101
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Markou G, Nerantzis E. Microalgae for high-value compounds and biofuels production: A review with focus on cultivation under stress conditions. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1532-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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102
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de Boer L. Biotechnological production of colorants. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 143:51-89. [PMID: 24037500 DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The color of food and drinks is important, as it is associated with freshness and taste. Despite that natural colorants are more expensive to produce, less stable to heat and light, and less consistent in color range, natural colorants have been gaining market share in recent years. The background is that artificial colorants are often associated with negative health aspects. Considerable progress has been made towards the fermentative production of some colorants. Because colorant biosynthesis is under close metabolic control, extensive strain and process development are needed in order to establish an economical production process. Another approach is the synthesis of colors by means of biotransformation of adequate precursors. Algae represent a promising group of microorganisms that have shown a high potential for the production of different colorants, and dedicated fermentation and downstream technologies have been developed. This chapter reviews the available information with respect to these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lex de Boer
- Department of Food and Technology, Groen Agro Control B.V, Distributieweg 1, 2645, EG, Delfgauw, The Netherlands,
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103
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Optimized astaxanthin production in Chlorella zofingiensis under dark condition by response surface methodology. Food Sci Biotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-013-0221-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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104
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Slocombe SP, Zhang Q, Black KD, Day JG, Stanley MS. Comparison of screening methods for high-throughput determination of oil yields in micro-algal biofuel strains. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY 2013; 25:961-972. [PMID: 23853418 PMCID: PMC3705143 DOI: 10.1007/s10811-012-9947-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The phenotypic and phylogenetic diversity of micro-algae capable of accumulating triacylglycerols provides a challenge for the accurate determination of biotechnological potential. High-yielding strains are needed to improve economic viability and their compositional information is required for optimizing biodiesel properties. To facilitate a high-throughput screening programme, a very rapid direct-derivatization procedure capable of extracting lyophilized material for GC analysis was compared with a scaled-down Folch-based method. This was carried out on ten micro-algal strains from 6 phyla where the more rapid direct-derivatization approach was found to provide a more reliable measure of yield. The modified Folch-based procedure was found to substantially underestimate oil yield in one Chlorella species (P < 0.01). In terms of fatty acid composition however, the Folch procedure proved to be slightly better in recovering polyunsaturated fatty acids, in six out of the ten strains. Therefore, direct-derivatization is recommended for rapid determination of yields in screening approaches but can provide slightly less compositional accuracy than solvent-based extraction methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P. Slocombe
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA UK
| | - QianYi Zhang
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA UK
| | - Kenneth D. Black
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA UK
| | - John G. Day
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA UK
| | - Michele S. Stanley
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA UK
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105
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Hong ME, Choi SP, Park YI, Kim YK, Chang WS, Kim BW, Sim SJ. Astaxanthin production by a highly photosensitive Haematococcus mutant. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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106
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Patterns of carbohydrate and fatty acid changes under nitrogen starvation in the microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis and Nannochloropsis sp. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 94:1495-503. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-3940-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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107
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An economic assessment of astaxanthin production by large scale cultivation of Haematococcus pluvialis. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 29:568-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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108
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Factors affecting the growth and the oil accumulation of marine microalgae, Tetraselmis suecica. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2011; 35:145-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-011-0635-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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109
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Guedes AC, Amaro HM, Malcata FX. Microalgae as sources of carotenoids. Mar Drugs 2011; 9:625-644. [PMID: 21731554 PMCID: PMC3124977 DOI: 10.3390/md9040625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine microalgae constitute a natural source of a variety of drugs for pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic applications-which encompass carotenoids, among others. A growing body of experimental evidence has confirmed that these compounds can play important roles in prevention (and even treatment) of human diseases and health conditions, e.g., cancer, cardiovascular problems, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, muscular dystrophy, cataracts and some neurological disorders. The underlying features that may account for such favorable biological activities are their intrinsic antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antitumoral features. In this invited review, the most important issues regarding synthesis of carotenoids by microalgae are described and discussed-from both physiological and processing points of view. Current gaps of knowledge, as well as technological opportunities in the near future relating to this growing field of interest, are also put forward in a critical manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catarina Guedes
- CIMAR/CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 177, P-4050-123 Porto, Portugal; E-Mails: (A.C.G.); (H.M.A.)
| | - Helena M. Amaro
- CIMAR/CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 177, P-4050-123 Porto, Portugal; E-Mails: (A.C.G.); (H.M.A.)
