11451
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Evaluation of mammary cancer in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced Wister rats by asymmetrical temperature distribution analysis using thermography: a comparison with serum CEA levels and histopathology. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:786417. [PMID: 23093865 PMCID: PMC3471033 DOI: 10.1155/2012/786417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal surface temperature profile captured using infrared camera is helpful for the assessment of physiological responses associated with the regulation of body temperature. Diagnosing breast cancer in early stage itself has a greater effect on the prognosis. In this work, asymmetrical temperature distribution analysis of chemical carcinogen 7,12-dimethyl benz(a)anthracene-induced in the lower right flank region of Wistar rats (n = 6) was carried out to test the potential of thermography in diagnosing mammary cancer and tumor growth over a period of nine weeks in comparison with histopathology results as standard. Temperature difference between the tumor induced lower right and left side of flank region was significant (with P value <0.001), whereas in the abdomen and shoulder there was no significant difference in temperature between right and left sides. Percentage of asymmetrical temperature difference in the tumor induced lower flank region was 0.5 to 2%, whereas in the other regions it was <0.5%. Green pixel distribution in RGB color histogram was asymmetrical in the tumor induced lower flank region. Temperature reduction was observed in the tumor induced region after the seventh day of carcinogen induction. Asymmetrical thermogram analysis is the best method of diagnosing mammary cancer and for studying tumor development.
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11452
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Abstract
AbstractTesticular cancer is rare but is the most common cancer in males between 15 and 34 years of age. Two principal types of testicular cancer are distinguished: seminomas and non-seminomas. If detected early, the overall cure rate for testicular cancer exceeds 90%. In this study, artificial neural network (ANN) analysis as a prognostic tool was demonstrated regard to five year recurrence after the non-seminoma treatment. Data from 202 patients treated for non-seminoma were available for evaluation and comparison. A total of 32 variables were analysed using the ANN. The ANN approach, as an advanced multivariate data processing method, was demon-strated to provide objective prognostic data. Some of these prognostic factors are consistent or even imperceptible with previously evaluated by other statistical methods.
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11453
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Contrast-enhanced endoscopic ultrasonography in digestive diseases. J Gastroenterol 2012; 47:1063-72. [PMID: 23001249 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-012-0662-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Contrast-enhanced endoscopic ultrasonography (CE-EUS) was introduced in the early 1990s. The concept of the injection of carbon dioxide microbubbles into the hepatic artery as a contrast material (enhanced ultrasonography) led to "endoscopic ultrasonographic angiography". After the arrival of the first-generation contrast agent, high-frequency (12 MHz) EUS brought about the enhancement of EUS images in the diagnosis of pancreatico-biliary diseases, upper gastrointestinal (GI) cancer, and submucosal tumors. The electronic scanning endosonoscope with both radial and linear probes enabled the use of high-end ultrasound machines and depicted the enhancement of both color/power Doppler flow-based imaging and harmonic-based imaging using second-generation contrast agents. Many reports have described the usefulness of the differential diagnosis of pancreatic diseases and other abdominal lesions. Quantitative evaluation of CE-EUS images was an objective method of diagnosis using the time-intensity curve (TIC), but it was limited to the region of interest. Recently developed Inflow Time Mapping™ can be generated from stored clips and used to display the pattern of signal enhancement with time after injection, offering temporal difference of contrast agents and improved tumor characterization. On the other hand, three-dimensional CE-EUS images added new information to the literature, but lacked positional information. Three-dimensional CE-EUS with accurate positional information is awaited. To date, most reports have been related to pancreatic lesions or lymph nodes. Hemodynamic analysis might be of use for diseases in other organs: upper GI cancer diagnosis, submucosal tumors, and biliary disorders, and it might also provide functional information. Studies of CE-EUS in diseases in many other organs will increase in the near future.
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11454
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Abstract
Parathyroid cancer is rare, but often fatal, as preoperative identification of malignancy against the backdrop of benign parathyroid disease is challenging. Advanced genetic, laboratory and imaging techniques can help to identify parathyroid cancer. In patients with clinically suspected parathyroid cancer, malignancy of any individual lesion is established by three criteria: demonstration of metastasis, specific ultrasonographic features, and a ratio >1 for the results of third-generation:second-generation parathyroid hormone assays. Positive findings for all three criteria dictate an oncological surgical approach, as appropriate radical surgery can achieve a cure. Mutation screening pinpoints associated conditions and asymptomatic carriers. Molecular profiling of tumour cells can identify high-risk features, such as differential expression of specific micro-RNAs and proteins, and germ line mutations in CDC73, but is unsuitable for preoperative assessment owing to the potential risks associated with biopsy. A validated, histopathology-based prognostic classification can identify patients in need of close follow-up and adjuvant therapy, and should prove valuable to stratify clinical trial cohorts: low-risk patients rarely die from parathyroid cancer, even on long-term follow-up, whereas 5-year mortality in high-risk patients is around 50%. This insight has improved the approach to parathyroid cancer by enabling risk-adapted surgery and follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus-Martin Schulte
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, King's Health Partners, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK. klaus-martin.schulte@ nhs.net
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11455
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Samaka RM, Abd El-Wahed MM, Aiad HA, Kandil MA, Al-Sharaky DR. Does JC virus have a role in the etiology and prognosis of Egyptian colorectal carcinoma? APMIS 2012; 121:316-28. [PMID: 23030805 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
John Cunningham virus (JCV) encodes an oncogenic T-antigen, which is capable of interacting with key growth regulatory pathways. JCV definite role as causal agent of human cancer, still awaits final confirmation. The present study was conducted to assess the possible role of JCV in Egyptian colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and correlate the expression with the clinicopathological features and survival. JCV in situ hybridization (ISH) signals and large T antigen immunoreactivity were examined in 87 colonic specimens. Positive glandular JCV ISH signals were detected in 20%, 25% and 40% of normal, adenoma and CRC cases respectively. Stromal JCV ISH signals were identified in 26% of CRC cases and 5% of adenoma however, normal mucosa did not show stromal positivity with significant difference (p = 0.03). Glandular JCV expression was significantly associated with high grade (p = 0.03), high mitotic index (p=0.02) and low apoptotic index (p = 0.00). Positive stromal signals were significantly associated with low apoptosis (p = 0.00). No positive nuclear immunostaining of JCV large T antigen was detected in all specimens. JCV stromal expression was the 2nd most powerful indicator of short survival and bad prognosis (p = 0.03) in CRC patients. JCV might play an etiological role in CRC tumorogenesis and short survival in Egyptian CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab M Samaka
- Pathology Department, Menoufyia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt.
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11456
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Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of survivin over-expression in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44764. [PMID: 23028610 PMCID: PMC3459962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The prognostic significance of survivin for survival of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains controversial. Thus, meta-analysis of the literatures was performed in order to demonstrate its expression impact on ESCC clinicopathological features and prognosis. Methodology Relevant literatures were searched using PubMed, EMBASE and Medline Databases. Revman5.0 software was used to pool eligible studies and summary hazard ratio (HR). Correlation between survivin expression and clinicopathological features of ESCC was analyzed. Principal Findings Final analysis of 523 patients from 7 eligible studies was performed. Combined HR of survivin location in nuclei suggested that survivin expression has an unfavorable impact on ESCC patients' survival (n = 277 in 3 studies; HR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.45–2.96; Z = 4.69; P<0.0001). Nevertheless, combined HR of survivin location in cytoplasm displayed that survivin expression has no significance for prognosis of ESCC patients (n = 113 in 2 studies; HR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.96–5.69; Z = 0.04; P = 0.97); Combined odds ratio (OR) of survivin location in cytoplasm indicated that survivin expression is associated with ESCC advanced stage (n = 113 in 2 studies; OR = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.14–0.93; Z = 2.10; P = 0.04). Whereas, combined OR of survivin location in nuclei exhibited that survivin over-expression has no correlation with cell differentiation grade, lymph node status, depth of invasion, stage, and metastasis of ESCC. Conclusions This study showed that survivin expression detected by immunohistochemistry seems to be associated with a worse prognosis of ESCC patients. Survivin subcellular location may be an important factor impacting on ESCC development. Larger prospective studies should be performed to evaluate the status of survivin in predicting prognosis of patients with ESCC.
