1151
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Lehtinen PO, Foster AS, Ma Y, Krasheninnikov AV, Nieminen RM. Irradiation-induced magnetism in graphite: a density functional study. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 93:187202. [PMID: 15525202 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.187202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2004] [Revised: 10/13/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent experiments indicate that proton irradiation triggers ferromagnetism in originally nonmagnetic graphite samples while He ion bombardment has a much smaller effect. To understand the origin of irradiation-induced magnetism, we have performed spin-polarized density functional theory calculations of the magnetic properties of the defects which are most likely to appear under irradiation vacancies and vacancy-hydrogen complexes. Both defects are magnetic, but as for the latter we find that H adsorption on one of the vacancy dangling bonds gives rise to a magnetic moment double that of the naked vacancy. We show that for small irradiation doses vacancy-hydrogen complexes result in a macroscopic magnetic signal which agrees well with the experimental values.
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Affiliation(s)
- P O Lehtinen
- Laboratory of Physics, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 1100, 02015 Finland
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1152
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Cançado LG, Pimenta MA, Neves BRA, Medeiros-Ribeiro G, Enoki T, Kobayashi Y, Takai K, Fukui KI, Dresselhaus MS, Saito R, Jorio A. Anisotropy of the Raman spectra of nanographite ribbons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 93:047403. [PMID: 15323793 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.047403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A polarized Raman study of nanographite ribbons on a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite substrate is reported. The Raman peak of the nanographite ribbons exhibits an intensity dependence on the light polarization direction relative to the nanographite ribbon axis. This result is due to the quantum confinement of the electrons in the 1D band structure of the nanographite ribbons, combined with the anisotropy of the light absorption in 2D graphite, in agreement with theoretical predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Cançado
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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1153
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Fagas G, Kambili A, Elstner M. Complex-band structure: a method to determine the off-resonant electron transport in oligomers. Chem Phys Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.03.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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1154
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Kato T, Yamabe T. Electron–intramolecular–vibration interactions in positively charged phenanthrene-edge-type hydrocarbons. J Chem Phys 2004; 120:3311-22. [PMID: 15268485 DOI: 10.1063/1.1640351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Electron-phonon interactions in positively charged phenanthrene-edge-type hydrocarbons such as phenanthrene, chrysene, and picene are studied. The C-C stretching modes around 1500 cm(-1) and the low-frequency modes around 500 cm(-1) strongly couple to the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMO) in phenanthrene-edge-type hydrocarbons. The total electron-phonon coupling constants for the monocations (lHOMO) of 0.251, 0.135, and 0.149 eV for phenanthrene, chrysene, and picene, respectively, are estimated to be larger than those of 0.130, 0.107, and 0.094 eV for anthracene, tetracene, and pentacene, respectively. The phase patterns difference between the HOMO localized on carbon atoms which are located at the molecular edge in acene-edge-type hydrocarbons and the delocalized HOMO in phenanthrene-edge-type hydrocarbons is the main reason for the result. Strengths of orbital interactions between two neighboring carbon atoms in the HOMO become weaker with an increase in molecular size because the electron density on each carbon atom in the HOMO becomes smaller with an increase in molecular size in phenanthrene-edge-type hydrocarbons. On the other hand, the frontier orbitals of acene-edge-type hydrocarbons have somewhat nonbonding characters and thus cannot strongly couple to the totally symmetric vibrational modes compared with the frontier orbitals of phenanthrene-edge-type hydrocarbons. This is the reason why the lHOMO value for phenanthrene-edge-type hydrocarbons decreases with an increase in molecular size more significantly than that for acene-edge-type hydrocarbons, and the reason why the lHOMO value for polyphenanthrene with C2v geometry (0.033 eV) is estimated to be similar to that for polyacene (0.036 eV). The reorganization energies between the neutral molecules and the corresponding monocations for phenanthrene-edge-type hydrocarbons with large molecular size are estimated to be larger than those for acene-edge-type hydrocarbons with large molecular size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kato
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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1155
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A Novel Viewpoint for Source-drain Driven Current inside Triangular Nanographene : Close Relationship with Magnetic Current. E-JOURNAL OF SURFACE SCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2004. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2004.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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1156
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Park N, Yoon M, Berber S, Ihm J, Osawa E, Tománek D. Magnetism in all-carbon nanostructures with negative Gaussian curvature. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 91:237204. [PMID: 14683212 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.91.237204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We apply the ab initio spin density functional theory to study magnetism in all-carbon nanostructures. We find that particular systems, which are related to schwarzite and contain no undercoordinated carbon atoms, carry a net magnetic moment in the ground state. We postulate that, in this and other nonalternant aromatic systems with negative Gaussian curvature, unpaired spins can be introduced by sterically protected carbon radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noejung Park
- Research Organization for Information Science and Technology, 2-2-54 Naka-Meguro, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-0061, Japan
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1157
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Kamegawa K, Nishikubo K, Kodama M, Adachi Y, Yoshida H. Dissolution-aggregation behavior of water-soluble nanographites and their adsorptive characteristics for 2-naphthol in aqueous solutions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2003; 268:58-62. [PMID: 14611772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2003.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Carbon black was severely oxidized by concentrated nitric acid at 373 K, and the oxidation product was fractionated by ultrafiltration into five groups of a few nanometer-sized water-soluble aromatic compounds, which we called water-soluble nanographites (WSNG1-5). Most WSNGs dissolve in neutral and alkaline 0.1 moldm(-3) NaCl solutions, but precipitate in acidic solutions. The pH values at which the WSNGs begin to precipitate decreased as the molecular size of the WSNGs was lowered. WSNG3, which possesses a moderate molecular size among the WSNGs, adsorbed more 2-naphthol from acidic solutions than from neutral solutions. The maximum uptake of 2-naphthol on WSNG3 at the saturated concentration was, however, independent of the pH, both resulting in 1.28 mmolg(-1). This quantity indicates that each WSNG3 molecule adsorbs one and one-half 2-naphthol molecules. The maximum uptake was much greater than that of the graphitized carbon black (BET surface area, 77 m(2)g(-1)) and was equal to that of Amberlite XAD-2 (334 m(2)g(-1)). An increase in the molecular size of the WSNGs enhanced the adsorbate-adsorbent interaction, but decreased the maximum uptake of 2-naphthol at the saturated concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Kamegawa
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Kyushu, 807-1, Shuku, Tosu, Saga, 841-0052, Japan.
