101
|
Vermeeren P, Hamlin TA, Bickelhaupt FM. How Ionization Catalyzes Diels‐Alder Reactions. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200987. [PMID: 35442551 PMCID: PMC9400981 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic effect of ionization on the Diels‐Alder reaction between 1,3‐butadiene and acrylaldehyde has been studied using relativistic density functional theory (DFT). Removal of an electron from the dienophile, acrylaldehyde, significantly accelerates the Diels‐Alder reaction and shifts the reaction mechanism from concerted asynchronous for the neutral Diels‐Alder reaction to stepwise for the radical‐cation Diels‐Alder reaction. Our detailed activation strain and Kohn‐Sham molecular orbital analyses reveal how ionization of the dienophile enhances the Diels‐Alder reactivity via two mechanisms: (i) by amplifying the asymmetry in the dienophile's occupied π‐orbitals to such an extent that the reaction goes from concerted asynchronous to stepwise and thus with substantially less steric (Pauli) repulsion per reaction step; (ii) by enhancing the stabilizing orbital interactions that result from the ability of the singly occupied molecular orbital of the radical‐cation dienophile to engage in an additional three‐electron bonding interaction with the highest occupied molecular orbital of the diene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Vermeeren
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Trevor A. Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Nijmegen Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Portela S, Fernández I. Origin of Catalysis and Selectivity in Lewis Acid-Promoted Diels-Alder Reactions Involving Vinylazaarenes as Dienophiles. J Org Chem 2022; 87:9307-9315. [PMID: 35794859 PMCID: PMC9295156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The poorly understood factors controlling the catalysis and selectivity in Lewis acid-promoted Diels-Alder cycloaddition reactions involving vinylazaarenes as dienophiles have been quantitatively explored in detail by means of computational methods. With the help of the activation strain model and the energy decomposition analysis methods, it is found that the remarkable acceleration induced by the catalysis is mainly due to a significant reduction of the Pauli repulsion between the key occupied π-molecular orbitals of the reactants and not due to the proposed stabilization of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the dienophile. This computational approach has also been helpful to understand the reasons behind the extraordinary regio- and diastereoselectivity observed experimentally. The insight gained in this work allows us to predict even more reactive vinylazaarene dienophiles, which may be useful in organic synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susana Portela
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Pellissier H. Recent developments in enantioselective titanium-catalyzed transformations. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
104
|
Nazarov IV, Bakhtin DS, Gorlov IV, Potapov KV, Borisov IL, Lounev IV, Makarov IS, Volkov AV, Finkelshtein ES, Bermeshev MV. Gas-Transport and the Dielectric Properties of Metathesis Polymer from the Ester of exo-5-Norbornenecarboxylic Acid and 1,1′-Bi-2-naphthol. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132697. [PMID: 35808741 PMCID: PMC9269233 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymers from norbornenes are of interest for applications in opto- and microelectronic (low dielectric materials, photoresists, OLEDs). Norbornenes with ester motifs are among the most readily available norbornene derivatives. However, little is known about dielectric properties and the gas-transport of polynorbornenes from such monomers. Herein, we synthesized a new metathesis polymer from exo-5-norbornenecarboxylic acid and 1,1′-bi-2-naphthol. The designed monomer was obtained via a two-step procedure in a good yield. This norbornene derivative with a rigid and a bulky binaphthyl group was successfully polymerized over the 1st generation Grubbs catalyst, affording high-molecular-weight products (Mw ≤ 1.5·106) in yields of 94–98%. The polymer is amorphous and glassy (Tg = 161 °C), and it shows good thermal stability. Unlike most, polyNBi is a classic low-permeable glassy polymer. The selectivity of polyNBi was higher than that of polyNB. Being less permeable than polyNB, polyNBi unexpectedly showed a lower value of dielectric permittivity (2.7 for polyNBi vs. 5.0 for polyNB). Therefore, the molecular design of polynorbornenes has great potential to obtain polymers with desired properties in a wide range of required characteristics. Further tuning of the gas separation efficiency can be achieved by attaching an appropriate substituent to the ester and aryl group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V. Nazarov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Leninsky Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.N.); (D.S.B.); (I.V.G.); (I.L.B.); (I.S.M.); (A.V.V.); (E.S.F.)
| | - Danila S. Bakhtin
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Leninsky Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.N.); (D.S.B.); (I.V.G.); (I.L.B.); (I.S.M.); (A.V.V.); (E.S.F.)
| | - Ilya V. Gorlov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Leninsky Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.N.); (D.S.B.); (I.V.G.); (I.L.B.); (I.S.M.); (A.V.V.); (E.S.F.)
- Faculty of Fundamental Physical and Chemical Engineering, The Moscow State University, 1 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin V. Potapov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospect, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Ilya L. Borisov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Leninsky Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.N.); (D.S.B.); (I.V.G.); (I.L.B.); (I.S.M.); (A.V.V.); (E.S.F.)
| | - Ivan V. Lounev
- Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia;
| | - Igor S. Makarov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Leninsky Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.N.); (D.S.B.); (I.V.G.); (I.L.B.); (I.S.M.); (A.V.V.); (E.S.F.)
| | - Alexey V. Volkov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Leninsky Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.N.); (D.S.B.); (I.V.G.); (I.L.B.); (I.S.M.); (A.V.V.); (E.S.F.)
| | - Eugene Sh. Finkelshtein
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Leninsky Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.N.); (D.S.B.); (I.V.G.); (I.L.B.); (I.S.M.); (A.V.V.); (E.S.F.)