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11457
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Di Vizio D, Morello M, Dudley AC, Schow PW, Adam RM, Morley S, Mulholland D, Rotinen M, Hager MH, Insabato L, Moses MA, Demichelis F, Lisanti MP, Wu H, Klagsbrun M, Bhowmick NA, Rubin MA, D'Souza-Schorey C, Freeman MR. Large oncosomes in human prostate cancer tissues and in the circulation of mice with metastatic disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:1573-84. [PMID: 23022210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Oncosomes are tumor-derived microvesicles that transmit signaling complexes between cell and tissue compartments. Herein, we show that amoeboid tumor cells export large (1- to 10-μm diameter) vesicles, derived from bulky cellular protrusions, that contain metalloproteinases, RNA, caveolin-1, and the GTPase ADP-ribosylation factor 6, and are biologically active toward tumor cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. We describe methods by which large oncosomes can be selectively sorted by flow cytometry and analyzed independently of vesicles <1 μm. Structures resembling large oncosomes were identified in the circulation of different mouse models of prostate cancer, and their abundance correlated with tumor progression. Similar large vesicles were also identified in human tumor tissues, but they were not detected in the benign compartment. They were more abundant in metastases. Our results suggest that tumor microvesicles substantially larger than exosome-sized particles can be visualized and quantified in tissues and in the circulation, and isolated and characterized using clinically adaptable methods. These findings also suggest a mechanism by which migrating tumor cells condition the tumor microenvironment and distant sites, thereby potentiating advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Di Vizio
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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11458
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The Antitumor Activity of Antrodia camphorata in Melanoma Cells: Modulation of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathways. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:197309. [PMID: 23049605 PMCID: PMC3463817 DOI: 10.1155/2012/197309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antrodia camphorata (AC) is well known in Taiwan as a traditional Chinese medicine. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a fermented culture broth of AC could inhibit melanoma proliferation and progression via suppression of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. In this study, we observed that AC treatment resulted in decreased cell viability and disturbed Wnt/β-catenin cascade in B16F10 and/or B16F1 melanoma cells. This result was accompanied by a decrease in the expression of Wnt/β-catenin transcriptional targets, including c-Myc and survivin. Furthermore, treatment of melanoma cells with AC resulted in a significant increase in apoptosis, which was associated with DNA fragmentation, cytochrome c release, caspase-9 and -3 activation, PARP degradation, Bcl-2/Bax dysregulation, and p53 expression. We also observed that AC caused G1 phase arrest mediated by a downregulation of cyclin D1 and CDK4 and increased p21 and p27 expression. In addition, we demonstrated that non- and subcytotoxic concentrations of AC markedly inhibited migration and invasion of highly metastatic B16F10 cells. The antimetastatic effect of AC was further confirmed by reductions in the levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, and VEGF expression. These results suggest that Antrodia camphorata may exert antitumor activity by downregulating the Wnt/β-catenin pathways.
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11459
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Singla S, Pippin JA, Drebin JA. Dual ErbB1 and ErbB2 receptor tyrosine kinase inhibition exerts synergistic effect with conventional chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:2211-6. [PMID: 23007710 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient survival in pancreatic cancer remains poor with gemcitabine (GEM)-based regimens. The target specific molecular agent lapatinib, a dual ErbB1 and ErbB2 receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has shown significant activity against ErbB1 and ErbB2-expressing tumors. Since pancreatic tumors frequently overexpress these proteins, we investigated its effects, both alone and in conjunction with 5-FU or GEM. The pancreatic cancer cell lines PANC-1 and AsPC were treated with varying doses of lapatinib in vitro. The effects on ErbB1/ErbB2 protein phosphorylation and on the cell survival protein survivin were determined by western blotting. Cytotoxicity was determined by MTT assay and apoptosis was measured using the caspase-3 colorimetric assay. Similar dose-response lapatinib experiments were conducted with varying concentrations of 5-FU or GEM and isobolograms were constructed to evaluate therapeutic synergy. Lapatinib inhibited protein phosphorylation in the range of 4-16 µM, a clinically achievable concentration. The lapatinib-treated cells showed a dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis at the same concentrations that blocked ErbB1/ErbB2 phosphorylation. The addition of 5-FU or GEM to these cells resulted in synergistic effects. The lapatinib-treated cells also demonstrated downregulation of survivin. Simultaneous dual ErbB1 and ErbB2 receptor tyrosine kinase inhibition with lapatinib results in significant reduction of pancreatic cancer cell growth and proliferation. These effects occur at clinically achievable concentrations and are synergistic with the effects of 5-FU or GEM. These findings support the potential role of lapatinib in the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smit Singla
- Department of Surgery, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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11460
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Sunagawa M, Isogai M, Harada T, Kaneoka Y, Kamei K, Maeda A, Takayama Y. Giant Krukenberg tumor from a perforated gastric cancer that was successfully removed after multidisciplinary therapy: report of a case. Surg Today 2012; 44:171-4. [PMID: 22987279 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-012-0339-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A 46-year-old female underwent total gastrectomy with a combined resection of the pancreatic tail, spleen, and lateral segment of the liver surgery after conservative medical management for a perforated advanced gastric cancer. The histological findings showed poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, and the tumor was Stage IIIC. S-1 and "Kampo-Juzen-taiho-to" were administered as postoperative adjuvant chemo-immunotherapy. A Krukenberg tumor was identified 4 years later. The histological findings strongly suggested the presence of peritoneal dissemination, and S-1-based combined chemotherapies using key drugs such as CDDP, CPT-11, and taxane with the biochemical response modifier "Lentinan" was administered. However, the Krukenberg tumor rapidly increased in size after 4 years and she complained of abdominal distension. Therefore, it was removed with neither difficulties nor apparent recurrent disease, which was thought to be due to the S-1-based combined chemotherapy and the immunological agents are likely to have contributed to her long survival and good quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Sunagawa
- Department of Surgery, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, 4-86 Minaminokawa-cho, Ogaki, 503-8502, Gifu, Japan,
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11461
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Chadwick BE. Beyond cytomorphology: expanding the diagnostic potential for biliary cytology. Diagn Cytopathol 2012; 40:536-41. [PMID: 22619128 DOI: 10.1002/dc.22839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Malignancy of the extrahepatic biliary tract is a difficult and crucial diagnosis, both clinically and pathologically. Cytologic evaluation of brushings obtained endoscopically from the biliary tree is currently the standard of care in most institutions. However, bile duct brushing cytology has been plagued by low sensitivity and interpretative difficulties in differentiating reactive from malignant cytology. This review outlines both the difficulties presented by cytomorphology and the potential of new diagnostic techniques that promise to increase sensitivity without sacrificing the high specificity of cytomorphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara E Chadwick
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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11462
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Ahmed A, Ukwenya Y, Abdullahi A, Muhammad I. Management and outcomes of male breast cancer in zaria, Nigeria. Int J Breast Cancer 2012; 2012:845143. [PMID: 22991670 PMCID: PMC3443591 DOI: 10.1155/2012/845143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Male breast cancer is an uncommon disease accounting for only 1% of all breast cancers. We present the evaluation, treatment and outcome of male patients seen with breast cancer in our institution. Male patients that had histological diagnosis of breast cancer from 2001 to 2010 were retrospectively evaluated. After evaluation patients were treated with modified radical mastectomy. Combination chemotherapy was given to patients with positive axillary lymph nodes. Radiotherapy and hormonal therapy were also employed. There were 57 male patients with breast cancer which accounted for 9% of all breast cancers seen during the study period. Their mean age was 59 ± 2.3 years. The mean tumor diameter was 13 ± 2.5 cm. Fifty three (93%) patients presented with advanced disease including 15 with distant metastasis. Four patients with stage II disease were treated with modified radical mastectomy, chemotherapy and tamoxifen. Of the 30 patients with sage III disease that had modified radical mastectomy, complete axillary clearance and tumor free margins were achieved in 25. Overall 21 (36.8%) patients were tumor free at one year. Overall 5-year survival was 22.8%. In conclusion, male patients with breast cancer present with advanced disease which is associated with poor outcome of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adamu Ahmed
