1251
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Sun C, Bernards R. Feedback and redundancy in receptor tyrosine kinase signaling: relevance to cancer therapies. Trends Biochem Sci 2014; 39:465-74. [PMID: 25239057 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cells have multiple regulatory mechanisms to deal with perturbations in cellular homeostasis, including feedback loops and crosstalk between the major signaling pathways. While these mechanisms are critically required to help cells survive under dynamic physiological circumstances, they also pose an impediment to the effective treatment of cancer. In this review, we describe what has been learned about interactions between receptor tyrosine kinase-dependent signaling pathways, and how this knowledge can be used to design rational and more effective combination therapies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Sun
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René Bernards
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Brinkhuizen T, Weijzen CAH, Eben J, Thissen MR, van Marion AM, Lohman BG, Winnepenninckx VJL, Nelemans PJ, van Steensel MAM. Immunohistochemical analysis of the mechanistic target of rapamycin and hypoxia signalling pathways in basal cell carcinoma and trichoepithelioma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106427. [PMID: 25181405 PMCID: PMC4152244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cancer in Caucasians. Trichoepithelioma (TE) is a benign neoplasm that strongly resembles BCC. Both are hair follicle (HF) tumours. HFs are hypoxic microenvironments, therefore we hypothesized that hypoxia-induced signalling pathways could be involved in BCC and TE as they are in other human malignancies. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1) and mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) are key players in these pathways. OBJECTIVES To determine whether HIF1/mTOR signalling is involved in BCC and TE. METHODS We used immunohistochemical staining of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded BCC (n = 45) and TE (n = 35) samples to assess activity of HIF1, mTORC1 and their most important target genes. The percentage positive tumour cells was assessed manually in a semi-quantitative manner and categorized (0%, <30%, 30-80% and >80%). RESULTS Among 45 BCC and 35 TE examined, expression levels were respectively 81% and 57% (BNIP3), 73% and 75% (CAIX), 79% and 86% (GLUT1), 50% and 19% (HIF1α), 89% and 88% (pAKT), 55% and 61% (pS6), 15% and 25% (pMTOR), 44% and 63% (PHD2) and 44% and 49% (VEGF-A). CAIX, Glut1 and PHD2 expression levels were significantly higher in TE when only samples with at least 80% expression were included. CONCLUSIONS HIF and mTORC1 signalling seems active in both BCC and TE. There are no appreciable differences between the two with respect to pathway activity. At this moment immunohistochemical analyses of HIF, mTORC1 and their target genes does not provide a reliable diagnostic tool for the discrimination of BCC and TE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjinta Brinkhuizen
- Department of Dermatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Chantal A. H. Weijzen
- Department of Dermatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Eben
- Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Monique R. Thissen
- Department of Dermatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Björn G. Lohman
- Department of Pathology, Laurentius Hospital, Roermond, the Netherlands
| | - Véronique J. L. Winnepenninckx
- Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Patty J. Nelemans
- Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Maurice A. M. van Steensel
- Department of Dermatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Institute of Medical Biology, Immunos, Singapore, Singapore
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1254
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Pérez-Tenorio G, Karlsson E, Stål O. Clinical value of isoform-specific detection and targeting of AKT1, AKT2 and AKT3 in breast cancer. BREAST CANCER MANAGEMENT 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/bmt.14.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Overactivation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is frequently reported in breast cancer, consequently inhibitors targeting this pathway are clinically useful. AKT constitutes a hub in the regulation of several cancer hallmarks, such as proliferation, survival and migration. Three AKT isoforms, named AKT1, AKT2 and AKT3, are identified in humans. AKT alterations, mainly upregulation of phosphorylated AKT in tumors may have prognostic and predictive value. Moreover, the AKT isoforms may possess partly divergent cellular functions and be upregulated in certain breast cancer subtypes, suggesting the importance of isoform-specific analyses. In conclusion, AKT isoform-specific detection and targeting in different tumor subtypes will hopefully result into a further developed personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizeh Pérez-Tenorio
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine & Department of Oncology, Linköping University, Linköping, SE-58185, Sweden
| | - Elin Karlsson
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine & Department of Oncology, Linköping University, Linköping, SE-58185, Sweden
| | - Olle Stål
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine & Department of Oncology, Linköping University, Linköping, SE-58185, Sweden
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1255
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Riaz N, Morris LG, Lee W, Chan TA. Unraveling the molecular genetics of head and neck cancer through genome-wide approaches. Genes Dis 2014; 1:75-86. [PMID: 25642447 PMCID: PMC4310010 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The past decade has seen an unprecedented increase in our understanding of the biology and etiology of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). Genome-wide sequencing projects have identified a number of recurrently mutated genes, including unexpected alterations in the NOTCH pathway and chromatin related genes. Gene-expression profiling has identified 4 distinct genetic subtypes which show some parallels to lung squamous cell carcinoma biology. The identification of the human papilloma virus as one causative agent in a subset of oropharyngeal cancers and their association with a favorable prognosis has opened up avenues for new therapeutic strategies. The expanding knowledge of the underlying molecular abnormalities in this once very poorly understood cancer should allow for increasingly rational clinical trial design and improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Riaz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luc G. Morris