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1158
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Tada T, Yoshizawa K. Quantum Transport Effects in Nanosized Graphite Sheets. II. Enhanced Transport Effects by Heteroatoms. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp021739t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomofumi Tada
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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1159
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Compernolle S, Chibotaru L, Ceulemans A. Eigenstates and transmission coefficients of finite-sized carbon nanotubes. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1587691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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1160
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Hashimoto H, Watanabe M, Nishiuma S, Nakamura K, Yoshida S. High-resolution AES study of Ar+-irradiated graphite. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.1486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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1161
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Tada K, Watanabe K. Ab initio study of field emission from graphitic ribbons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2002; 88:127601. [PMID: 11909500 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.88.127601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We have performed first-principles calculations on field emission (FE) from graphitic ribbons within the time-dependent density-functional theory. An important finding is that dangling bond states localized at clean edges are major contributors to FE current. H termination makes the FE current small due to the disappearance of the dangling-bond states. FE is found not to occur from the edge state of a H-terminated zigzag ribbon even when the state is at the Fermi level. The results of the FE current from graphitic ribbons give approximately 1 microA for maximum of FE current from a circular edge of graphitic sheets with approximately 1 nm diameter of an open-ended multiwalled carbon nanotube under a high electric field of approximately 1 V/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tada
- Department of Physics, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
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1162
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Resonating Valence-Bond theories for carbon π-networks and classical/quantum connections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1380-7323(02)80016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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1163
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Harigaya K, Enoki T. Mechanism of magnetism in stacked nanographite with open shell electrons. Chem Phys Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(01)01338-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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1164
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Bollinger MV, Lauritsen JV, Jacobsen KW, Nørskov JK, Helveg S, Besenbacher F. One-dimensional metallic edge states in MoS2. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2001; 87:196803. [PMID: 11690441 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.87.196803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
By the use of density functional calculations it is shown that the edges of a two-dimensional slab of insulating MoS2 exhibit several metallic states. These edge states can be viewed as one-dimensional conducting wires, and we show that they can be observed directly using scanning tunneling microscopy for single-layer MoS2 nanoparticles grown on a support.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Bollinger
- Center for Atomic-scale Materials Physics, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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1165
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1166
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Okada S, Oshiyama A. Magnetic ordering in hexagonally bonded sheets with first-row elements. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2001; 87:146803. [PMID: 11580669 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.87.146803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report first-principles total-energy electronic-structure calculations in the density-functional theory performed for hexagonally bonded honeycomb sheets consisting of B, N, and C atoms. We find that the ground state of BNC sheets with particular stoichiometry is ferromagnetic. Detailed analyses of energy bands and spin densities unequivocally reveal the nature of the ferromagnetic ordering, leading to an argument that the BNC sheet is a manifestation of the flat-band ferromagnetism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Okada
- Institute of Physics, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan
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1167
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Okotrub AV, Bulusheva LG, Kuznetsov VL, Butenko YV, Chuvilin AL, Heggie MI. X-ray Emission Studies of the Valence Band of Nanodiamonds Annealed at Different Temperatures. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp011808o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. V. Okotrub
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, pr. Ak. Lavrentieva 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia, Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, pr. Ak. Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia, and School of Chemistry, Physics, and Environmental Science, University of Sussex at Brighton, Brighton, U.K
| | - L. G. Bulusheva
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, pr. Ak. Lavrentieva 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia, Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, pr. Ak. Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia, and School of Chemistry, Physics, and Environmental Science, University of Sussex at Brighton, Brighton, U.K
| | - V. L. Kuznetsov
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, pr. Ak. Lavrentieva 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia, Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, pr. Ak. Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia, and School of Chemistry, Physics, and Environmental Science, University of Sussex at Brighton, Brighton, U.K
| | - Yu. V. Butenko
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, pr. Ak. Lavrentieva 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia, Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, pr. Ak. Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia, and School of Chemistry, Physics, and Environmental Science, University of Sussex at Brighton, Brighton, U.K
| | - A. L. Chuvilin
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, pr. Ak. Lavrentieva 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia, Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, pr. Ak. Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia, and School of Chemistry, Physics, and Environmental Science, University of Sussex at Brighton, Brighton, U.K
| | - M. I. Heggie
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, pr. Ak. Lavrentieva 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia, Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, pr. Ak. Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia, and School of Chemistry, Physics, and Environmental Science, University of Sussex at Brighton, Brighton, U.K
