101
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Chen F, Feng XH, Liang JF, Xu H, Ouyang PK. An oxidoreduction potential shift control strategy for high purity propionic acid production by Propionibacterium freudenreichii CCTCC M207015 with glycerol as sole carbon source. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2012; 36:1165-76. [PMID: 23108441 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-012-0843-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The effects of oxidoreduction potential (ORP) regulation on the process of propionic acid production by Propionibacterium freudenreichii CCTCC M207015 have been investigated. Potassium ferricyanide and sodium borohydride were determined as ORP control agents through serum bottle experiment. In batch fermentation, cell growth, propionic acid and by-products distribution were changed with ORP levels in the range of 0-160 mV. Based on these analysis results, an ORP-shift control strategy was proposed: at first 156 h, ORP was controlled at 120 mV to obtain higher cell growth rate and propionic acid formation rate, and then it was shifted to 80 mV after 156 h to maintain the higher propionic acid formation rate. By applying this strategy, the optimal parameters were obtained as follows: the propionic acid concentration 45.99 g L(-1), productivity 0.192 g L(-1) h(-1), the proportion of propionic acid to total organic acids 92.26 % (w/w) and glycerol conversion efficiency 76.65 %. The mechanism of ORP regulation was discussed by the ratio of NADH/NAD(+), ATP levels, and metabolic flux analysis. The results suggest that it is possible to redistribute energy and metabolic fluxes by the ORP-shift control strategy, and the strategy could provide a simple and efficient tool to realize high purity propionic acid production with glycerol as carbon source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing University of Technology, No. 5 New Model Road, Gulou District, Nanjing 210009, China
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102
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Ashok S, Sankaranarayanan M, Ko Y, Jae KE, Ainala SK, Kumar V, Park S. Production of 3-hydroxypropionic acid from glycerol by recombinant Klebsiella pneumoniae ΔdhaTΔyqhD which can produce vitamin B₁₂ naturally. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 110:511-24. [PMID: 22952017 DOI: 10.1002/bit.24726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
3-Hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) is an important platform chemical that can be used to synthesize a range of chemical compounds. A previous study demonstrated that recombinant Escherichia coli stains can produce 3-HP from glycerol in the presence of vitamin B₁₂ (coenzyme B₁₂), when overexpressed with a coenzyme B₁₂-dependent glycerol dehydratase (DhaB) and an aldehyde dehydrogenase. The present study examined the production of 3-HP in recombinant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains, which naturally synthesizes vitamin B₁₂ and does not require supplementation of the expensive vitamin. The NAD⁺-dependent gamma-glutamyl-gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (PuuC) of K. pneumoniae alone or with its DhaB was overexpressed homologously, and two major oxidoreductases, DhaT and YqhD, were disrupted. Without vitamin B₁₂ addition, the recombinant K. pneumoniae ΔdhaTΔyqhD overexpressing PuuC could produce ∼3.8 g/L 3-HP in 12 h of flask culture. However, this was possible only under the appropriate aeration conditions; 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO) (instead of 3-HP) was mainly produced when aeration was insufficient, whereas a very small amount of both 3-HP and 1,3-PDO were produced when aeration was too high. The production of a small amount of 3-HP under improper aeration conditions was attributed to either slow NAD⁺ regeneration (under low aeration) or reduced vitamin B₁₂ synthesis (under high aeration). In a glycerol fed-batch bioreactor experiment under a constant DO of 5%, the strain, K. pneumoniae ΔdhaTΔyqhD, overexpressing both PuuC and DhaB could produce >28 g/L 3-HP in 48 h with a yield of >40% on glycerol. Only small amount of 3-HP was produced when cultivation was carried out at a constant aeration of 1 vvm or constant 10% DO. These results show that K. pneumoniae is potentially useful for the production of 3-HP in an economical culture medium that does not require vitamin B₁₂. The results also suggest that the aeration conditions should be optimized carefully for the efficient production of 3-HP while using this strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somasundar Ashok
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Pusan National University, San 30, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, South Korea
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103
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Ganesh I, Ravikumar S, Hong SH. Metabolically engineered Escherichia coli as a tool for the production of bioenergy and biochemicals from glycerol. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-011-0446-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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104