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - William Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Timothy A. Chan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Human Oncology and Pathogenesis, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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1256
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Leung EY, Kim JE, Askarian-Amiri M, Rewcastle GW, Finlay GJ, Baguley BC. Relationships between signaling pathway usage and sensitivity to a pathway inhibitor: examination of trametinib responses in cultured breast cancer lines. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105792. [PMID: 25170609 PMCID: PMC4149495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular signaling pathways involving mTOR, PI3K and ERK have dominated recent studies of breast cancer biology, and inhibitors of these pathways have formed a focus of numerous clinical trials. We have chosen trametinib, a drug targeting MEK in the ERK pathway, to address two questions. Firstly, does inhibition of a signaling pathway, as measured by protein phosphorylation, predict the antiproliferative activity of trametinib? Secondly, do inhibitors of the mTOR and PI3K pathways synergize with trametinib in their effects on cell proliferation? A panel of 30 human breast cancer cell lines was chosen to include lines that could be classified according to whether they were ER and PR positive, HER2 over-expressing, and “triple negative”. Everolimus (targeting mTOR), NVP-BEZ235 and GSK2126458 (both targeting PI3K/mTOR) were chosen for combination experiments. Inhibition of cell proliferation was measured by IC50 values and pathway utilization was measured by phosphorylation of signaling kinases. Overall, no correlation was found between trametinib IC50 values and inhibition of ERK signaling. Inhibition of ERK phosphorylation was observed at trametinib concentrations not affecting proliferation, and sensitivity of cell proliferation to trametinib was found in cell lines with low ERK phosphorylation. Evidence was found for synergy between trametinib and either everolimus, NVP-BEZ235 or GSK2126458, but this was cell line specific. The results have implications for the clinical application of PI3K/mTOR and MEK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euphemia Y. Leung
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- * E-mail: (EYL); (BCB)
| | - Ji Eun Kim
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Marjan Askarian-Amiri
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gordon W. Rewcastle
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Graeme J. Finlay
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Bruce C. Baguley
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- * E-mail: (EYL); (BCB)
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1257
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Gabrielli L, Calloni I, Donvito G, Costa B, Arrighetti N, Perego P, Colombo D, Ronchetti F, Nicotra F, Cipolla L. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Phosphate Mimics Based on a Sulfoquinovose Scaffold: Synthesis and Evaluation as Protein Kinase B Inhibitors. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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1258
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Current clinical regulation of PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR signalling in treatment of human cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014; 141:671-89. [PMID: 25146530 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1803-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE PTEN is an essential tumour suppressor gene which encodes a phosphatase protein that antagonises the PI3K/Akt/mTOR antiapoptotic pathway. Impairment of this tumour suppressor pathway potentially becomes a causal factor for development of malignancies. This review aims to assess current understanding of mechanisms of dysfunction involving the PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR pathway linked to tumorigenesis and evaluate the evidence for targeted therapy directed at this signalling axis. METHODS Relevant articles in scientific databases were identified using a combination of search terms, including "malignancies", "targeted therapy", "PTEN", and "combination therapy". These databases included Medline, Embase, Cochrane Review, Pubmed, and Scopus. RESULTS PI3K/PTEN expression is frequently deregulated in a majority of malignancies through genetic, epigenetic, and post-transcriptional modifications. This contributes to the upregulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway which has been the focus of intense clinical studies. Targeted agents aimed at this pathway offer a novel treatment approach in a variety of haematologic malignancies and solid tumours. Compared to single-agent use, greater response rates were obtained in combination regimens, supporting further investigation of suitable drug combinations in a broad spectrum of malignancies. CONCLUSION Activation of the PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR pathway is implicated both in the pathogenesis of malignancies and development of resistance to anticancer therapies. Therefore, PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors are a promising therapeutic option, in association with systemic cytotoxic and biological therapies, to enable sustained clinical outcomes in cancer treatment. Therapeutic strategies could be tailored according to appropriate biomarkers and patient-specific mutation profiles to maximise benefit of combination therapies.