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1168
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Li ZM, Tang ZK, Liu HJ, Wang N, Chan CT, Saito R, Okada S, Li GD, Chen JS, Nagasawa N, Tsuda S. Polarized absorption spectra of single-walled 4 A carbon nanotubes aligned in channels of an AlPO(4)-5 single crystal. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2001; 87:127401. [PMID: 11580555 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.87.127401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report the polarized optical absorption spectra of single-walled 4 A carbon nanotubes arrayed in the channels of an AlPO (4)-5 single crystal. When the light electric field (E) is polarized parallel to the tube direction (c), the spectra display a sharp peak at 1.37 eV, with two broadbands at 2.1 and 3.1 eV. In the E perpendicular c configuration, the tube is nearly transparent in the measured energy region 0.5-4.1 eV. The optical dipole selection rules are discussed, and the absorption bands are assigned to the dipole transitions between the Van Hove singularities. The measured absorption spectra agreed well with the ab initio calculations of band structure based on the local density function approximation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z M Li
- Department of Physics, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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1169
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Stojkovic D, Zhang P, Crespi VH. Smallest nanotube: breaking the symmetry of sp(3) bonds in tubular geometries. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2001; 87:125502. [PMID: 11580519 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.87.125502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We describe how sp(2) carbon, threefold coordinated by other carbons, can be replaced by sp(3) carbon, also threefold carbon coordinated, to produce extremely small-diameter ( approximately 0.4 nm) carbon nanowires with only minimal bond-angle distortion. Under a naming convention analogous to that for ordinary carbon nanotubes, the smallest sp(3) tubes have wrapping indices (3,0) and (2,2). These systems have large band gaps and a stiffness larger even than that of traditional sp(2)-bonded carbon nanotubes. They therefore form the stiffest one-dimensional systems known.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stojkovic
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Davey Lab, University Park, PA 16802-6300, USA
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1170
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Terrones H, Hayashi T, Muñoz-Navia M, Terrones M, Kim Y, Grobert N, Kamalakaran R, Dorantes-Dávila J, Escudero R, Dresselhaus M, Endo M. Graphitic cones in palladium catalysed carbon nanofibres. Chem Phys Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(01)00718-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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1171
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Tomita S, Sakurai T, Ohta H, Fujii M, Hayashi S. Structure and electronic properties of carbon onions. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1360197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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1172
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1173
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1174
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Madjarova G, Yamabe T. Band Electronic Structures of Polyphenanthrene and Polyacene Doped with Lithium. J Phys Chem B 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp003678+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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1175
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Giunta PL, Kelty SP. Direct observation of graphite layer edge states by scanning tunneling microscopy. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1334349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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1176
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1177
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Wakabayashi K, Sigrist M. Zero-conductance resonances due to flux states in nanographite ribbon junctions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2000; 84:3390-3393. [PMID: 11019097 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.84.3390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/1999] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Electronic transport properties through junctions in nanographite ribbons are investigated using the Landauer approach. In the low-energy regime ribbons with zigzag boundary have a single conducting channel of edge states. The conductance as a function of the chemical potential shows a rich structure with sharp dips of zero conductance. Each zero-conductance resonance is connected with a resonant state which can be interpreted as the superposition of two degenerate flux states with Kekule-like current patterns. These zero-conductance dips are connected with a pronounced negative magnetoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wakabayashi
- Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan and Institute of Materials Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan
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1178
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Affiliation(s)
- D. J. Klein
- Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, Texas 77553-1675
| | - L. Bytautas
- Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, Texas 77553-1675
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1179
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1180
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1181
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Kobayashi N, Enoki T, Ishii C, Kaneko K, Endo M. Gas adsorption effects on structural and electrical properties of activated carbon fibers. J Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1063/1.476774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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1182
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Yoshizawa K, Yahara K, Tanaka K, Yamabe T. Bandgap Oscillation in Polyphenanthrenes. J Phys Chem B 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp972799f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-01, Japan, and Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, 34-4 Takano-Nishihiraki-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Yahara
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-01, Japan, and Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, 34-4 Takano-Nishihiraki-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-01, Japan, and Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, 34-4 Takano-Nishihiraki-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan
| | - Tokio Yamabe
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-01, Japan, and Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, 34-4 Takano-Nishihiraki-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan
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1183
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1184
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Affiliation(s)
- M. S. Dresselhaus
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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