- Department of Surgery, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Yahaya Ukwenya
- Department of Surgery, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Adamu Abdullahi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, 810001 Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Iliyasu Muhammad
- Department of Surgery, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria
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11463
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MRI-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) to treat facet joint osteoarthritis low back pain—case series of an innovative new technique. Eur Radiol 2012; 22:2822-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-012-2628-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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11464
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Current challenges in development of differentially expressed and prognostic prostate cancer biomarkers. Prostate Cancer 2012; 2012:640968. [PMID: 22970379 PMCID: PMC3434411 DOI: 10.1155/2012/640968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Predicting the aggressiveness of prostate cancer at biopsy is invaluable in making treatment decisions. In this paper we review the differential expression of genes and microRNAs identified through microarray analysis as potentially useful markers for prostate cancer prognosis and discuss some of the challenges associated with their development. Methods. A review of the literature was conducted through Medline. Articles were identified through searches of the following terms: "prostate cancer AND differential expression", "prostate cancer prognosis", and "prostate cancer AND microRNAs". Results. Though numerous differentially expressed genes and microRNAs were identified as possible prognostic markers, the significance of several of these genes is either debated due to conflicting results or is not validated in other study populations. A few of the articles constructed predictive nomograms using a panel of biomarkers which require further validation. Challenges to the development of useful markers include different methodology, cancer heterogeneity, and sampling error. These can be overcome by categorizing prognostic factors into particular gene pathways or by supplementing biopsy information with blood or urine-based biomarkers. Conclusion. Though biomarkers based on differential expression offer the potential to improve decision making concerning prostate cancer, further validation of their utility and accuracy at the biopsy level is needed.
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11465
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Oh EM, Lee KE, Kwon H, Kim EY, Bae DS, Youn YK. Analysis of patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer expected to have curative surgery. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SURGICAL SOCIETY 2012; 83:123-9. [PMID: 22977757 PMCID: PMC3433547 DOI: 10.4174/jkss.2012.83.3.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is rare and has a poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinicopathologic characteristics of patients diagnosed with ATC expected to undergo curative thyroidectomy, with the goal of finding differences between patients surviving ≥6 months and <6 months. Methods From 1981 to 2010, 24 patients underwent thyroidectomy due to ATC. Among those patients, 12 suspected of distant metastasis preoperatively were excluded. The remaining 12 patients were analyzed by retrospective review of electronic medical records. Results Median age was 55 years, and the male to female ratio was 1:5. All patients presented with neck mass at initial diagnosis. Five patients lived <6 months and seven patients lived ≥6 months after operation. In patients surviving ≥6 months, all lesions were <5 cm and all patients underwent total thyroidectomy. In patients surviving <6 months, two of the four lesions were >5 cm, and two of the five patients underwent less than total thyroidectomy (P = 0.287 and 0.152, respectively). All patients with lesion size <5 cm underwent total thyroidectomy and showed a shorter median operation time (P = 0.182 and 0.033, respectively). Conclusion ATC showed female predominance. Patients initially presented with neck mass, and median age was 55 years. In patients with ATC who are expected to undergo curative thyroidectomy, surgery should actively be considered as primary therapy for patient survival when the size is <5 cm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Mee Oh
- Department of Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
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11466
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Abstract
Although androgen-deprivation therapy is the standard therapy for advanced and metastatic prostate cancer, this treatment is only palliative. Prostate cancer recurs then grows despite low circulating testicular androgens, using several mechanisms that remain dependent on androgen-receptor signaling in most cases. This article reviews the diversity of mechanisms used for growth by castration-recurrent prostate cancer.
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11467
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Matić IZ, Ðorđić M, Grozdanić N, Damjanović A, Kolundžija B, Erić-Nikolić A, Džodić R, Šašić M, Nikolić S, Dobrosavljević D, Rašković S, Andrejević S, Gavrilović D, Cordero OJ, Juranić ZD. Serum activity of DPPIV and its expression on lymphocytes in patients with melanoma and in people with vitiligo. BMC Immunol 2012; 13:48. [PMID: 22908963 PMCID: PMC3464610 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-13-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dipeptidyl peptidase IV, a multifunctional serine protease, is implicated in regulation of malignant transformation, promotion and further progression of cancer, exerting tumor-suppressing or even completely opposite - tumor-promoting activities. The aim of present research was to determine the serum DPPIV activity, as well as the percentages of CD26+ lymphocytes, CD26+ overall white blood cells and the mean fluorescence intensity of CD26 expression on lymphocytes in patients with melanoma, people with vitiligo and in healthy controls. Methods The activity of DPPIV in serum was determined by colorimetric test. Expression of DPPIV (as CD26) on immunocompetent peripheral white blood cells was done using flow cytometry analysis. Results Data from our study show for the first time statistically significant decrease: in the serum DPPIV activity, in the percentage of CD26+ overall white blood cells and in the percentage of lymphocytes in patients with melanoma in comparison to healthy control people. In addition, significantly lower serum DPPIV activity was found in the group of patients with melanoma in relation to people with vitiligo too. Conclusion This study indicates the need for exploring the cause and the importance of the disturbances in the serum DPPIV activity and in the CD26 expression on immunocompetent cells in complex molecular mechanisms underlying the development and progression of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Z Matić
- Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
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11468
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Brock R, Xiong B, Li L, VanBogelen RA, Christman L. A multiplex serum protein assay for determining the probability of colorectal cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2012; 2:598-605. [PMID: 22957311 PMCID: PMC3433100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Our purpose is to develop a serum assay to determine an individual's probability of having colorectal cancer (CRC). We have discovered a protein panel yielding encouraging, clinically significant results. We evaluated 431 serum samples from donors screened for CRC by colonoscopy. We compared the concentration of seven proteins in individuals with CRC versus individuals found to be CRC free. The assay monitored a single peptide from each of seven proteins. Comparing CRC to normal samples in univariate two-sample t-tests, 6 of the 7 proteins yielded a p-value less than 0.01. Logistic regression was used to construct a model for determination of CRC probability. The model was fit on a randomly chosen training set of 321 samples. Using 6 of the 7 proteins (ORM1, GSN, C9, HABP2, SAA2, and C3) and a cut point of 0.4, an independent test set of 110 samples yielded a sensitivity of 93.75%, a specificity of 82.89% and a prevalence-adjusted negative predictive value (NPV) of 99.9775% for the assay. The results demonstrate that the assay has promise as a sensitive, non-invasive diagnostic test to provide individuals with an understanding of their own probability of having CRC.