| | - Maxim V. Bermeshev
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Leninsky Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.N.); (D.S.B.); (I.V.G.); (I.L.B.); (I.S.M.); (A.V.V.); (E.S.F.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Umekubo N, Han X, Mori N, Hayashi Y. Diphenylprolinol Silyl Ether Catalyzed Asymmetric Formal Carbo [3+3] Cycloaddition Reaction of Isopropylidenemalononitrile and α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehyde. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nariyoshi Umekubo
- Tohoku Daigaku Daigakuin Rigaku Kenkyuka Rigakubu Department of Chemistry JAPAN
| | - Xiaolei Han
- Tohoku Daigaku Daigakuin Rigaku Kenkyuka Rigakubu Department of Chemistry JAPAN
| | - Naoki Mori
- Tohoku Daigaku Daigakuin Rigaku Kenkyuka Rigakubu Department of Chemistry JAPAN
| | - Yujiro Hayashi
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Science Faculty of Science: Tohoku Daigaku Daigakuin Rigaku Kenkyuka Rigakubu Department of Chemistry 6-3, Aramaki-AzaAobaAobaku 980-8578 Sendai JAPAN
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Synthesis of Substituted Tropones and Advancement for the Construction of Structurally Significant Skeletons. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
107
|
Isamura BK, Lobb KA. AMADAR: a python-based package for large scale prediction of Diels-Alder transition state geometries and IRC path analysis. J Cheminform 2022; 14:39. [PMID: 35706060 PMCID: PMC9202188 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-022-00618-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicting transition state geometries is one of the most challenging tasks in computational chemistry, which often requires expert-based knowledge and permanent human intervention. This short communication reports technical details and preliminary results of a python-based tool (AMADAR) designed to generate any Diels–Alder (DA) transition state geometry (TS) and analyze determined IRC paths in a (quasi-)automated fashion, given the product SMILES. Two modules of the package are devoted to performing, from IRC paths, reaction force analyses (RFA) and atomic (fragment) decompositions of the reaction force F and reaction force constant \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$\kappa$$\end{document}κ. The performance of the protocol has been assessed using a dataset of 2000 DA cycloadducts retrieved from the ZINC database. The sequential location of the corresponding TSs was achieved with a success rate of 95%. RFA plots confirmed the reaction force constant \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$\kappa$$\end{document}κ to be a good indicator of the (non)synchronicity of the associated DA reactions. Moreover, the atomic decomposition of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$\kappa$$\end{document}κ allows for the rationalization of the (a)synchronicity of each DA reaction in terms of contributions stemming from pairs of interacting atoms. The source code of the AMADAR tool is available on GitHub [CMCDD/AMADAR(github.com)] and can be used directly with minor customizations, mostly regarding the local working environment of the user.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bienfait K Isamura
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Kevin A Lobb
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa. .,Research Unit in BioInformatics (RUBi), Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Guo DG, Wang HJ, Zhou Y, Liu XL. Advances in chromone-based reactants in the ring opening and skeletal reconstruction reaction: access to skeletally diverse salicyloylbenzene/heterocycle derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:4681-4698. [PMID: 35617020 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00478j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Salicyloylbenzene/heterocycles are privileged scaffolds found in many natural products and bioactive molecules. Numerous useful approaches for the preparation of these privileged scaffolds have been developed in recent years. Among these approaches, chromone-based reactants have demonstrated their importance in the synthesis of these salicyloylbenzene/heterocycle scaffolds with structural complexity and potential biological appeal. In this review, the recent advances in the synthesis of salicyloylbenzene/heterocycles are summarized and discussed according to the chromone-based reactants which could be achieved in one step via ring-opening and skeletal reconstruction reactions. Both the mechanisms and the applications of the corresponding products in organic and medicinal chemistry are also described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Gui Guo
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for the Exploitation of Homology Resources of Southwest Medicine and Food, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China. .,College of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang 550003, China
| | - Hui-Juan Wang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for the Exploitation of Homology Resources of Southwest Medicine and Food, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China.
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Xiong-Li Liu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for the Exploitation of Homology Resources of Southwest Medicine and Food, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Torkaman NF, Kley M, Bremser W, Wilhelm R. Reversible functionalization and exfoliation of graphite by a Diels-Alder reaction with furfuryl amine. RSC Adv 2022; 12:17249-17256. [PMID: 35765460 PMCID: PMC9186115 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02566c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Furfuryl amine-functionalized few-layered graphene was prepared via a mechanochemical process by a [4 + 2] cycloaddition under solvent-free conditions. By employing ball milling, active sites are merged mostly at the edge of the graphene sheets which makes them prone to Diels-Alder click reactions (D-A) in the presence of a diene precursor. Consequently, one-pot grafting with furfuryl amine onto the graphene sheets, exfoliates pristine graphite resulting in functionalized few-layered graphene which is soluble in organic solvents. Thereafter, the cleavage of the bonds in the adduct can occur by exposure to an external stimulus like temperature, to initiate a retro-Diels-Alder reaction. The success of the thermoreversible functionalization of the few-layered graphene was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy, TGA, XPS, EDX, contact angle and XRD analysis. The morphology of the samples was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and AFM. The latter was utilized to estimate graphene thickness. The results showed that functionalization proceeded under nitrogen with dry ball milling and mild temperatures efficiently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Filvan Torkaman
- Paderborn University, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Coatings, Materials and Polymers (CMP), Technology and Diversity (TD) Warburger Str. 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Marina Kley
- Paderborn University, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Coatings, Materials and Polymers (CMP) Warburger Str. 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bremser
- Paderborn University, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Coatings, Materials and Polymers (CMP) Warburger Str. 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - René Wilhelm
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute for Organic Chemistry Leibnizstrasse 6, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Dai M, Sun Z, Chen L. Palladium‐Catalyzed Regiodivergent Synthesis of 1,3‐Dienyl and Allyl Esters from Propargyl Esters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203835. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengfu Dai
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials and Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials of Jiangsu Province School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Zhimin Sun
