study ISCs behavior in adult midgut of Drosophila.
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Liu Q, Jin LH. Tissue-resident stem cell activity: a view from the adult Drosophila gastrointestinal tract. Cell Commun Signal 2017; 15:33. [PMID: 28923062 PMCID: PMC5604405 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-017-0184-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract serves as a fast-renewing model for unraveling the multifaceted molecular mechanisms underlying remarkably rapid cell renewal, which is exclusively fueled by a small number of long-lived stem cells and their progeny. Stem cell activity is the best-characterized aspect of mucosal homeostasis in mitotically active tissues, and the dysregulation of regenerative capacity is a hallmark of epithelial immune defects. This dysregulation is frequently associated with pathologies ranging from chronic enteritis to malignancies in humans. Application of the adult Drosophila gastrointestinal tract model in current and future studies to analyze the immuno-physiological aspects of epithelial defense strategies, including stem cell behavior and re-epithelialization, will be necessary to improve our general understanding of stem cell participation in epithelial turnover. In this review, which describes exciting observations obtained from the adult Drosophila gastrointestinal tract, we summarize a remarkable series of recent findings in the literature to decipher the molecular mechanisms through which stem cells respond to nonsterile environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, No.26 Hexing Road Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Li Hua Jin
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, No.26 Hexing Road Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150040, China.
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