| | - Francisco Xavier Malcata
- ISMAI—Instituto Superior da Maia, Avenida Carlos Oliveira Campos, P-4475-690 Avioso S. Pedro, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, P-2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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110
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Guedes AC, Amaro HM, Malcata FX. Microalgae as sources of high added-value compounds-a brief review of recent work. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 27:597-613. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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111
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Masci P, Grognard F, Bernard O. Microalgal biomass surface productivity optimization based on a photobioreactor model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3182/20100707-3-be-2012.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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112
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Fed-batch culture of astaxanthin-rich Haematococcus pluvialis by exponential nutrient feeding and stepwise light supplementation. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2009; 33:133-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-009-0362-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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113
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Scaife MA, Burja AM, Wright PC. Characterization of cyanobacterial β-carotene ketolase and hydroxylase genes inEscherichia coli, and their application for astaxanthin biosynthesis. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 103:944-55. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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114
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García-Malea MC, Acién FG, Del Río E, Fernández JM, Cerón MC, Guerrero MG, Molina-Grima E. Production of astaxanthin byHaematococcus pluvialis: Taking the one-step system outdoors. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 102:651-7. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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115
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Grewe C, Griehl C. Time- and media-dependent secondary carotenoid accumulation in Haematococcus pluvialis. Biotechnol J 2009; 3:1232-44. [PMID: 18683169 DOI: 10.1002/biot.200800067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The green microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis synthesizes secondary carotenoids after exposure to environmental stress, a process that is used for the biotechnological production of astaxanthin (Ax). This study reports, for the first time, the medium-dependent changes in the carotenoid pattern throughout the cultivation process as well as the exact composition of carotenoids and their fatty acid mono- and diesters using LC-MS. Secondary carotenoid formation started immediately upon exposure to nutrient depletion and high light conditions. Ax and its corresponding mono- and diesters were detected simultaneously. After 15 days of cultivation, no significant changes were detected in carotenoid composition; however, the ratio between carotenoid mono- and diesters still varied. Main carotenoids were identified as Ax linolenate and Ax oleate, but also five adonirubin and one lutein monoester were detected. The influence of three different autotroph media was studied on carotenoid content, which reached a maximum 16.1 mg/g dry weight. The results indicate that media composition has an influence on the ratio of Ax mono- to diester but not on the qualitative composition of secondary carotenoids in H. pluvialis. Beside the pathway via echinenone, canthaxanthin and adonirubin the results indicate that Ax biosynthesis takes place via another route: from beta-carotene via beta-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin and adonixanthin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Grewe
- Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Department of Applied Biosciences and Process Technology, Köthen, Germany
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116
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Del Río E, Acién FG, García-Malea MC, Rivas J, Molina-Grima E, Guerrero MG. Efficiency assessment of the one-step production of astaxanthin by the microalga Haematococcus pluvialis. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 100:397-402. [PMID: 18098317 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Continuous cultivation of Haematococcus pluvialis under moderate nitrogen limitation represents a straightforward strategy, alternative to the classical two-stage approach, for astaxanthin production by this microalga. Performance of the one-step system has now been validated for more than 40 combinations of dilution rate, nitrate concentration in the feed medium, and incident irradiance, steady state conditions being achieved and maintained in all instances. Specific nitrate input and average irradiance were decisive parameters in determining astaxanthin content of the biomass, as well as productivity of the system. The growth rate of the continuous photoautotrophic cultures was a hyperbolic function of average irradiance. As long as specific nitrate input was above the threshold value of 2.7 mmol/g day, cells performed green and astaxanthin was present at basal levels only. Below the threshold value, under moderate nitrogen limitation conditions, astaxanthin accumulated to reach cellular levels of up to 1.1% of the dry biomass. Increasing irradiance resulted in enhancement of astaxanthin accumulation when nitrogen input was limiting, but never under nitrogen sufficiency. Mean daily productivity values of 20.8 +/- 2.8 mg astaxanthin/L day (1.9 +/- 0.3 g dry biomass/L day) were consistently achieved for a specific nitrate input of about 0.8 mmol/g day and an average irradiance range of 77-110 microE/m(2) s. Models relating growth rate and astaxanthin accumulation with both average irradiance and specific nitrate input fitted accurately experimental data. Simulations provided support to the contention of achieving efficient production of the carotenoid through convenient adjustment of the determining parameters, and yielded productivity estimates for the one-step system higher than 60 mg astaxanthin/L day. The demonstrated capabilities of this production system, as well as its product quality, made it a real alternative to the current two-stage system for the production of astaxanthin-rich biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza Del Río
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092-Sevilla, Spain
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