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Almeida JRM, Fávaro LCL, Quirino BF. Biodiesel biorefinery: opportunities and challenges for microbial production of fuels and chemicals from glycerol waste. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2012; 5:48. [PMID: 22809320 PMCID: PMC3467170 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-5-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The considerable increase in biodiesel production worldwide in the last 5 years resulted in a stoichiometric increased coproduction of crude glycerol. As an excess of crude glycerol has been produced, its value on market was reduced and it is becoming a "waste-stream" instead of a valuable "coproduct". The development of biorefineries, i.e. production of chemicals and power integrated with conversion processes of biomass into biofuels, has been singled out as a way to achieve economically viable production chains, valorize residues and coproducts, and reduce industrial waste disposal. In this sense, several alternatives aimed at the use of crude glycerol to produce fuels and chemicals by microbial fermentation have been evaluated. This review summarizes different strategies employed to produce biofuels and chemicals (1,3-propanediol, 2,3-butanediol, ethanol, n-butanol, organic acids, polyols and others) by microbial fermentation of glycerol. Initially, the industrial use of each chemical is briefly presented; then we systematically summarize and discuss the different strategies to produce each chemical, including selection and genetic engineering of producers, and optimization of process conditions to improve yield and productivity. Finally, the impact of the developments obtained until now are placed in perspective and opportunities and challenges for using crude glycerol to the development of biodiesel-based biorefineries are considered. In conclusion, the microbial fermentation of glycerol represents a remarkable alternative to add value to the biodiesel production chain helping the development of biorefineries, which will allow this biofuel to be more competitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- João R M Almeida
- Embrapa-Agroenergy, Parque Estação Biológica S/N, Av. W3 Norte (final), 70770-901, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Léia C L Fávaro
- Embrapa-Agroenergy, Parque Estação Biológica S/N, Av. W3 Norte (final), 70770-901, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Betania F Quirino
- Embrapa-Agroenergy, Parque Estação Biológica S/N, Av. W3 Norte (final), 70770-901, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Universidade Católica de Brasília, Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology Program, 70790-160, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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105
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Zorin VV, Petukhova NI, Shakhmaev RN. Promising directions for utilization of glycerol-containing waste from biodiesel fuel production. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363212050362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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106
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Biotechnological utilization of biodiesel-derived glycerol for the production of ribonucleotides and microbial biomass. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 167:2054-67. [PMID: 22653682 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9749-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Ten yeast strains were evaluated concerning their capabilities to assimilate biodiesel-derived glycerol in batch cultivation. The influence of glycerol concentration, temperature, pH and yeast extract concentration on biomass production was studied for the yeast selected. Further, the effect of agitation on glycerol utilization by the yeast Hansenula anomala was also studied. The yeast H. anomala CCT 2648 showed the highest biomass yield (0.30 g g(-1)) and productivity (0.19 g L(-1) h(-1)). Citric acid, succinic acid, acetic acid and ethanol were found as the main metabolites produced. The increase of yeast extract concentration from 1 to 3 g L(-1) resulted in high biomass production. The highest biomass concentration (21 g L(-1)), yield (0.45 g g(-1)) and productivity (0.31 g L(-1) h(-1)), as well as ribonucleotide production (13.13 mg g(-1)), were observed at 700 rpm and 0.5 vvm. These results demonstrated that glycerol from biodiesel production process showed to be a feasible substrate for producing biomass and ribonucleotides by yeast species.
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107
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Suhaimi SN, Phang LY, Maeda T, Abd-Aziz S, Wakisaka M, Shirai Y, Hassan MA. Bioconversion of glycerol for bioethanol production using isolated Escherichia coli ss1. Braz J Microbiol 2012; 43:506-16. [PMID: 24031858 PMCID: PMC3768825 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822012000200011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioconverting glycerol into various valuable products is one of glycerol's promising applications due to its high availability at low cost and the existence of many glycerol-utilizing microorganisms. Bioethanol and biohydrogen, which are types of renewable fuels, are two examples of bioconverted products. The objectives of this study were to evaluate ethanol production from different media by local microorganism isolates and compare the ethanol fermentation profile of the selected strains to use of glucose or glycerol as sole carbon sources. The ethanol fermentations by six isolates were evaluated after a preliminary screening process. Strain named SS1 produced the highest ethanol yield of 1.0 mol: 1.0 mol glycerol and was identified as Escherichia coli SS1 Also, this isolated strain showed a higher affinity to glycerol than glucose for bioethanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheril Norliana Suhaimi
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor , Malaysia
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108