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1259
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Role of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) in growth and metastasis of INA6 myeloma cells. Blood Cancer J 2014; 4:e234. [PMID: 25083818 PMCID: PMC4219470 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2014.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) and the chemokine receptor CXCR4 are linked in various hematologic malignancies. The aim of the study was to understand the role of BTK in myeloma cell growth and metastasis using the stably BTK knockdown luciferase-expressing INA6 myeloma line. BTK knockdown had reduced adhesion to stroma and migration of myeloma cells toward stromal cell-derived factor-1. BTK knockdown had no effect on short-term in vitro growth of myeloma cells, although clonogenicity was inhibited and myeloma cell growth was promoted in coculture with osteoclasts. In severe combined immunodeficient-rab mice with contralaterally implanted pieces of bones, BTK knockdown in myeloma cells promoted their proliferation and growth in the primary bone but suppressed metastasis to the contralateral bone. BTK knockdown myeloma cells had altered the expression of genes associated with adhesion and proliferation and increased mammalian target of rapamycin signaling. In 176 paired clinical samples, BTK and CXCR4 expression was lower in myeloma cells purified from a focal lesion than from a random site. BTK expression in random-site samples was correlated with proportions of myeloma cells expressing cell surface CXCR4. Our findings highlight intratumoral heterogeneity of myeloma cells in the bone marrow microenvironment and suggest that BTK is involved in determining proliferative, quiescent or metastatic phenotypes of myeloma cells.
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1260
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Discovery of 9-(1-anilinoethyl)-2-morpholino-4-oxo-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidine-7-carboxamides as PI3Kβ/δ inhibitors for the treatment of PTEN-deficient tumours. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3928-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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1261
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Uncovering the PI3Ksome: phosphoinositide 3-kinases and counteracting PTEN form a signaling complex with intrinsic regulatory properties. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:3356-8. [PMID: 25047838 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00920-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of the phosphoinositide lipid phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)trisphosphate [PI(3,4,5)P3, or PIP3] by class I phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) is a major signaling mechanism whose deregulation contributes to serious diseases, including cancer. New findings suggest that tyrosine kinase receptor engagement results in the assembly of hetero-oligomeric PI3K complexes in which PI3Kα first activates PI3Kβ, and PI3K catalytic activity then promotes recruitment and activation of the PIP3-removing tumor suppressor PTEN. Thus, PIP3 production is fine-tuned through formation of an intrinsically regulated "PI3Ksome."
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1262
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Pettersson F, del Rincon SV, Miller WH. Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E as a novel therapeutic target in hematological malignancies and beyond. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:1035-48. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.937426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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1263
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Castel P, Toska E, Zumsteg ZS, Carmona FJ, Elkabets M, Bosch A, Scaltriti M. Rationale-based therapeutic combinations with PI3K inhibitors in cancer treatment. Mol Cell Oncol 2014; 1:e963447. [PMID: 27308344 PMCID: PMC4904898 DOI: 10.4161/23723548.2014.963447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling is important for cell proliferation, survival, and metabolism. Hyperactivation of this pathway is one of the most common signaling abnormalities observed in cancer and a substantial effort has recently been made to develop molecules targeting this signaling cascade. However, it is becoming evident that PI3K inhibitors used as single agents do not elicit dramatic or durable responses. Given the numerous mechanisms mediating intrinsic and acquired resistance to these agents, hypothesis-based combinatorial strategies are probably needed to fully exploit their antitumor activity. In the first part of this review, we briefly dissect the PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis and list the most advanced compounds targeting different nodes of this cascade. The second part focuses on what we believe to be the most promising rationale-based therapeutic combinations with PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors in solid tumors, with special emphasis on breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Castel
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program (HOPP); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; New York, NY USA
| | - Eneda Toska
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program (HOPP); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; New York, NY USA
| | - Zachary S Zumsteg
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program (HOPP); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; New York, NY USA
| | - F Javier Carmona
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program (HOPP); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; New York, NY USA
| | - Moshe Elkabets
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program (HOPP); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; New York, NY USA
| | - Ana Bosch