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11469
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Chang KH, Ho MC, Yeh CC, Chen YC, Lian FL, Lin WL, Yen JY, Chen YY. Effectiveness of external respiratory surrogates for in vivo liver motion estimation. Med Phys 2012; 39:5293-301. [PMID: 22894455 DOI: 10.1118/1.4738966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Due to low frame rate of MRI and high radiation damage from fluoroscopy and CT, liver motion estimation using external respiratory surrogate signals seems to be a better approach to track liver motion in real-time for liver tumor treatments in radiotherapy and thermotherapy. This work proposes a liver motion estimation method based on external respiratory surrogate signals. Animal experiments are also conducted to investigate related issues, such as the sensor arrangement, multisensor fusion, and the effective time period. METHODS Liver motion and abdominal motion are both induced by respiration and are proved to be highly correlated. Contrary to the difficult direct measurement of the liver motion, the abdominal motion can be easily accessed. Based on this idea, our study is split into the model-fitting stage and the motion estimation stage. In the first stage, the correlation between the surrogates and the liver motion is studied and established via linear regression method. In the second stage, the liver motion is estimated by the surrogate signals with the correlation model. Animal experiments on cases of single surrogate signal, multisurrogate signals, and long-term surrogate signals are conducted and discussed to verify the practical use of this approach. RESULTS The results show that the best single sensor location is at the middle of the upper abdomen, while multisurrogate models are generally better than the single ones. The estimation error is reduced from 0.6 mm for the single surrogate models to 0.4 mm for the multisurrogate models. The long-term validity of the estimation models is quite satisfactory within the period of 10 min with the estimation error less than 1.4 mm. CONCLUSIONS External respiratory surrogate signals from the abdomen motion produces good performance for liver motion estimation in real-time. Multisurrogate signals enhance estimation accuracy, and the estimation model can maintain its accuracy for at least 10 min. This approach can be used in practical applications such as the liver tumor treatment in radiotherapy and thermotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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11470
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Fang Y, Yu Y, Hou Q, Zheng X, Zhang M, Zhang D, Li J, Wu XR, Huang C. The Chinese herb isolate isorhapontigenin induces apoptosis in human cancer cells by down-regulating overexpression of antiapoptotic protein XIAP. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:35234-35243. [PMID: 22896709 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.389494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the Chinese herb Gnetum cleistostachyum has been used as a remedy for cancers for hundred years, the active compounds and molecular mechanisms underlying its anti-cancer activity have not been explored. Recently a new derivative of stilbene compound, isorhapontigenin (ISO), was isolated from this Chinese herb. In the present study, we examined the potential of ISO in anti-cancer activity and the mechanisms involved in human cancer cell lines. We found that ISO exhibited significant inhibitory effects on human bladder cancer cell growth that was accompanied by marked apoptotic induction as well as down-regulation of the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP). Further studies have shown that ISO down-regulation of XIAP protein expression was only observed in endogenous XIAP, but not in constitutionally exogenously expressed XIAP in the same cells, excluding the possibility of ISO regulating XIAP expression at the level of protein degradation. We also identified that ISO down-regulated XIAP gene transcription via inhibition of Sp1 transactivation. There was no significant effect of ISO on apoptosis and colony formation of cells transfected with exogenous HA-tagged XIAP. Collectively, current studies, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, identify ISO as a major active compound for the anti-cancer activity of G. cleistostachyum by down-regulation of XIAP expression and induction of apoptosis through specific targeting of a SP1 pathway, and cast new light on the treatment of the cancer patients with XIAP overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Fang
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York 10987; Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, ZheJiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Yonghui Yu
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York 10987
| | - Qi Hou
- Materia Medica of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiao Zheng
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York 10987
| | - Min Zhang
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York 10987
| | - Dongyun Zhang
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York 10987
| | - Jingxia Li
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York 10987
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Department of Urology and Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Chuanshu Huang
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York 10987.
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11471
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Kapoor S. CD26: A prognostic marker of other systemic malignancies besides colo-rectal carcinomas. World J Clin Oncol 2012; 3:126-7. [PMID: 22905339 PMCID: PMC3421025 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v3.i8.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
I read with great interest the recent article by Cordero et al in a recent issue of your esteemed journal. Interestingly, the past few years have seen the emergence of CD26 as an important diagnostic and prognostic marker for a number of systemic malignancies besides colo-rectal carcinomas. For instance, serum CD26 levels are an important emerging marker of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). In fact, Molica et al have recently reported shorter time to first treatment in B-CLL which exhibit higher serum CD26 levels and simultaneously demonstrate absence of mutation in IgV (H). Similarly, CD26 serves as a marker of poor prognosis in T cell lymphomas. Simultaneously, a poor response to 2’-deoxycoformycin is seen T cell lymphomas expressing CD26. Similarly, breast carcinomas exhibit decreased CD26 mean fluorescence intensity and a decreased percentage of CD26 positive lymphocytes in comparison to benign breast tumors and healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra Kapoor
- Shailendra Kapoor, Private practice, 7487 Sherwood Crossing place # 302, Mechanicsville, VA 23111, United States
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11472
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Virmani V, Khandelwal A, Sethi V, Fraser-Hill M, Fasih N, Kielar A. Neoplastic stomach lesions and their mimickers: spectrum of imaging manifestations. Cancer Imaging 2012; 12:269-78. [PMID: 22935192 PMCID: PMC3458788 DOI: 10.1102/1470-7330.2012.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review illustrates a wide spectrum of gastric neoplasms with emphasis on imaging findings helpful in characterizing various gastric neoplasms. Both the malignant and benign neoplasms along with focal gastric masses mimicking tumour are illustrated. Moreover, imaging clues to reach an accurate diagnosis are emphasized.
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11473
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Trichomonosis, a common curable STI, and prostate carcinogenesis--a proposed molecular mechanism. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002801. [PMID: 22912571 PMCID: PMC3415452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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11474
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Vijayaraghavalu S, Peetla C, Lu S, Labhasetwar V. Epigenetic modulation of the biophysical properties of drug-resistant cell lipids to restore drug transport and endocytic functions. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:2730-42. [PMID: 22817326 DOI: 10.1021/mp300281t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In our recent studies exploring the biophysical characteristics of resistant cell lipids, and the role they play in drug transport, we demonstrated the difference of drug-resistant breast cancer cells from drug-sensitive cells in lipid composition and biophysical properties, suggesting that cancer cells acquire a drug-resistant phenotype through the alteration of lipid synthesis to inhibit intracellular drug transport to protect from cytotoxic effect. In cancer cells, epigenetic changes (e.g., DNA hypermethylation) are essential to maintain this drug-resistant phenotype. Thus, altered lipid synthesis may be linked to epigenetic mechanisms of drug resistance. We hypothesize that reversing DNA hypermethylation in resistant cells with an epigenetic drug could alter lipid synthesis, changing the cell membrane's biophysical properties to facilitate drug delivery to overcome drug resistance. Herein we show that treating drug-resistant breast cancer cells (MCF-7/ADR) with the epigenetic drug 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (decitabine) significantly alters cell lipid composition and biophysical properties, causing the resistant cells to acquire biophysical characteristics similar to those of sensitive cell (MCF-7) lipids. Following decitabine treatment, resistant cells demonstrated increased sphingomyelinase activity, resulting in a decreased sphingomyelin level that influenced lipid domain structures, increased membrane fluidity, and reduced P-glycoprotein expression. Changes in the biophysical characteristics of resistant cell lipids facilitated doxorubicin transport and restored endocytic function for drug delivery with a lipid-encapsulated form of doxorubicin, enhancing the drug efficacy. In conclusion, we have established a new mechanism for efficacy of an epigenetic drug, mediated through changes in lipid composition and biophysical properties, in reversing cancer drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivakumar Vijayaraghavalu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, United States
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11475
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Santini D, Tampellini M, Vincenzi B, Ibrahim T, Ortega C, Virzi V, Silvestris N, Berardi R, Masini C, Calipari N, Ottaviani D, Catalano V, Badalamenti G, Giannicola R, Fabbri F, Venditti O, Fratto ME, Mazzara C, Latiano TP, Bertolini F, Petrelli F, Ottone A, Caroti C, Salvatore L, Falcone A, Giordani P, Addeo R, Aglietta M, Cascinu S, Barni S, Maiello E, Tonini G. Natural history of bone metastasis in colorectal cancer: final results of a large Italian bone metastases study. Ann Oncol 2012; 23:2072-2077. [PMID: 22219016 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdr572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data are limited regarding bone metastases from colorectal cancer (CRC). The objective of this study was to survey the natural history of bone metastasis in CRC. PATIENTS AND METHODS This retrospective, multicenter, observational study of 264 patients with CRC involving bone examined cancer treatments, bone metastases characteristics, skeletal-related event (SRE) type and frequency, zoledronic acid therapy, and disease outcomes. RESULTS Most patients with bone metastases had pathologic T3/4 disease at CRC diagnosis. The spine was the most common site involved (65%), followed by hip/pelvis (34%), long bones (26%), and other sites (17%). Median time from CRC diagnosis to bone metastases was 11.00 months; median time to first SRE thereafter was 2.00 months. Radiation and pathologic fractures affected 45% and 10% of patients, respectively; 32% of patients had no reported SREs. Patients survived for a median of 7.00 months after bone metastases diagnosis; SREs did not significantly affect survival. Subgroup analyses revealed that zoledronic acid significantly prolonged median time to first SRE (2.00 months versus 1.00 month, respectively, P=0.009) and produced a trend toward improved overall survival versus no zoledronic acid. CONCLUSION This study illustrates the burden of bone metastases from CRC and supports the use of zoledronic acid in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Santini
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome.