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials and Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials of Jiangsu Province School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Liang‐An Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials and Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials of Jiangsu Province School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Sakamoto R, Odagi M, Izumiseki A, Konuki K, Nagasawa K. Stereodivergent Synthesis of 1,3-Dienes via Protodeboronation of Homoallenylboronic Esters. J Org Chem 2022; 87:8084-8098. [PMID: 35671244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vinylboronic esters and allylboronic esters are well known to afford olefins by protodeboronation, and therefore homoallenylboronic esters should be similarly available as precursors for 1,3-dienes, but this strategy has not been well explored due to the limited availability of homoallenylboronic esters. Here, we describe a versatile synthesis of homoallenylboronic esters via lithiation-borylation and subsequent 1,2-rearrangement. The resulting homoallenylboronic esters were successfully converted into Z- and E-1,3-dienes by protodeboronation using Bu4NF and B(C6F5)3/PhOH, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Sakamoto
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Minami Odagi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Atsuto Izumiseki
- Research & Development Division, MicroBiopharm Japan Co., Ltd. 156 Nakagawara, Kiyosu, Aichi 452-0915, Japan
| | - Kaname Konuki
- Research & Development Division, MicroBiopharm Japan Co., Ltd. 156 Nakagawara, Kiyosu, Aichi 452-0915, Japan
| | - Kazuo Nagasawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Xie S, Chen W, Liu S, Zong H, Ming B, Zhou G. Facile synthesis and functionalization of fluoranthenes via intramolecular [4 + 2] annulations between thiophenes and alkynes. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
113
|
Quan L, Xin Y, Wu X, Ao Q. Mechanism of Self-Healing Hydrogels and Application in Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:2184. [PMID: 35683857 PMCID: PMC9183126 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-healing hydrogels and traditional hydrogels both have three-dimensional polymeric networks that are capable of absorbing and retaining a large amount of water. Self-healing hydrogels can heal and restore damage automatically, and they can avoid premature failure of hydrogels caused by mechanical damage after implantation. The formation mechanism of self-healing hydrogels and the factors that hydrogels can load are various. Researchers can design hydrogels to meet the needs of different tissues through the diversity of hydrogels Therefore, it is necessary to summarize different self-healing mechanisms and different factors to achieve different functions. Here, we briefly reviewed the hydrogels designed by researchers in recent years according to the self-healing mechanism of water coagulation. Then, the factors for different functions of self-healing hydrogels in different tissues were statistically analyzed. We hope our work can provide effective support for researchers in the design process of self-healing hydrogel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qiang Ao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Control of Tissue Regenerative Biomaterial & Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical Device & National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (L.Q.); (Y.X.); (X.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Asnaashariisfahani M, Azizi B, Heravi MRP, Habibzadeh S, Ebadi AG, Ahmadi S. Stereoselective cycloaddition of biologically active thioindoline with the smallest nanocage in gas phase
vs
. solution
via
DFT. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bayan Azizi
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences University of Human Development Sulaymaniyah Iraq
| | | | | | - Abdol Ghaffar Ebadi
- Department of Agriculture, Jouybar Branch Islamic Azad University Jouybar Iran
| | - Sheida Ahmadi
- Department of Chemistry Payame Noor University Tehran Iran
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Zhang F, Ren BT, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Feng X. Enantioselective construction of cis-hydroindole scaffolds via an asymmetric inverse-electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction: application to the formal total synthesis of (+)-minovincine. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5562-5567. [PMID: 35694337 PMCID: PMC9116300 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01458k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
cis-Hydroindole scaffolds widely exist in a large number of natural products, pharmaceuticals, and organocatalysts. Therefore, the development of efficient and enantioselective methods for the construction of cis-hydroindoles is of great interest and importance. Herein, a novel approach for the enantioselective synthesis of cis-hydroindole scaffolds has been realized through a chiral N,N'-dioxide/Mg(OTf)2 complex catalyzed asymmetric inverse-electron-demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reaction of 2-pyrones and cyclic enamines. A series of substituted cis-hydroindole derivatives bearing multiple contiguous stereocenters and functional groups were obtained in good to excellent yields and enantioselectivities (up to 99% yield, and 95% ee) under mild reaction conditions. Moreover, the enantioselective formal total synthesis of (+)-minovincine was concisely furnished with high efficiency and stereoselectivity to demonstrate the synthetic potential of this method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen 518055 China
| | | | - Yuqiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Yangbin Liu
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen 518055 China
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Abstract
Herein, we report an enantioselective and convergent total synthesis of (+)-pepluanol A, a structurally intriguing Euphorbia diterpenoid natural product featuring a 5/6/7/3-fused tetracyclic skeleton, from known building blocks in 11 steps. The successful strategy relies on a phenyl selenide-mediated Morita-Baylis-Hillman type reaction as a connective step, forging the precursor for the key intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction to construct the congested 5/6/7-tricyclic framework. A diastereoconvergent cascade starting with an acid-induced removal of the C1-MOM protecting group followed by a retro-aldol/aldol reaction resulted in the formation of a single diastereomer. This stereoconvergency allowed for the successful substrate-controlled diastereoselective cyclopropanation of an advanced intermediate to establish the full carboskeleton of (+)-pepluanol A (1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Po Yuan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, Konstanz 78464, Germany
| | - Tanja Gaich
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, Konstanz 78464, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Nowacka M, Kowalewska A. Self-Healing Silsesquioxane-Based Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091869. [PMID: 35567038 PMCID: PMC9099987 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review is devoted to self-healing materials (SHM) containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) as building blocks. The synthetic approach can vary depending on the role POSS are expected to play in a given system. POSS (especially double-decker silsesquioxanes) can be grafted in side chains of a polymer backbone or used as segments of the main chain. Appropriate functionalization allows the formation of dynamic bonds with POSS molecules and makes them an active component of SHM, both as crosslinking agents and as factors that enhance the dynamics of macromolecules in the polymer matrix. The latter effect can be achieved by reversible release of bulky POSS cages or by the formation of separated inclusions in the polymer matrix through hydrophobic interactions and POSS aggregation. The unique properties of POSS-based self-healing systems make them interesting and versatile materials for various applications (e.g., repairable coatings, sealants, sensors, soft materials for tissue engineering, drug delivery, and wound healing).
