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Shacham T, Sharma N, Lederkremer GZ. Protein Misfolding and ER Stress in Huntington's Disease. Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:20. [PMID: 31001537 PMCID: PMC6456712 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence in recent years indicates that protein misfolding and aggregation, leading to ER stress, are central factors of pathogenicity in neurodegenerative diseases. This is particularly true in Huntington's disease (HD), where in contrast with other disorders, the cause is monogenic. Mutant huntingtin interferes with many cellular processes, but the fact that modulation of ER stress and of the unfolded response pathways reduces the toxicity, places these mechanisms at the core and gives hope for potential therapeutic approaches. There is currently no effective treatment for HD and it has a fatal outcome a few years after the start of symptoms of cognitive and motor impairment. Here we will discuss recent findings that shed light on the mechanisms of protein misfolding and aggregation that give origin to ER stress in neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on Huntington's disease, on the cellular response and on how to use this knowledge for possible therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talya Shacham
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,George Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Neeraj Sharma
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,George Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gerardo Z Lederkremer
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,George Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Cavaliere F, Fornarelli A, Bertan F, Russo R, Marsal-Cots A, Morrone LA, Adornetto A, Corasaniti MT, Bano D, Bagetta G, Nicotera P. The tricyclic antidepressant clomipramine inhibits neuronal autophagic flux. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4881. [PMID: 30890728 PMCID: PMC6424961 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40887-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Antidepressants are commonly prescribed psychotropic substances for the symptomatic treatment of mood disorders. Their primary mechanism of action is the modulation of neurotransmission and the consequent accumulation of monoamines, such as serotonin and noradrenaline. However, antidepressants have additional molecular targets that, through multiple signaling cascades, may ultimately alter essential cellular processes. In this regard, it was previously demonstrated that clomipramine, a widely used FDA-approved tricyclic antidepressant, interferes with the autophagic flux and severely compromises the viability of tumorigenic cells upon cytotoxic stress. Consistent with this line of evidence, we report here that clomipramine undermines autophagosome formation and cargo degradation in primary dissociated neurons. A similar pattern was observed in the frontal cortex and liver of treated mice, as well as in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans exposed to clomipramine. Together, our findings indicate that clomipramine may negatively regulate the autophagic flux in various tissues, with potential metabolic and functional implications for the homeostatic maintenance of differentiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Cavaliere
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (Cosenza), Italy
| | | | - Fabio Bertan
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Rossella Russo
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (Cosenza), Italy
| | | | - Luigi Antonio Morrone
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (Cosenza), Italy
| | - Annagrazia Adornetto
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (Cosenza), Italy
| | | | - Daniele Bano
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Giacinto Bagetta
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (Cosenza), Italy
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Gantois I, Popic J, Khoutorsky A, Sonenberg N. Metformin for Treatment of Fragile X Syndrome and Other Neurological Disorders. Annu Rev Med 2018; 70:167-181. [PMID: 30365357 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-081117-041238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most frequent inherited form of intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder. Loss of the fragile X mental retardation protein, FMRP, engenders molecular, behavioral, and cognitive deficits in FXS patients. Experiments using different animal models advanced our knowledge of the pathophysiology of FXS and led to the discovery of many targets for drug treatments. In this review, we discuss the potential of metformin, an antidiabetic drug approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, to correct core symptoms of FXS and other neurological disorders in humans. We summarize its mechanisms of action in different animal and cellular models and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Gantois
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal H3A 2T5, Québec, Canada; , , .,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal H3A 2T5, Québec, Canada
| | - Jelena Popic
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal H3A 2T5, Québec, Canada; , , .,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal H3A 2T5, Québec, Canada
| | - Arkady Khoutorsky
- Department of Anesthesia, McGill University, Montréal H3A 2T5, Québec, Canada;
| | - Nahum Sonenberg
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal H3A 2T5, Québec, Canada; , , .,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal H3A 2T5, Québec, Canada
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