| | - M Tampellini
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Torino, San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Torino
| | - B Vincenzi
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome
| | - T Ibrahim
- Osteo-oncology Center, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Meldola, Forlì-Cesena
| | - C Ortega
- Oncological Department, Medical Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (IRCC), Candiolo, Torino
| | - V Virzi
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome
| | - N Silvestris
- Medical and Experimental Oncology Unit, Oncology Institute Giovanni Paolo II, Bari
| | - R Berardi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Universita Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona
| | - C Masini
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital, Modena
| | - N Calipari
- Department of Radiotherapy, Ospedali Riuniti, Reggio Calabria
| | - D Ottaviani
- Department of Medical Oncology, Presidio Sanitario Gradenigo, Turin
| | - V Catalano
- Department of Medical Oncology, A.O. Ospedali Riuniti Marche Nord, Pesaro
| | - G Badalamenti
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Policlinico Universitario 'P. Giaccone', Palermo
| | - R Giannicola
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ospedali Riuniti, Reggio Calabria
| | - F Fabbri
- Osteo-oncology Center, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Meldola, Forlì-Cesena
| | - O Venditti
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome
| | - M E Fratto
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome
| | - C Mazzara
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome
| | - T P Latiano
- Department of Onco-Hematology, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo
| | - F Bertolini
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital, Modena
| | - F Petrelli
- Department of Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Treviglio-Caravaggio, Treviglio, Bergamo
| | - A Ottone
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Torino, San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Torino
| | - C Caroti
- S.C. Medical Oncology, Galliera Hospital, Genoa
| | - L Salvatore
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, University Hospital S. Chiara, Pisa
| | - A Falcone
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, University Hospital S. Chiara, Pisa
| | - P Giordani
- Department of Medical Oncology, A.O. Ospedali Riuniti Marche Nord, Pesaro
| | - R Addeo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ospedale San Giovanni di Dio di Frattamaggiore, Naples
| | - M Aglietta
- Oncological Department, Medical Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (IRCC), Candiolo, Torino; Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Torino Medical School - Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - S Cascinu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Universita Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona
| | - S Barni
- Department of Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Treviglio-Caravaggio, Treviglio, Bergamo
| | - E Maiello
- Department of Onco-Hematology, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo
| | - G Tonini
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome
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11476
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Circulating tumor cells as a marker of response: implications for determining treatment efficacy and evaluating new agents. Curr Opin Urol 2012; 22:190-6. [PMID: 22328019 DOI: 10.1097/mou.0b013e3283519b58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To assess the current and future potential of using circulating tumor cells (CTC) as a biomarker to assess staging/prognosis and treatment efficacy. RECENT FINDINGS The shedding of prostate cancer cells by the primary tumor into the circulation can occur very early in the disease process but the detection of CTC at the time of initial presentation is not necessarily a poor prognostic. Furthermore, some patients who have undergone a radical prostatectomy and have no evidence of disease for 5 years still have detectable tumor cells in their bone marrow. In some cases these dormant tumor cells can eventually be activated and form a metastasis. In other situations the shed cells might contain aggressive stem-like cells. Overall, a pattern of an evolving genomic and molecular profile appears to be apparent over the course of initial dissemination to development of overt metastases. Clinically, several studies suggest that the enumeration of CTC prior to and during chemotherapy is predictive of the overall therapeutic response. Additionally, the absolute count or CTC threshold could be patient specific and not universal, suggesting the change in CTC count on a case-by-case basis may be more significant for patient management. SUMMARY CTC are clinically significant in the management of prostate cancer. However, to determine the true efficacy of CTC detection in the active clinical arena, coordinated multi-institutional studies with a standardized detection methodology need to be undertaken.
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11477
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EGFR exon mutation distribution and outcome in non-small-cell lung cancer: a Portuguese retrospective study. Tumour Biol 2012; 33:2061-8. [PMID: 22843317 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0465-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations play a predictive role in advanced stages of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. We conducted this study in order to assess EGFR status in a Portuguese population and its role in NSCLC patients' outcomes. Patients were submitted to EGFR assessment by high-resolution melting and/or direct sequencing. Kaplan-Meier curve was used to assess overall survival and progression-free survival (PFS). Two hundred forty eight out of 322 participants were assessed for EGFR status. Forty-two patients (16.9 %) presented EGFR-mutated status: one patient (2.4 %) presented exon 18; 21 patients (50 %), exon 19; one patient (2.4 %), exon 20; and 18 patients (45.2 %), exon 21 mutations, p < 0.001. PFS was not assessed (n.a.) for patient with exon 18 mutation, and for the other patients with mutations, it was 7 months (3.96-10.03) (exon 19), <1 month (exon 20), and 7 months (0-14.2) (exon 21) (p = 0.027). Overall survival (OS) was 11 months (exon 18), 11 months (1-18) (exon 19), 1 month (exon 20), and 7.5 months (2-70) (exon 21) (p = n.a). This study suggests that the EGFR mutation is herein observed in a higher proportion than expected for a Caucasian population, and OS is a little less than that published in the literature.
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11478
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Reddy S, Raffin M, Kaklamani V. Targeting angiogenesis in metastatic breast cancer. Oncologist 2012; 17:1014-26. [PMID: 22843553 PMCID: PMC3425519 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2012-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis has become an important target in the treatment of several solid tumors, including breast cancer. As monotherapy, antiangiogenic agents have demonstrated limited activity in metastatic breast cancer (MBC); therefore, they have generally been developed for use in combination with chemotherapies. Thus far, the experience with antiangiogenic agents for MBC has been mixed. The results from one study assessing addition of the monoclonal antibody bevacizumab to paclitaxel led to approval of bevacizumab for MBC. However, the modest improvement of progression-free survival rates in subsequent MBC studies has led to reappraisal of bevacizumab. Phase III studies have not produced evidence supporting use of the multikinase inhibitor sunitinib alone or in combination with MBC chemotherapy. Experience with sorafenib in a phase IIb program indicates potential when used in select combinations, particularly with capecitabine; however, phase III confirmatory data are needed. Although antiangiogenic therapies combined with chemotherapy have increased progression-free survival rates for patients with MBC, increases in overall survival times have not been observed. Some studies have tried to combine antiangiogenic agents such as bevacizumab and sunitinib or sorafenib, but that approach has been limited because of toxicity concerns. Sequential use of antiangiogenic agents with differing mechanisms of action may be an effective approach. Despite setbacks, angiogenesis will likely remain an important target of treatment for selected patients with MBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Reddy
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael Raffin
- Fishawack Communications, North Wales, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Virginia Kaklamani
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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11479
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Idowu OK, Ding Q, Taktak AFG, Chandrasekar CR, Yin Q. Clinical implication of pretreatment neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in soft tissue sarcoma. Biomarkers 2012; 17:539-44. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2012.699554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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11480
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Thyroid cancer: molecular aspects and new therapeutic strategies. J Thyroid Res 2012; 2012:847108. [PMID: 22848860 PMCID: PMC3403487 DOI: 10.1155/2012/847108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite that thyroid cancer accounts for over 90% of tumors that arise from the endocrine system, these tumors barely represent 2% of solid tumors in adults. Many entities are grouped under the general term of thyroid cancer, and they differ in histological features as well as molecular and clinical behavior. Thus, the prognosis for patients with thyroid cancer ranges from a survival rate of >97% at 5 years, in the case of differentiated thyroid tumors sensitive to radioactive iodine, to a 4-month median survival for anaplastic tumors. The high vascularity in these tumors and the important role that oncogenic mutations may have in the RAS/RAF/MEK pathway and oncogenicity (as suggested by activating mutations and rearrangements of the RET gene) have led to the development of multitarget inhibitors in different histological subgroups of patients. The correct molecular characterization of patients with thyroid cancer is thought to be a key aspect for the future clinical management of these patients.