Collapse
|
118
|
Concise synthesis of phenanthrene derivatives via intermolecular TDDA reaction induced by tetrayne cyclization. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.153850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
119
|
Pandya VG, Mhaske SB. Construction of tetrahydrobenzo[f]quinoline scaffolds via polar [4 + 2]-Cycloaddition reaction with arynes as dienophiles. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.153901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
120
|
Zard SZ. The xanthate route to six-membered carbocycles. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/17475198221088194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Convergent routes to various six-membered carbocyclic architectures exploiting the unique radical chemistry of xanthates are described in this brief review. Three approaches are discussed. The first is the modification of existing cyclohexane building blocks, namely, cyclohexanones, cyclohexenones and cyclohexenes. The second deals with the construction of six-membered carbocycles by associating the chemistry of xanthates with classical ionic reactions, especially the Robinson annulation, the Michael addition and the Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons condensation. Finally, the third route is the formation of six-membered rings by direct six- exo and, but more rarely, six- endo cyclisation modes. Many of the complex structures presented herein would be tedious to obtain by more traditional methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samir Z Zard
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique associé au C. N. R. S., UMR 7652, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Zhao H, Caldora HP, Turner O, Douglas JJ, Leonori D. A Desaturative Approach for Aromatic Aldehyde Synthesis via Synergistic Enamine, Photoredox and Cobalt Triple Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201870. [PMID: 35196413 PMCID: PMC9311220 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic aldehydes are fundamental intermediates that are widely utilised for the synthesis of important materials across the broad spectrum of chemical industries. Accessing highly substituted derivatives can often be difficult as their functionalizations are generally performed via electrophilic aromatic substitution, SEAr. Here we provide an alternative and mechanistically distinct approach whereby aromatic aldehydes are assembled from saturated precursors via a desaturative process. This novel strategy harnesses the high‐fidelity of Diels–Alder cycloadditions to quickly construct multi‐substituted cyclohexenecarbaldehyde cores which undergo desaturation via the synergistic interplay of enamine, photoredox and cobalt triple catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaibo Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Henry P Caldora
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Oliver Turner
- Oncology R&DI Medicinal Chemistry, AstraZeneca, Darwin Building, Unit 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
| | - James J Douglas
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Daniele Leonori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Scarpi D, Bagni F, Faggi C, Carral-Menoyo A, Gómez-Bengoa E, Occhiato EG. Gold(I)-Catalyzed Cycloisomerization/Hetero-Diels-Alder Reaction/Ring Opening Cascade to Functionalized Cyclopentadienes. J Org Chem 2022; 87:6038-6051. [PMID: 35442687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Six- and seven-membered ring-fused, functionalized cyclopentadienes can be obtained in moderate to excellent yields by a cascade process entailing the Au(I)-catalyzed propargyl Claisen rearrangement/Nazarov cyclization of propargyl vinyl ethers, the hetero-Diels-Alder reaction with dialkylazodicarboxylates, and the spontaneous conversion of cycloaddition products into cyclopentadienes by a highly regioselective cleavage of a C-N bond. Depending on the treatment of the crude reaction mixtures, two types of products can be obtained: cyclopentadienes with pendant hydrazine and aldehyde moieties that intramolecularly react to form hemiaminals are obtained in 43-52% overall yields when the crude reaction mixtures are left over K2CO3 in a DCM solution. Instead, by reducing in situ the aldehyde group just after addition of the heterodienophile, the regioselective C-N bond cleavage generates the corresponding cyclopentadienes bearing a hydrazine and an alcohol appendage in excellent yields (66-82%) over four steps, all in one pot. Two examples from the latter class of compounds were also converted into ring-fused, functionalized cyclopentadienes, bearing a protected amino group, by the selective N-N cleavage of the hydrazine moiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dina Scarpi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "U. Schiff", Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 13, Sesto Fiorentino (FI) 50019, Italy
| | - Francesco Bagni
- Dipartimento di Chimica "U. Schiff", Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 13, Sesto Fiorentino (FI) 50019, Italy
| | - Cristina Faggi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "U. Schiff", Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 13, Sesto Fiorentino (FI) 50019, Italy
| | - Asier Carral-Menoyo
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, University of the Basque Country, UPV-EHU, Manuel de Lardizabal 3, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Enrique Gómez-Bengoa
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, University of the Basque Country, UPV-EHU, Manuel de Lardizabal 3, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Ernesto G Occhiato
- Dipartimento di Chimica "U. Schiff", Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 13, Sesto Fiorentino (FI) 50019, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
A theoretical investigation of the regio- and stereoselectivities of the [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction between ethyl vinyl ether and substituted α-alkoxynitrones. Theor Chem Acc 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-022-02874-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
124
|
Lu Y, Duan X, Chen X, Yao M, Chen C, Zhu H, Luo Z, Zhang Y. A mild tetradehydro-Diels-Alder reaction of aryldiyne compounds affords exclusively linear products. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:3174-3182. [PMID: 35347333 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00121g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The thermal tetradehydro-Diels-Alder (TDDA) reaction for the synthesis of polysubstituted aromatic compounds remains underestimated probably due to the harsh conditions and multiproduct results. Herein, a mild intramolecular TDDA reaction of aryldiyne compounds is presented with linear naphthalenes only, exhibiting good functional group tolerance. The reaction is easy to operate and amenable to multigram-scale synthesis. From the preliminary work, it was found that the mild conditions may be the key to the completely linear product in the reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Lu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation. School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P. R. China.
| | - Xianxian Duan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation. School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P. R. China.
| | - Xia Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation. School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P. R. China.
| | - Meng Yao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation. School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P. R. China.
| | - Chunmei Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation. School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P. R. China.
| | - Hucheng Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation. School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P. R. China.
| | - Zengwei Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation. School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P. R. China.
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation. School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Karan G, Sahu S, Maji MS. Synthesis of Indolyl‐1,3‐Dienes from β‐Sulphonyl Aldehydes through One‐Pot Sequential Brønsted Acid/ Base Catalysis. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Karan
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology KharagpurDepartment of Chemistry 721302 Kharagpur INDIA
| | - Samrat Sahu
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology KharagpurDepartment of Chemistry 721302 Kharagpur INDIA
| | - Modhu Sudan Maji
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Chemistry Paschim Midnapore 721302 Kharagpur INDIA
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
BF3–Catalyzed Diels–Alder Reaction between Butadiene and Methyl Acrylate in Aqueous Solution—An URVA and Local Vibrational Mode Study. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12040415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we investigate the Diels–Alder reaction between methyl acrylate and butadiene, which is catalyzed by BF3 Lewis acid in explicit water solution, using URVA and Local Mode Analysis as major tools complemented with NBO, electron density and ring puckering analyses. We considered four different starting orientations of methyl acrylate and butadiene, which led to 16 DA reactions in total. In order to isolate the catalytic effects of the BF3 catalyst and those of the water environment and exploring how these effects are synchronized, we systematically compared the non-catalyzed reaction in gas phase and aqueous solution with the catalyzed reaction in gas phase and aqueous solution. Gas phase studies were performed at the B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p) level of theory and studies in aqueous solution were performed utilizing a QM/MM approach at the B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p)/AMBER level of theory. The URVA results revealed reaction path curvature profiles with an overall similar pattern for all 16 reactions showing the same sequence of CC single bond formation for all of them. In contrast to the parent DA reaction with symmetric substrates causing a synchronous bond formation process, here, first the new CC single bond on the CH2 side of methyl acrylate is formed followed by the CC bond at the ester side. As for the parent DA reaction, both bond formation events occur after the TS, i.e., they do not contribute to the energy barrier. What determines the barrier is the preparation process for CC bond formation, including the approach diene and dienophile, CC bond length changes and, in particular, rehybridization of the carbon atoms involved in the formation of the cyclohexene ring. This process is modified by both the BF3 catalyst and the water environment, where both work in a hand-in-hand fashion leading to the lowest energy barrier of 9.06 kcal/mol found for the catalyzed reaction R1 in aqueous solution compared to the highest energy barrier of 20.68 kcal/mol found for the non-catalyzed reaction R1 in the gas phase. The major effect of the BF3 catalyst is the increased mutual polarization and the increased charge transfer between methyl acrylate and butadiene, facilitating the approach of diene and dienophile and the pyramidalization of the CC atoms involved in the ring formation, which leads to a lowering of the activation energy. The catalytic effect of water solution is threefold. The polar environment leads also to increased polarization and charge transfer between the reacting species, similar as in the case of the BF3 catalyst, although to a smaller extend. More important is the formation of hydrogen bonds with the reaction complex, which are stronger for the TS than for the reactant, thus stabilizing the TS which leads to a further reduction of the activation energy. As shown by the ring puckering analysis, the third effect of water is space confinement of the reacting partners, conserving the boat form of the six-member ring from the entrance to the exit reaction channel. In summary, URVA combined with LMA has led to a clearer picture on how both BF3 catalyst and aqueous environment in a synchronized effort lower the reaction barrier. These new insights will serve to further fine-tune the DA reaction of methyl acrylate and butadiene and DA reactions in general.