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program (HOPP); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; New York, NY USA
| | - Maurizio Scaltriti
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program (HOPP); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; New York, NY USA
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1264
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Lou HZ, Weng XC, Pan HM, Pan Q, Sun P, Liu LL, Chen B. The novel mTORC1/2 dual inhibitor INK-128 suppresses survival and proliferation of primary and transformed human pancreatic cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:973-8. [PMID: 24971544 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.06.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has one of worst prognosis among all human malignancies around the world, the development of novel and more efficient anti-cancer agents against this disease is urgent. In the current study, we tested the potential effect of INK-128, a novel mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 and 2 (mTORC1/2) dual inhibitor, against pancreatic cancer cells in vitro. Our results demonstrated that INK-128 concentration- and time-dependently inhibited the survival and growth of pancreatic cancer cells (both primary cells and transformed cells). INK-128 induced pancreatic cancer cell apoptosis and necrosis simultaneously. Further, INK-128 dramatically inhibited phosphorylation of 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) and Akt at Ser 473 in pancreatic cancer cells. Meanwhile, it downregulated cyclin D1 expression and caused cell cycle arrest. Finally, we found that a low concentration of INK-128 significantly increased the sensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine. Together, our in vitro results suggest that INK-128 might be further investigated as a novel anti-cancer agent or chemo-adjuvant for pancreatic cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Zhou Lou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Xiao-Chuan Weng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hangzhou Xia-sha Hospital, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Hong-Ming Pan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Qin Pan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Li-Li Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, First People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou 310006, China.
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1265
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Ali K, Soond DR, Pineiro R, Hagemann T, Pearce W, Lim EL, Bouabe H, Scudamore CL, Hancox T, Maecker H, Friedman L, Turner M, Okkenhaug K, Vanhaesebroeck B. Inactivation of PI(3)K p110δ breaks regulatory T-cell-mediated immune tolerance to cancer. Nature 2014; 510:407-411. [PMID: 24919154 PMCID: PMC4501086 DOI: 10.1038/nature13444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitors against the p110δ isoform of phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K) have shown remarkable therapeutic efficacy in some human leukaemias. As p110δ is primarily expressed in leukocytes, drugs against p110δ have not been considered for the treatment of solid tumours. Here we report that p110δ inactivation in mice protects against a broad range of cancers, including non-haematological solid tumours. We demonstrate that p110δ inactivation in regulatory T cells unleashes CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells and induces tumour regression. Thus, p110δ inhibitors can break tumour-induced immune tolerance and should be considered for wider use in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Ali
- UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, 72 Huntley Street London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Dalya R Soond
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Roberto Pineiro
- UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, 72 Huntley Street London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Thorsten Hagemann
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Wayne Pearce
- UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, 72 Huntley Street London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Ee Lyn Lim
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Hicham Bouabe
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Cheryl L Scudamore
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Timothy Hancox
- Piramed Pharma, 957 Buckingham Avenue, Slough, Berkshire, SL1 4NL, UK
| | - Heather Maecker
- Cancer Signaling and Translational Oncology, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080-4990, USA
| | - Lori Friedman
- Cancer Signaling and Translational Oncology, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080-4990, USA
| | - Martin Turner
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Bart Vanhaesebroeck
- UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, 72 Huntley Street London WC1E 6DD, UK
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Demoulin JB, Essaghir A. PDGF receptor signaling networks in normal and cancer cells. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:273-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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1267