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11481
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Yang H, Mohamed ASS, Zhou SH. Oxidized low density lipoprotein, stem cells, and atherosclerosis. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:85. [PMID: 22747902 PMCID: PMC3475066 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), a risk factor of atherosclerosis, facilitates the formation and vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaque, thus contributing to several clinical complications. Stem cells participate in vascular repair after damage and atherosclerosis is a process of inflammation accompanied with vascular injury. Researchers have proposed that stem cells participate in the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. Also, because ox-LDL is capable of inducing toxic effects on stem cells, it is reasonable to postulate that ox-LDL promotes the progress of atherosclerosis via acting on stem cells. In the present article, we review the relationship between ox-LDL, stem cells, and atherosclerosis and a portion of the associated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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11482
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Sasaki T, Isayama H, Nakai Y, Togawa O, Kogure H, Kawakubo K, Mizuno S, Yashima Y, Ito Y, Yamamoto N, Sasahira N, Hirano K, Tsujino T, Toda N, Tada M, Omata M, Koike K. Predictive factors of solid food intake in patients with malignant gastric outlet obstruction receiving self-expandable metallic stents for palliation. Dig Endosc 2012; 24:226-30. [PMID: 22725106 DOI: 10.1111/j.1443-1661.2011.01208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM As for self-expandable metallic stents (SEMS) for malignant gastric outlet obstruction (GOO), some predictive factors of stent patency have been reported, although re-canalization of GOO by SEMS does not necessarily lead to favorable food intake. Therefore, we analyzed the predictive factors of oral food intake following SEMS placement. METHODS A total of 97 consecutive patients in whom SEMS were placed for malignant GOO in five hospitals were included in this retrospective study. Clinical outcomes and predictive factors influencing solid food intake were analyzed. RESULTS The technical and clinical success rates were 97.9% and 87.6%, respectively. The mean gastric outlet obstruction scoring system (GOOSS) improved from 0.39 to 2.24 after SEMS placement (P<0.01). The median eating period was 2.1 months (95% CI, 1.1-3.0 months), and the median survival time was 3.1 months (95% CI, 2.0-4.2 months). A Karnofsky performance status of ≤ 50 (odds ratio, 3.65; 95% CI, 1.17-13.1; P=0.03) and ascites (odds ratio, 3.28; 95% CI, 1.23-9.05; P=0.02) were identified as statistically significant independent poor predictive factors of solid food intake. CONCLUSION SEMS is an effective treatment for patients with malignant GOO. Ascites and a poor performance status were poor predictive factors of solid food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo Department of Gastroenterology, Tokyo, Japan
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11483
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Gurzu S, Cimpean AM, Kovacs J, Jung I. Counting of angiogenesis in colorectal carcinomas using double immunostain. TUMORI JOURNAL 2012; 98:485-90. [PMID: 23052166 DOI: 10.1177/030089161209800414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare the simple immunostains performed with CD31, CD34 and CD105 antibodies, with double-labeling immunostains realized with CD105 (endoglin) and smooth muscle actin antibodies in colorectal carcinomas. Fourty colorectal carcinoma surgical specimens were immunohistochemically studied. Quantification of microvessel density was realized at 400× magnification, in the intratumoral and peritumoral areas and distant from the tumor. With simple immunostains, it was very difficult to identify the type of vessel. With CD105/smooth muscle actin double-labeling stain we determined vessels maturation grade and identified the following types of vessels: isolated endothelial cells, immature, intermediary, mature and activated mature vessels. The density of intermediate vessels was higher in well-differentiated (2 ± 0.03) than in moderately (0.14 ± 0,02) or poorly differentiated colorectal carcinoma (0.07 ± 0.01). Such vessel types could not be identified with simple immunostains, and we believe that this is one reason why double-labeling immunostaining with CD105/smooth muscle actin should be used to study angiogenesis in colorectal carcinoma. We conclude that the density of intermediate vessels, correlated with the histological grade, could indicate the success or failure of the antiangiogenic treatment. Double-labeling immunostaining is indispensable to study vessel maturation grade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Gurzu
- Department of Pathology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Targu Mures, Romania
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11484
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Are RECIST criteria sufficient to assess response to therapy in neuroendocrine tumors? Clin Imaging 2012; 36:360-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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11485
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Thyrocyte-specific inactivation of p53 and Pten results in anaplastic thyroid carcinomas faithfully recapitulating human tumors. Oncotarget 2012; 2:1109-26. [PMID: 22190384 PMCID: PMC3282070 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is the most aggressive form of thyroid cancer, and often derives from pre-existing well-differentiated tumors. Despite a relatively low prevalence, it accounts for a disproportionate number of thyroid cancer-related deaths, due to its resistance to any therapeutic approach. Here we describe the first mouse model of ATC, obtained by combining in the mouse thyroid follicular cells two molecular hallmarks of human ATC: activation of PI3K (via Pten deletion) and inactivation of p53. By 9 months of age, over 75% of the compound mutant mice develop aggressive, undifferentiated thyroid tumors that evolve from pre-existing follicular hyperplasia and carcinoma. These tumors display all the features of their human counterpart, including pleomorphism, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, aneuploidy, local invasion, and distant metastases. Expression profiling of the murine ATCs reveals a significant overlap with genes found deregulated in human ATC, including genes involved in mitosis control. Furthermore, similar to the human tumors, [Pten, p53]thyr-/- tumors and cells are highly glycolytic and remarkably sensitive to glycolysis inhibitors, which synergize with standard chemotherapy. Taken together, our results show that combined PI3K activation and p53 loss faithfully reproduce the development of thyroid anaplastic carcinomas, and provide a compelling rationale for targeting glycolysis to increase chemotherapy response in ATC patients.