Collapse
|
127
|
Dai M, Sun Z, Chen L. Palladium‐Catalyzed Regiodivergent Synthesis of 1,3‐Dienyl and Allyl Esters from Propargyl Esters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengfu Dai
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials and Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials of Jiangsu Province School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Zhimin Sun
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials and Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials of Jiangsu Province School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Liang‐An Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials and Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials of Jiangsu Province School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Yan J, Gundsambuu B, Krasowska M, Platts K, Facal Marina P, Gerber C, Barry SC, Blencowe A. Injectable Diels-Alder cycloaddition hydrogels with tuneable gelation, stiffness and degradation for the sustained release of T-lymphocytes. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:3329-3343. [PMID: 35380575 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00274d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Engineered T-cell therapies have proven highly efficacious for the treatment of haematological cancers, but translation of this success to solid tumours has been limited, in part, due to difficulties in maintaining high doses at specific target sites. Hydrogel delivery systems that provide a sustained release of T-cells at the target site are emerging as a promising strategy. Therefore, in this study we aimed to develop an injectable hydrogel that gels in situ via efficient Diels-Alder cycloaddition (DAC) chemistry and provides a sustained release of T-cells through gradual hydrolysis of the hydrogel matrix. Hydrogels were prepared via the DAC between fulvene and maleimide functionalised poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) derivatives. By adjusting the concentration and molecular weight of the functionalised PEGs in the hydrogel formulation the in vitro gelation time (Tgel), initial Young's modulus (E) and degradation time (Td) could be tailored from 15-150 min, 5-179 kPa and 7-114 h, respectively. Prior to gelation, the formulations could be readily injected through narrow gauge (26 G) needles with the working time correlating closely with the Tgel. A 5 wt% hydrogel formation with conjugated cyclic RGD motif was found to be optimal for the encapsulation and release of CD3+ T-cells with a near linear release profile and >70% cell viability over the first 4 d and release continuing out to 7 d. With their tuneable Tgel, Td and stiffness, the DAC hydrogels provide the opportunity to control the release period and profile of encapsulated cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yan
- Applied Chemistry and Translational Biomaterials (ACTB) Group, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
| | - Batjargal Gundsambuu
- Molecular Immunology, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Marta Krasowska
- Surface Interaction and Soft Matter (SISM) Group, Future Industries Institute (FII), UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Kirsten Platts
- Applied Chemistry and Translational Biomaterials (ACTB) Group, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
| | - Paula Facal Marina
- Applied Chemistry and Translational Biomaterials (ACTB) Group, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
| | - Cobus Gerber
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Simon C Barry
- Molecular Immunology, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology, Women's and Children's Hospital, SA Health, Adelaide, South Australia 5006, Australia
| | - Anton Blencowe
- Applied Chemistry and Translational Biomaterials (ACTB) Group, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
Feng J, Zhang YJ, Ma SH, Yang C, Wang ZP, Ding SY, Li Y, Wang W. Fused-Ring-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6594-6603. [PMID: 35380432 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of linkage chemistry in the research area of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) is fundamentally important for creating robust structures with high crystallinity and diversified functionality. We reach herein a new level of complexity and controllability in linkage chemistry by achieving the first synthesis of fused-ring-linked COFs. A series of bicyclic pyrano[4,3-b]pyridine COFs have been constructed via a cascade protocol involving Schiff-base condensation, intramolecular [4 + 2] cycloaddition, and dehydroaromatization. With a broad scope of Brønsted or Lewis acids as the catalyst, the designed monomers, that is, O-propargylic salicylaldehydes and multitopic anilines, were converted into the fused-ring-linked frameworks in a one-pot fashion. The obtained COFs exhibited excellence in terms of purity, stability, and crystallinity, as comprehensively characterized by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and so on. Specifically, the highly selective formation (>94%) of pyrano[4,3-b]pyridine linkage was verified by quantitative NMR measurements combined with 13C-labeling synthesis. Moreover, the fused-ring linkage possesses fully locked conformation, which benefits to the high crystallinity observed for these COFs. Advancing the linkage chemistry from the formation of solo bonds or single rings to that of fused rings, this study has opened up new possibilities for the concise construction of sophisticated COF structures with high controllability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Ya-Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Sheng-Hua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Chen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - San-Yuan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Yun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Xu S, Zeng L, Cui S. An Integrated Building Block for Cascade Diels-Alder and Hetero-Diels-Alder Reactions. Org Lett 2022; 24:2689-2693. [PMID: 35362316 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Diels-Alder (DA) reaction and hetero-Diels-Alder (HDA) reaction are among the most powerful methods for the construction of carbocycles and heterocycles. Herein, an integrated building block of DA and HDA reactions is described. The triazenyl dienes could undergo a DA reaction, while the newly released alkene moiety and the triazene were able to engage in a HDA reaction. In these processes, the triazene group could facilitate the electron-demand DA reaction and also act as a fragment of diazadiene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuheng Xu
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Linwei Zeng
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Sunliang Cui
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Yadav S, Misra N, Khanna P, Mansi, Batra K, Khanna L. A DFT Study on Diels-Alder Reaction of Dibenzazepine and 2,5-Dimethylfuran Using Different Solvents and Temperature Conditions. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2056622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Yadav
- University School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi, India
| | - Neeti Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Pankaj Khanna
- Department of Chemistry, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Mansi
- University School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi, India
| | - Kriti Batra
- University School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi, India
| | - Leena Khanna
- University School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Zetzsche LE, Chakrabarty S, Narayan ARH. The Transformative Power of Biocatalysis in Convergent Synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5214-5225. [PMID: 35290055 PMCID: PMC10082969 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Achieving convergent synthetic strategies has long been a gold standard in constructing complex molecular skeletons, allowing for the rapid generation of complexity in comparatively streamlined synthetic routes. Traditionally, biocatalysis has not played a prominent role in convergent laboratory synthesis, with the application of biocatalysts in convergent strategies primarily limited to the synthesis of chiral fragments. Although the use of enzymes to enable convergent synthetic approaches is relatively new and emerging, combining the efficiency of convergent transformations with the selectivity achievable through biocatalysis creates new opportunities for efficient synthetic strategies. This Perspective provides an overview of recent developments in biocatalytic strategies for convergent transformations and offers insights into the advantages of these methods compared to their small molecule-based counterparts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara E. Zetzsche