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Tapia O, Riquelme I, Leal P, Sandoval A, Aedo S, Weber H, Letelier P, Bellolio E, Villaseca M, Garcia P, Roa JC. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is activated in gastric cancer with potential prognostic and predictive significance. Virchows Arch 2014; 465:25-33. [PMID: 24844205 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-014-1588-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Signaling pathway alterations are important in the development of gastric cancer (GC). Deregulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway plays a crucial role in the regulation of multiple cellular functions including cell growth, proliferation, metabolism, and angiogenesis. Our goal was to assess expression of proteins involved in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in tumor and nontumor gastric mucosa from patients with advanced GC. We evaluated 71 tumor and 71 nontumor gastric mucosa samples from advanced GC patients, selected from Hernán Henríquez Aravena Hospital (Temuco, Chile). The targets studied were PI3K, AKT, p-AKT, PTEN, mTOR, p-mTOR, P70S6K1, p-P70S6K1, 4E-BP1, p-4E-BP1, eIF4E, and p-eIF4E. Expression data were correlated with clinicomorphological data. Descriptive and analytical statistics were used (95 % confidence interval, p < 0.05). For survival analyses, the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test were used. PI3K, AKT, p-AKT, p-mTOR, p-4E-BP1, P70S6K1, p-P70S6K1, eIF-4E, and p-eIF-4E proteins were significantly overexpressed in tumor tissue. Conversely, PTEN was underexpressed in tumor tissue, notably in pT3-pT4 tumors (p = 0.02) and tumors with lymph node metastases (p < 0.001). P70S6K1 expression was associated with pT3-pT4 tumors (p = 0.03). Moreover, PI3K (p = 0.004), AKT (p = 0.01), p-AKT (p = 0.01), P70S6K1 (p = 0.04), p-P70S6K1 (p = 0.001), and eIF-4E (p = 0.004) were overexpressed in tumors with lymph node metastases. Low expression of 4E-BP1 was associated with poor overall survival (p = 0.03). Our results suggest that the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is activated in GC, with overexpression in tumor tissue of most of the studied proteins (total and phosphorylated). These might be considered as target for specific targeted therapy in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Tapia
- Department of Pathology, Universidad de La Frontera, CEGIN-BIOREN, Temuco, Chile
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Tasian SK, Teachey DT, Rheingold SR. Targeting the PI3K/mTOR Pathway in Pediatric Hematologic Malignancies. Front Oncol 2014; 4:108. [PMID: 24904824 PMCID: PMC4032892 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A complex interplay of intracellular signaling networks orchestrates normal cell growth and survival, including translation, transcription, proliferation, and cell cycle progression. Dysregulation of such signals occurs commonly in many malignancies, thereby giving the cancer cell a survival advantage, but also providing possible targets for therapeutic intervention. Activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway contributes to the proliferative advantage of malignant cells and may confer resistance to chemotherapy in various hematologic malignancies. The initial mTOR inhibitor, sirolimus (also known as rapamycin), was first discovered in 1975 in the soil of Easter Island. Sirolimus was originally developed as an anti-fungal agent given its macrolide properties, but was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1999 as an immunosuppressive agent for renal transplantation patients once its T cell suppression characteristics were recognized. Shortly thereafter, recognition of sirolimus's ability to inhibit cellular proliferation and cell cycle progression brought sirolimus to the forefront as a possible inhibitor of mTOR. In the subsequent decade, the functional roles of the mTOR protein have been more fully elucidated, and this protein is now known to be a key regulator in a highly complex signaling pathway that controls cell growth, proliferation, metabolism, and apoptosis. This article discusses the dysregulation of PI3K/mTOR signaling in hematologic malignancies, including acute and chronic leukemias, lymphomas, and lymphoproliferative disorders. The current repertoire of PI3K/mTOR pathway inhibitors in development and clinical trials to date are described with emphasis upon pediatric hematologic malignancies (Figure 1). Investigation of small molecule inhibitors of this complex signaling network is an active area of oncology drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Tasian
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - David T Teachey
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Susan R Rheingold
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine , Philadelphia, PA , USA
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Vachhani P, Bose P, Rahmani M, Grant S. Rational combination of dual PI3K/mTOR blockade and Bcl-2/-xL inhibition in AML. Physiol Genomics 2014; 46:448-56. [PMID: 24824212 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00173.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) continues to represent an area of critical unmet need with respect to new and effective targeted therapies. The Bcl-2 family of pro- and antiapoptotic proteins stands at the crossroads of cellular survival and death, and the expression of and interactions between these proteins determine tumor cell fate. Malignant cells, which are often primed for apoptosis, are particularly vulnerable to the simultaneous disruption of cooperative survival signaling pathways. Indeed, the single agent activity of agents such as mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors in AML has been modest. Much work in recent years has focused on strategies to enhance the therapeutic potential of the bona fide BH3-mimetic, ABT-737, which inhibits B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-xL. Most of these strategies target Mcl-1, an antiapoptotic protein not inhibited by ABT-737. The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mTOR and Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathways are central to the growth, proliferation, and survival of AML cells, and there is much interest currently in pharmacologically interrupting these pathways. Dual inhibitors of PI3K and mTOR overcome some intrinsic disadvantages of rapamycin and its derivatives, which selectively inhibit mTOR. In this review, we discuss why combining dual PI3K/mTOR blockade with inhibition of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, by virtue of allowing coordinate inhibition of three mutually synergistic pathways in AML cells, may be a particularly attractive therapeutic strategy in AML, the success of which may be predicted for by basal Akt activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankit Vachhani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Prithviraj Bose