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11486
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Jeong E, Lee HR, Pyee J, Park H. Pinosylvin Induces Cell Survival, Migration and Anti-Adhesiveness of Endothelial Cells via Nitric Oxide Production. Phytother Res 2012; 27:610-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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11487
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Assessing Cerebrovascular Reactivity in Carotid Steno-Occlusive Disease Using MRI BOLD and ASL Techniques. Radiol Res Pract 2012; 2012:268483. [PMID: 22919485 PMCID: PMC3388310 DOI: 10.1155/2012/268483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR), a predictive factor of imminent stroke, has been shown to be associated with carotid steno-occlusive disease. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, such as blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) and arterial spin labeling (ASL), have emerged as promising noninvasive tools to evaluate altered CVR with whole-brain coverage, when combined with a vasoactive stimulus, such as respiratory task or injection of acetazolamide. Under normal cerebrovascular conditions, CVR has been shown to be globally and homogenously distributed between hemispheres, but with differences among cerebral regions. Such differences can be explained by anatomical specificities and different biochemical mechanisms responsible for vascular regulation. In patients with carotid steno-occlusive disease, studies have shown that MRI techniques can detect impaired CVR in brain tissue supplied by the affected artery. Moreover, resulting CVR estimations have been well correlated to those obtained with more established techniques, indicating that BOLD and ASL are robust and reliable methods to assess CVR in patients with cerebrovascular diseases. Therefore, the present paper aims to review recent studies which use BOLD and ASL to evaluate CVR, in healthy individuals and in patients with carotid steno-occlusive disease, providing a source of information regarding the obtained results and the methodological difficulties.
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11488
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Grivas PD, Robins DM, Hussain M. Predicting response to hormonal therapy and survival in men with hormone sensitive metastatic prostate cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2012; 85:82-93. [PMID: 22705096 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation is the cornerstone of the management of metastatic prostate cancer. Despite several decades of clinical experience with this therapy there are no standard predictive biomarkers for response. Although several candidate genetic, hormonal, inflammatory, biochemical, metabolic biomarkers have been suggested as potential predictors of response and outcome, none has been prospectively validated nor has proven clinical utility to date. There is significant heterogeneity in the depth and duration of hormonal response and in the natural history of advanced disease; therefore to better optimize/individualize therapy and for future development, identification of biomarkers is critical. This review summarizes the current data on the role of several candidate biomarkers that have been evaluated in the advanced/metastatic disease setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros D Grivas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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11489
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Greene LM, O'Boyle NM, Nolan DP, Meegan MJ, Zisterer DM. The vascular targeting agent Combretastatin-A4 directly induces autophagy in adenocarcinoma-derived colon cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:612-24. [PMID: 22705646 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent clinical data demonstrated that the vascular targeting agent Combretastatin-A4 phosphate (CA-4P) prolonged survival of patients with advanced anaplastic thyroid cancer without any adverse side effects. However, as a single agent CA-4 failed to reduce tumour growth in the murine CT-26 adenocarcinoma colon cancer model. Furthermore, the molecular mechanism of the innate resistance of HT-29 human adenocarcinoma cells to CA-4 is largely unknown. In this report, we demonstrate for the first time that prolonged exposure to CA-4 and an azetidinone cis-restricted analogue, CA-432 (chemical name; 4-(3-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-1-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-azetidin-2-one) induced autophagy in adenocarcinoma-derived CT-26, Caco-2 and HT-29 cells but not in fibrosarcoma-derived HT-1080 cells. Autophagy is a fundamental self-catabolic process which can facilitate a prolonged cell survival in spite of adverse stress by generating energy via lysosomal degradation of cytoplasmic constituents. Autophagy was confirmed by acridine orange staining of vesicle formation, electron microscopy and increased expression of LC3-II. Combretastatin-induced autophagy was associated with a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and elongation of the mitochondria. Furthermore, inhibition of autophagy by the vacuolar H(+)ATPase inhibitor Bafilomycin-A1 (BAF-A1) significantly enhanced CA-432 induced HT-29 cell death. Both CA-4 and its synthetic derivative, CA-432 induced the formation of large hyperdiploid cells in Caco-2 and CT-26 cells. The formation of these polyploid cells was significantly inhibited by autophagy inhibitor, BAF-A1. Results presented within demonstrate that autophagy is a novel response to combretastatin exposure and may be manipulated to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of this class of vascular targeting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Greene
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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11490
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Detection of prolactin inducible protein mRNA, a biomarker for breast cancer metastasis, using a molecular beacon-based assay. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:399-406. [PMID: 22692591 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6162-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Mortality due to breast cancer is increasingly linked to early, undetected metastasis, making methods for earlier detection acutely necessary. We describe the development of an assay based on molecular beacon (MB) chemistry with fluorescence detection to monitor a breast cancer biomarker for the analysis of breast cancer metastasis. The MB assay is based on the complementary base-pairing interactions of the MB nucleic acid with mRNA indicative of breast cancer metastasis. The presence of mRNA is characterized by an increase in the fluorescence intensity of the molecular beacon. The assay gives a linear, reproducible response to prolactin inducible protein mRNA, with a limit of detection in the high picomolar range. This method sensitively and specifically identifies a biomarker directly in serum samples in minimal time and with a straightforward procedure, dramatically reducing the total time for sample analysis over current methods from days to hours. The potential impact of this work in detection and understanding of breast cancer metastasis lies in improvements in simplicity, accuracy, and speed over current methods, which could allow for improved patient treatment and prognoses. Ultimately, additional sample throughput will result in better understanding of disease progression.
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11491
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Peek SF, McGuirk SM, Gaska J, Ravi M, Bell C, Pinkerton MA. Idiopathic hemorrhagic pericardial effusion as a precursor to epicardial lymphosarcoma in three cows. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:1069-72. [PMID: 22676351 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00952.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S F Peek
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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11492
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Peacock ZS, Kademani D, Le AD, Lee JS, Hale RG, Cunningham LL. Proceedings From the 2011 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons Research Summit. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2012; 70:1271-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2012.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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11493
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Garby L, Caron P, Claustrat F, Chanson P, Tabarin A, Rohmer V, Arnault G, Bonnet F, Chabre O, Christin-Maitre S, du-Boullay H, Murat A, Nakib I, Sadoul JL, Sassolas G, Claustrat B, Raverot G, Borson-Chazot F. Clinical characteristics and outcome of acromegaly induced by ectopic secretion of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH): a French nationwide series of 21 cases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97:2093-104. [PMID: 22442262 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-2930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Ectopic GHRH secretion is a rare cause of acromegaly, and case reports are mainly isolated. SETTING From the registry of the sole laboratory performing plasma GHRH assays in France, we identified cases of ectopic GHRH secretion presenting with acromegaly between 1983 and 2008. PATIENTS Twenty-one patients aged 14-77 yr were identified from 12 French hospitals. Median GHRH was 548 (270-9779) ng/liter. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Outcome measures included description of tumor features and outcome and the relation between plasma GHRH values and tumor site, size, and spread. RESULTS The primary neuroendocrine tumor was identified for 20 of 21 patients (12 pancreatic, seven bronchial, one appendicular). Tumors were large (10-80 mm), identified on computed tomography scan in 18 cases and by endoscopic ultrasound and somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in two. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy had a similar sensitivity to computed tomography scan (81 vs. 86%). Tumors were all well differentiated; 47.6% had metastasized at the time of diagnosis of acromegaly. After a median follow-up of 5 yr, 85% of patients were alive. Ninety-one percent of patients whose tumor was completely removed were considered in remission, and most had normalized plasma GHRH. The remaining patients were treated with somatostatin analogs: IGF-I normalized except for one patient who required pegvisomant, but GHRH levels remained elevated. No correlations were found between GHRH levels and tumor site or size or the existence of metastases. Identification of increased plasma GHRH during follow-up was an accurate indicator of recurrence. CONCLUSIONS The prognosis of endocrine tumors responsible for GHRH secretion appears relatively good. Plasma GHRH assay is an accurate tool for diagnosis and follow-up.