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Suman Chakrabarty
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Alison R. H. Narayan
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Xie X, Li P, Xu Y, Zhou L, Yan Y, Xie L, Jia C, Guo X. Single-Molecule Junction: A Reliable Platform for Monitoring Molecular Physical and Chemical Processes. ACS NANO 2022; 16:3476-3505. [PMID: 35179354 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring and manipulating the physical and chemical behavior of single molecules is an important development direction of molecular electronics that aids in understanding the molecular world at the single-molecule level. The electrical detection platform based on single-molecule junctions can monitor physical and chemical processes at the single-molecule level with a high temporal resolution, stability, and signal-to-noise ratio. Recently, the combination of single-molecule junctions with different multimodal control systems has been widely used to explore significant physical and chemical phenomena because of its powerful monitoring and control capabilities. In this review, we focus on the applications of single-molecule junctions in monitoring molecular physical and chemical processes. The methods developed for characterizing single-molecule charge transfer and spin characteristics as well as revealing the corresponding intrinsic mechanisms are introduced. Dynamic detection and regulation of single-molecule conformational isomerization, intermolecular interactions, and chemical reactions are also discussed in detail. In addition to these dynamic investigations, this review discusses the open challenges of single-molecule detection in the fields of physics and chemistry and proposes some potential applications in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinmiao Xie
- Center for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Peihui Li
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Yanxia Xu
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Li Zhou
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Yong Yan
- Center for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Linghai Xie
- Center for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Chuancheng Jia
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 292 Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Xuefeng Guo
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 292 Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Bay AV, Farnam EJ, Scheidt KA. Synthesis of Cyclohexanones by a Tandem Photocatalyzed Annulation. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:7030-7037. [PMID: 35316053 PMCID: PMC9050940 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The rapid synthesis of cyclic scaffolds is of high importance to the chemistry community. Strategies for the convergent synthesis of substituted carbocycles and heterocycles remain underexplored despite the plethora of applications that these cyclic motifs have in the pharmaceutical and materials industries. Reported herein is a tandem carbene and photoredox-catalyzed process for the convergent synthesis of substituted cycloalkanones via a formal [5 + 1] cycloaddition. Featuring two distinct photoredox cycles and a novel α-oxidation of benzylic ketones, this reaction offers a mild approach to construct two contiguous C-C bonds and eliminates the need for strong bases or expensive metal catalysts. The utility of this method is highlighted through various product diversification reactions that allow access to a range of important cyclic scaffolds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Bay
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Emelia J Farnam
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Karl A Scheidt
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
Mihajlovic M, Rikkers M, Mihajlovic M, Viola M, Schuiringa G, Ilochonwu BC, Masereeuw R, Vonk L, Malda J, Ito K, Vermonden T. Viscoelastic Chondroitin Sulfate and Hyaluronic Acid Double-Network Hydrogels with Reversible Cross-Links. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:1350-1365. [PMID: 35195399 PMCID: PMC8924925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Viscoelastic hydrogels are gaining interest as they possess necessary requirements for bioprinting and injectability. By means of reversible, dynamic covalent bonds, it is possible to achieve features that recapitulate the dynamic character of the extracellular matrix. Dually cross-linked and double-network (DN) hydrogels seem to be ideal for the design of novel biomaterials and bioinks, as a wide range of properties required for mimicking advanced and complex tissues can be achieved. In this study, we investigated the fabrication of chondroitin sulfate/hyaluronic acid (CS/HA)-based DN hydrogels, in which two networks are interpenetrated and cross-linked with the dynamic covalent bonds of very different lifetimes. Namely, Diels-Alder adducts (between methylfuran and maleimide) and hydrazone bonds (between aldehyde and hydrazide) were chosen as cross-links, leading to viscoelastic hydrogels. Furthermore, we show that viscoelasticity and the dynamic character of the resulting hydrogels could be tuned by changing the composition, that is, the ratio between the two types of cross-links. Also, due to a very dynamic nature and short lifetime of hydrazone cross-links (∼800 s), the DN hydrogel is easily processable (e.g., injectable) in the first stages of gelation, allowing the material to be used in extrusion-based 3D printing. The more long-lasting and robust Diels-Alder cross-links are responsible for giving the network enhanced mechanical strength and structural stability. Being highly charged and hydrophilic, the cross-linked CS and HA enable a high swelling capacity (maximum swelling ratio ranging from 6 to 12), which upon confinement results in osmotically stiffened constructs, able to mimic the mechanical properties of cartilage tissue, with the equilibrium moduli ranging from 0.3 to 0.5 MPa. Moreover, the mesenchymal stromal cells were viable in the presence of the hydrogels, and the effect of the degradation products on the macrophages suggests their safe use for further translational applications. The DN hydrogels with dynamic covalent cross-links hold great potential for the development of novel smart and tunable viscoelastic materials to be used as biomaterial inks or bioinks in bioprinting and regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marko Mihajlovic
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Margot Rikkers
- Department
of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508
GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Milos Mihajlovic
- Department
of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martina Viola
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department
of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508
GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerke Schuiringa
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Blessing C. Ilochonwu
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Department
of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lucienne Vonk
- Department
of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508
GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Malda
- Department
of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508
GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department
of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3508
GA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Keita Ito
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department
of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508
GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tina Vermonden
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Shape memory elastomers: A review of synthesis, design, advanced manufacturing, and emerging applications. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
137
|
Zhao H, Caldora HP, Turner O, Douglas JJ, Leonori D. A Desaturative Approach for Aromatic Aldehyde Synthesis via Synergistic Enamine, Photoredox and Cobalt Triple Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huaibo Zhao
- Department of Chemistry University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Henry P. Caldora
- Department of Chemistry University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Oliver Turner
- Oncology R&DI Medicinal Chemistry, AstraZeneca Darwin Building, Unit 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road Cambridge CB4 0WG UK
| | - James J. Douglas
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences R&D AstraZeneca Macclesfield UK
| | - Daniele Leonori
- Department of Chemistry University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52056 Aachen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Li B, Guan X, Yang S, Zou Y, Liu W, Houk KN. Mechanism of the Stereoselective Catalysis of Diels-Alderase PyrE3 Involved in Pyrroindomycin Biosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5099-5107. [PMID: 35258962 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of pyrroindomycins A and B features a complexity-building [4 + 2] cycloaddition cascade, which generates the spirotetramate core under the catalytic effects of monofunctional Diels-Alderases PyrE3 and PyrI4. We recently showed that the main functions of PyrI4 include acid catalysis and induced-fit/conformational selection. We now present quantum mechanical and molecular dynamics studies implicating a different mode of action by PyrE3, which prearranges an anionic polyene substrate into a high-energy reactive conformation at which an inverse-electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction can occur with a low barrier. Stereoselection is realized by strong binding interactions at the endo stereochemical relationship and a local steric constraint on the endo-1,3-diene unit. These findings, illustrating distinct mechanisms for PyrE3 and PyrI4, highlight how nature has evolved multiple ways to catalyze Diels-Alder reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Xingyi Guan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Song Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Yike Zou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| |
Collapse
|
139
|
Erden K, Dengiz C. 3-Alkynylindoles as Building Blocks for the Synthesis of Electronically Tunable Indole-Based Push-Pull Chromophores. J Org Chem 2022; 87:4385-4399. [PMID: 35230842 PMCID: PMC8938952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
In this study, two different classes
of push–pull chromophores
were synthesized in modest to excellent yields by formal [2+2] cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclization
(CA-RE) reactions. N-Methyl indole was introduced
as a new donor group to activate alkynes in the CA-RE transformations.
Depending on the side groups’ size and donor/acceptor characteristics, N-methyl indole-containing compounds exhibited λmax values ranging between 378 and 658 nm. The optoelectronic
properties of the reported D–A-type structures were studied
by UV/vis spectroscopy and computational studies. The complete regioselectivity
observed in the products was elaborated by one-dimensional (1D) and
two-dimensional (2D) NMR studies, and the electron donor strength
order of N-alkyl indole and triazene donor groups
was also established. The intramolecular charge-transfer characteristics
of the target push–pull chromophores were investigated by frontier
orbital depictions, electrostatic potential maps, and time-dependent
density functional theory calculations. Overall, the computational
and experimental results match each other. Integrating a new donor
group, N-alkyl indole, into the substrates used in
formal [2+2] cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclizations has significant
potential to overcome the limited donor-substituted substrate scope
problem of CA-RE reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kübra Erden
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cagatay Dengiz
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Isamura BK, Lobb KA. New Insights into the (A)Synchronicity of Diels-Alder Reactions: A Theoretical Study Based on the Reaction Force Analysis and Atomic Resolution of Energy Derivatives. Molecules 2022; 27:1546. [PMID: 35268648 PMCID: PMC8911883 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present manuscript, we report new insights into the concept of (a)synchronicity in Diels-Alder (DA) reactions in the framework of the reaction force analysis in conjunction with natural population calculations and the atomic resolution of energy derivatives along the intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) path. Our findings suggest that the DA reaction transitions from a preferentially concerted mechanism to a stepwise one in a 0.10 Å window of synchronicity indices ranging from 0.90 to 1.00 Å. We have also shown that the relative position of the global minimum of the reaction force constant with respect to the TS is an alternative and quantifiable indicator of the (a)synchronicity in DA reactions. Moreover, the atomic resolution of energy derivatives reveals that the mechanism of the DA reaction involves two inner elementary processes associated with the formation of each of the two C-C bonds. This resolution goes on to indicate that, in asynchronous reactions, the driving and retarding components of the reaction force are mostly due to the fast and slow-forming C-C bonds (elementary processes) respectively, while in synchronous reactions, both elementary processes retard and drive the process concomitantly and equivalently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Alan Lobb
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa;
- Research Unit in BioInformatics (RUBi), Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Seeman JI. History of the Woodward-Hoffmann Rules. The No-Mechanism Puzzle. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202100212. [PMID: 35174963 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This is Paper 2 in the 27-paper series on the history of the development of the Woodward-Hoffmann rules. Paper 2 takes the reader back to the 1950s and early 1960s, before the publication of the first Woodward-Hoffmann paper in January 1965. The scope of the pericyclic no-mechanism problem is described along with many of the key "hints" or "clues" to orbital symmetry control that were available in the literature prior to 1965. A chronology of reactions with alternating stereospecificities is provided. A second chronology of alternating theoretical hints is provided, e. g., 4n+2 versus 4n. Another chronology is provided, that of the development of frontier molecular orbital theory, with and without phases and nodes. A tabulation is provided of 36 instances in which the MOs of 1,3-butadiene were reported in the literature. A knowledge of the MOs of 1,3-butadiene, plus a knowledge of some of the alternating stereospecific reactions, could have led many chemists to the solution of the pericyclic no-mechanism problem before Woodward and Hoffmann.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey I Seeman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond, 23173, Richmond, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
142
|
Soares MIL, Cardoso AL, Pinho e Melo TMVD. Diels-Alder Cycloaddition Reactions in Sustainable Media. Molecules 2022; 27:1304. [PMID: 35209094 PMCID: PMC8876200 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction is one of the most powerful strategies for the construction of six-membered carbocyclic and heterocyclic systems, in most cases with high regio- and stereoselectivity. In this review, an insight into the most relevant advances on sustainable Diels-Alder reactions since 2010 is provided. Various environmentally benign solvent systems are discussed, namely bio-based derived solvents (such as glycerol and gluconic acid), polyethylene glycol, deep eutectic solvents, supercritical carbon dioxide, water and water-based aqueous systems. Issues such as method's scope, efficiency, selectivity and reaction mechanism, as well as sustainability, advantages and limitations of these reaction media, are addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria I. L. Soares