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Virginia Commonwealth University Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Mohamed Rahmani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Virginia Commonwealth University Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Steven Grant
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University; and Virginia Commonwealth University Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
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1270
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Leto SM, Trusolino L. Primary and acquired resistance to EGFR-targeted therapies in colorectal cancer: impact on future treatment strategies. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 92:709-22. [PMID: 24811491 PMCID: PMC4055851 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1161-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Only approximately 10 % of genetically unselected patients with chemorefractory metastatic colorectal cancer experience tumor regression when treated with the anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibodies cetuximab or panitumumab (“primary” or “de novo” resistance). Moreover, nearly all patients whose tumors initially respond inevitably become refractory (“secondary” or “acquired” resistance). An ever-increasing number of predictors of both primary and acquired resistance to anti-EGFR antibodies have been described, and it is now evident that most of the underlying mechanisms significantly overlap. By trying to extrapolate a unifying perspective out of many idiosyncratic details, here, we discuss the molecular underpinnings of therapeutic resistance, summarize research efforts aimed to improve patient selection, and present alternative therapeutic strategies that are now under development to increase response and combat relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta M Leto
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, 10060, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
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Combined PDK1 and CHK1 inhibition is required to kill glioblastoma stem-like cells in vitro and in vivo. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1223. [PMID: 24810059 PMCID: PMC4047898 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and deadly adult brain tumor. Despite aggressive surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, the life expectancy of patients diagnosed with GBM is ∼14 months. The extremely aggressive nature of GBM results from glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs) that sustain GBM growth, survive intensive chemotherapy, and give rise to tumor recurrence. There is accumulating evidence revealing that GSC resilience is because of concomitant activation of multiple survival pathways. In order to decode the signal transduction networks responsible for the malignant properties of GSCs, we analyzed a collection of GSC lines using a dual, but complementary, experimental approach, that is, reverse-phase protein microarrays (RPPMs) and kinase inhibitor library screening. We treated GSCs in vitro with clinically relevant concentrations of temozolomide (TMZ) and performed RPPM to detect changes in phosphorylation patterns that could be associated with resistance. In addition, we screened GSCs in vitro with a library of protein and lipid kinase inhibitors to identify specific targets involved in GSC survival and proliferation. We show that GSCs are relatively insensitive to TMZ treatment in terms of pathway activation and, although displaying heterogeneous individual phospho-proteomic profiles, most GSCs are resistant to specific inhibition of the major signaling pathways involved in cell survival and proliferation. However, simultaneous multipathway inhibition by the staurosporin derivative UCN-01 results in remarkable inhibition of GSC growth in vitro. The activity of UCN-01 on GSCs was confirmed in two in vivo models of GBM growth. Finally, we used RPPM to study the molecular and functional effects of UCN-01 and demonstrated that the sensitivity to UCN-01 correlates with activation of survival signals mediated by PDK1 and the DNA damage response initiated by CHK1. Taken together, our results suggest that a combined inhibition of PDK1 and CHK1 represents a potentially effective therapeutic approach to reduce the growth of human GBM.
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Haematological cancer: idelalisib-targeting PI3Kδ in patients with B-cell malignancies. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014; 11:184-6. [PMID: 24642682 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2014.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Abstract
A PI3Kδ-selective inhibitor shows impressive clinical activity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and indolent B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. In these malignancies, the PI3K pathway is not mutationally activated as in many other cancers, but it is important for mediating supportive cues from the cancer microenvironment and the B cell antigen receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Vanhaesebroeck
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK.
| | - Asim Khwaja
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Fruman
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine (D.A.F.); and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York (L.C.C.)
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PENG LIXIA, ZHAO PING, ZHAO HONGSHENG, PAN ER, YANG BINBIN, LI QIN. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway is involved in pingyangmycin-induced growth inhibition, apoptosis and reduction of invasive potential in EOMA mouse hemangioendothelioma cells. Mol Med Rep 2012; 12:8275-81. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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