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11494
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Xu Y, Tokar EJ, Sun Y, Waalkes MP. Arsenic-transformed malignant prostate epithelia can convert noncontiguous normal stem cells into an oncogenic phenotype. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2012; 120:865-71. [PMID: 22472196 PMCID: PMC3385457 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1204987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are likely critical to carcinogenesis, and, like normal stem cells (NSCs), are affected by microenvironmental factors. Malignant cells release extracellular factors, modifying tumor behavior. Inorganic arsenic, a human carcinogen, is associated with an overproduction of CSCs in various model systems of carcinogenesis. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine if NSCs are influenced by nearby arsenic-transformed malignant epithelial cells (MECs) as a possible factor in arsenic-associated CSC overabundance. METHODS Transwell noncontact co-culture allowed the study of the effects of non-contiguous, arsenic-transformed prostate MECs on the isogenic human prostate NSC line, WPE-stem. Cancer phenotype was assessed by evaluating secreted matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), invasiveness, colony formation, and spheroid formation. Gene expression was assessed at the protein (Western blot) or mRNA (real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) levels. RESULTS Noncontact co-culture of MECs and NSCs rapidly (≤ 3 weeks) caused hypersecretion of MMPs and marked suppression of the tumor suppressor gene PTEN in NSCs. NSCs co-cultured with MECs also showed increased invasiveness and clonogenicity and formed more free-floating spheroids and highly branched ductal-like structures in Matrigel, all typical for CSCs. MEC co-culture caused dysregulated self-renewal and differentiation-related gene expression patterns and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in NSCs consistent with an acquired cancer phenotype. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a cytokine involved in tumor microenvironment control, was hypersecreted by MECs, and IL-6 exposure of NSCs resulted in the duplication of several responses in NSCs of conversion to CSCs via MEC co-culture (e.g., MMP hypersecretion, decreased PTEN). CONCLUSIONS Arsenic-transformed MECs recruit nearby NSCs into a cancer phenotype, thereby potentially increasing CSC number. This may be a factor in arsenic-induced CSC overabundance seen in multiple model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Xu
- National Toxicology Program Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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11495
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Adewole AD, Roman SA, Kraev AI, Kim AW. A fluorodeoxyglucose avid mediastinal parathyroid adenoma masquerading as metastatic bladder cancer. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2012; 15:514-5. [PMID: 22645294 DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivs232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A 64-year old male with a prior medical history of bladder transitional cell carcinoma treated with a cystoprostatectomy and adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy 10 years earlier underwent a surveillance positron emission tomography (PET) scan that revealed a metabolically active 2-cm nodule in the superior mediastinum, anterior to the origin of the innominate artery. The lesion was removed due to concerns of metastatic disease using a cervical mediastinoscope. Final pathology revealed an ectopic mediastinal parathyroid adenoma. The combination of the rare presentation, uncommon surgical approach and pathology makes this case unique.
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11496
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Li YQ, Hou XH, Wang YF, Zhang LN. Correlation between structure and anti-gastric adenocarcinoma activity of b-D-glucan isolated from Poria cocos sclerotium. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:1277-1283. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i15.1277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the correlation between structure and anti-gastric adenocarcinoma activities of polysaccharides isolated from the sclerotiuma of Poria cocos and their derivatives.
METHODS: A water insoluble (1→3)-b-D-glucan PCS3-Ⅱ isolated from fresh sclerotium of Poria cocos was sulfated, carboxymethylated, methylated, hydroxyethylated or hydroxypropylated to prepare five water-soluble derivatives, coded as S-PCS3-Ⅱ, C-PCS3-Ⅱ, M-PCS3-Ⅱ, HE-PCS3-Ⅱ and HP-PCS3-Ⅱ. Their weight-average molecular mass (Mw), intrinsic viscosity ([η]) and <s2>z1/2 were characterized by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) combined with laser light scattering (LLS), LLS, and viscometry. The antitumor activities of PCS3-Ⅱ and its derivatives were tested in vitro by MTT assay using gastric adenocarcinoma cell lines MKN-45, SGC-7901 and MKN-28.
RESULTS: The Mw values of the derivatives S-PCS3-Ⅱ, C-PCS3-Ⅱ, M-PCS3-Ⅱ, HE-PCS3-Ⅱand HP-PCS3-Ⅱ in PBS were determined to be 3.8×104, 18.9×104, 16.0×104, 76.8×104, and 224.3×104, respectively. The native b-glucan did not show any anti-gastric adenocarcinoma activity, while the sulfated and carboxymethylated derivatives exhibited significant anti-gastric adenocarcinoma activity in MKN-45, SGC-7901 and MKN-28 cell lines.
CONCLUSION: The polysaccharides from fresh sclerotium of Poria cocos showed no anti-gastric adenocarcinoma activity in vitro. The introduction of carboxymethylated and sulfated groups to water insoluble polysaccharide PCS3-Ⅱ increased their water-solubility, chain stiffness and anti-gastric adenocarcinoma activity. The sulfated derivatives showed obvious inhibitory effects on gastric adenocarcinoma cells.
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11497
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Yudina A, Moonen C. Ultrasound-induced cell permeabilisation and hyperthermia: Strategies for local delivery of compounds with intracellular mode of action. Int J Hyperthermia 2012; 28:311-9. [DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2012.664307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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11498
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De Mello RA. Metastatic melanoma and vemurafenib: novel approaches. Rare Tumors 2012; 4:e31. [PMID: 22826788 PMCID: PMC3401159 DOI: 10.4081/rt.2012.e31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma (MM) presents a treatment challenge to oncologists worldwide. Dacarbazine is the first line chemotherapy treatment for MM, though the overall response rates are very poor. Recently, the v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF) V600 mutation was found to play a main role in MM. This mutation is present in 40–60% of melanoma patients. Vemurafenib is a BRAF kinase inhibitor that showed impressive results in phase I-III trials and was thus recently approved for the treatment of MM. This paper will briefly focus on vemurafenib in the treatment of MM and highlight concerns
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11499
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Whole body diffusion for metastatic disease assessment in neuroendocrine carcinomas: comparison with OctreoScan® in two cases. World J Surg Oncol 2012; 10:82. [PMID: 22591909 PMCID: PMC3472201 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-10-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumor (NET) patients must be adequately staged in order to improve a multidisciplinary approach and optimal management for metastatic disease. Currently available imaging studies include somatostatin receptor scintigraphy, like OctreoScan®, computed tomography (CT), scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which analyze vascular concentration and intravenous contrast enhancement for anatomic tumor localization. However, these techniques require high degree of expertise for interpretation and are limited by their availability, cost, reproducibility, and follow-up imaging comparisons. NETs significantly reduce water diffusion as compared to normal tissue. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in MRI has an advantageous contrast difference: the tumor is represented with high signal over a black normal surrounding background. The whole-body diffusion (WBD) technique has been suggested to be a useful test for detecting metastasis from various anatomic sites. In this article we report the use of DWI in MRI and WBD in two cases of metastatic pulmonary NET staging in comparison with OctreoScan® in order to illustrate the potential advantage of DWI and WBD in staging NETs.
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11500
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Kapoor S. Beyond pancreatic carcinoma: The close relationship between survivin levels and prognosis in systemic malignancies. World J Clin Oncol 2012; 3:80-1. [PMID: 22582166 PMCID: PMC3349916 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v3.i5.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
I read with great interest the recent article by Liu and Wang in a recent issue of your esteemed journal. The article is highly thought provoking. Interestingly, the past few years have seen a number of studies that have established a close relationship between survivin expression and tumor prognosis in systemic malignancies besides pancreatic carcinomas. For instance, a poor prognosis is seen in patients with bladder carcinomas which exhibit survivin over expression. A higher recurrence rate is seen following radio-chemotherapy in bladder carcinomas which exhibit increased survivin expression. Similarly, up regulation of survivin expression is seen in non-small cell lung cancers. In fact, Yamashita et al have shown that when used in combination with p53AIP1, survivin is a powerful prognostic indicator in non-small cell lung carcinomas. Similarly in breast carcinomas, increased survivin expression is more commonly seen in estrogen receptor negative carcinomas and is associated with a poor overall prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra Kapoor
- Shailendra Kapoor, Formerly University of Illinois at Chicago, Mechanicsville, VA 23111, United States
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