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Chemistry Centre–Institute of Molecular Sciences and Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | | | - Teresa M. V. D. Pinho e Melo
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Chemistry Centre–Institute of Molecular Sciences and Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal;
| |
Collapse
|
143
|
Abstract
AbstractFor a long time, allenes—and cumulenic systems in general—played a relatively minor role in Diels–Alder cycloadditions. This situation has changed, since allenes are more readily available and as their unique stereochemical features in [4+2]cycloadditions are more widely recognized. This review presents a comprehensive overview of allenes in Diels–Alder processes using selected examples. Allenes in dienes, dienophiles and cycloadducts are covered, inter- and intramolecular Diels–Alder cycloadditions are discussed, and stereochemical features of the addition process are described. Areas of emerging importance are also covered, including allenic components in dehydro-Diels–Alder processes, and dendralenic allenes in Diels–Alder sequences for the rapid generation of target-relevant molecular complexity. Preparatively useful methods for allenic precursor synthesis are also discussed.1 Introduction2 Allenic Dienes2.1 Vinylallenes2.2 Bisallenes2.3 Cross-conjugated Allenes3 Allenic Dienophiles4 Intramolecular Diels–Alder Cycloadditions5 Allenic Cycloadducts6 Conclusions and Outlook
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henning Hopf
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig
| | | |
Collapse
|
144
|
New Experimental Conditions for Diels-Alder and Friedel-Crafts Alquilation Reactions with Thiophene: A New Selenocyanate with Potent Activity against Cancer. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030982. [PMID: 35164247 PMCID: PMC8839041 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity of thiophene in Diels-Alder reactions is investigated with different maleimide derivatives. In this paper, we have synthesized for the first time the Diels-Alder adducts of thiophene at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Maleimido-thiophene adducts were promoted by AlCl3. The effects of solvent, time, temperature and the use of different Lewis acids were studied, showing dramatic effects for solvent and Lewis acid. Furthermore, the catalysis with AlCl3 is highly stereoselective, preferably providing the exo form of the adduct. Additionally, we also discovered the ability of AlCl3 to catalyze the arylation of maleimides to yield 3-aryl succinimides in a straightforward manner following a Friedel-Crafts-type addition. The inclusion of a selenocyanate group contributes to the cytotoxic activity of the adduct. This derivatization (from compound 7 to compound 15) results in an average GI50 value of 1.98 µM in the DTP (NCI-60) cell panel, resulting in being especially active in renal cancer cells.
Collapse
|
145
|
Yang Z, Cao JP, Zhu C, Liu TL, Feng XB, Zhao XY, Bai HC. In situ reforming of lignite pyrolysis volatiles for enriching light aromatics over Ga substituted HZSM-5. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.117235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
146
|
Catalytic Enantioselective Diels Alder Reaction: Application in the Synthesis of Antiviral Agents. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12020150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Diels–Alder reaction (DAR) is one of the most effective and reliable strategies for the construction of six-membered carbocyclic and heterocyclic rings, and it is widely used in the synthesis of organic molecules and drugs. Due to the high regio- and stereo-selectivity and its versatility, DARs have represented a powerful tool for organic chemistry for many years. In addition, the asymmetric DAR has become a fundamental synthetic approach in the preparation of optically active six-membered rings and natural compounds. The COVID-19-related pandemic requires continuous research; DAR represents an useful method to obtain optically active intermediates for the synthesis of antiviral agents under different catalytic conditions. We would like to highlight an intriguing synthetic procedure applied to the development of novel synthetic protocols that are potentially useful against a large panel of viruses and other unmet diseases.
Collapse
|
147
|
Beeck S, Ahles S, Wegner HA. Orthogonal Catalysis for an Enantioselective Domino Inverse-Electron Demand Diels-Alder/Substitution Reaction. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104085. [PMID: 34813113 PMCID: PMC9299787 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
An enantioselective domino process for the synthesis of substituted 1,2-dihydronaphthalenes has been developed by the combination of chiral amines and a bidentate Lewis acid in an orthogonal catalysis. This new method is based on an inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder and a subsequent group exchange reaction. An enamine is generated in situ from an aldehyde and a chiral secondary amine catalyst that reacts with phthalazine, activated by the coordination to a bidentate Lewis acid catalyst. The absolute configuration of the product is controlled by chiral information provided by the amine. The formed ortho-quinodimethane intermediate is then transformed via a group exchange reaction with thiols. The new method shows a broad scope and tolerates a wide range of functional groups with enantiomeric ratios up to 91 : 9. All-in-all, this enantioselective synthesis tool provides an easy access to complex 1,2-dihydronaphthalenes starting from readily available phthalazine, aldehydes and thiols in a combinatorial way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Beeck
- Justus Liebig University GiessenInstitute of Organic ChemistryHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1735392GiessenGermany
| | - Sebastian Ahles
- Justus Liebig University GiessenInstitute of Organic ChemistryHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1735392GiessenGermany
| | - Hermann A. Wegner
- Justus Liebig University GiessenInstitute of Organic ChemistryHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1735392GiessenGermany
- Justus Liebig University GiessenCenter for Materials Research (LaMa)Heinrich-Buff-Ring 1635392GiessenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
148
|
Heravi MM, Malakooti R, Kafshdarzadeh K, Amiri Z, Zadsirjan V, Atashin H. Supported palladium oxide nanoparticles in Al-SBA-15 as an efficient and reusable catalyst for the synthesis of pyranopyrazole and benzylpyrazolyl coumarin derivatives via multicomponent reactions. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-021-04619-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
149
|
The Rearrangement of Alkylallenes to 1,3-Dienes. REACTIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/reactions3010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
1,3-Dienes are vital building blocks in organic synthesis. They underpin many fundamental synthetic transformations and are present in numerous natural products and drug candidate molecules. The rearrangement of an alkylallene to a 1,3-diene is an atom efficient, redox neutral, transformation that provides a straightforward synthetic route to functionalized 1,3-dienes. Herein, we provide an account of this transformation using allenes that are not predisposed by the presence of heteroatoms or electron-withdrawing groups directly attached to the allene. Early reports of this skeletal rearrangement are acid-mediated approaches, with limited substrate scope, but they provide valuable mechanistic insights. More recent transition metal-mediated approaches that exhibit improved substrate scope are described, together with isolated examples that have utilized this rearrangement.
Collapse
|
150
|
Xu MM, Cai Q. A periselective cross-Diels–Alder reaction. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|