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Posada JA, Rincón LE, Cardona CA. Design and analysis of biorefineries based on raw glycerol: addressing the glycerol problem. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 111:282-93. [PMID: 22349197 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Glycerol as a low-cost by-product of the biodiesel industry can be considered a renewable building block for biorefineries. In this work, the conversion of raw glycerol to nine added-value products obtained by chemical (syn-gas, acrolein, and 1,2-propanediol) or bio-chemical (ethanol, 1,3-propanediol, d-lactic acid, succinic acid, propionic acid, and poly-3-hydroxybutyrate) routes were considered. The technological schemes for these synthesis routes were designed, simulated, and economically assessed using Aspen Plus and Aspen Icarus Process Evaluator, respectively. The techno-economic potential of a glycerol-based biorefinery system for the production of fuels, chemicals, and plastics was analyzed using the commercial Commercial Sale Price/Production Cost ratio criteria, under different production scenarios. More income can be earned from 1,3-propanediol and 1,2-propanediol production, while less income would be obtained from hydrogen and succinic acid. This analysis may be useful mainly for biodiesel producers since several profitable alternatives are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Posada
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Agroindustria, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Manizales, Cra. 27 No. 64-60, Manizales, Colombia
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109
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Litsanov B, Brocker M, Bott M. Glycerol as a substrate for aerobic succinate production in minimal medium with Corynebacterium glutamicum. Microb Biotechnol 2012; 6:189-95. [PMID: 22513227 PMCID: PMC3917461 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2012.00347.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum, an established microbial cell factory for the biotechnological production of amino acids, was recently genetically engineered for aerobic succinate production from glucose in minimal medium. In this work, the corresponding strains were transformed with plasmid pVWEx1-glpFKD coding for glycerol utilization genes from Escherichia coli. This plasmid had previously been shown to allow growth of C. glutamicum with glycerol as sole carbon source. The resulting strains were tested in minimal medium for aerobic succinate production from glycerol, which is a by-product in biodiesel synthesis. The best strain BL-1/pVWEx1-glpFKD formed 79 mM (9.3 g l−1) succinate from 375 mM glycerol, representing 42% of the maximal theoretical yield under aerobic conditions. A specific succinate production rate of 1.55 mmol g−1 (cdw) h−1 and a volumetric productivity of 3.59 mM h−1 were obtained, the latter value representing the highest one currently described in literature. The results demonstrate that metabolically engineered strains of C. glutamicum are well suited for aerobic succinate production from glycerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Litsanov
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften, IBG-1: Biotechnologie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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110
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A VapBC toxin-antitoxin module is a posttranscriptional regulator of metabolic flux in mycobacteria. J Bacteriol 2012; 194:2189-204. [PMID: 22366418 DOI: 10.1128/jb.06790-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The largest family of toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules are encoded by the vapBC operons, but their roles in bacterial physiology remain enigmatic. Microarray analysis in Mycobacterium smegmatis overexpressing VapC/VapBC revealed a high percentage of downregulated genes with annotated roles in carbon transport and metabolism, suggesting that VapC was targeting specific metabolic mRNA transcripts. To validate this hypothesis, purified VapC was used to identify the RNA cleavage site in vitro. VapC had RNase activity that was sequence specific, cleaving single-stranded RNA substrates at AUAU and AUAA in vitro and in vivo (viz., MSMEG_2121 to MSMEG_2124). A bioinformatic analysis of these regions suggested that an RNA hairpin 3' of the AUA(U/A) motif is also required for efficient cleavage. VapC-mediated regulation in vivo was demonstrated by showing that MSMEG_2124 (dhaF) and MSMEG_2121 (dhaM) were upregulated in a ΔvapBC mutant growing on glycerol. The ΔvapBC mutant had a specific rate of glycerol consumption that was 2.4-fold higher than that of the wild type during exponential growth. This increased rate of glycerol consumption was not used for generating bacterial biomass, suggesting that metabolism by the ΔvapBC mutant was uncoupled from growth. These data suggest a model in which VapC regulates the rate of glycerol utilization to match the anabolic demands of the cell, allowing for fine-tuning of the catabolic rate at a posttranscriptional level.
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111
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Oh BR, Seo JW, Heo SY, Hong WK, Luo LH, Kim S, Kwon O, Sohn JH, Joe MH, Park DH, Kim CH. Enhancement of ethanol production from glycerol in a Klebsiella pneumoniae mutant strain by the inactivation of lactate dehydrogenase. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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112
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Liu X, Jensen PR, Workman M. Bioconversion of crude glycerol feedstocks into ethanol by Pachysolen tannophilus. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 104:579-86. [PMID: 22093973 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Glycerol, the by-product of biodiesel production, is considered as a waste by biodiesel producers. This study demonstrated the potential of utilising the glycerol surplus through conversion to ethanol by the yeast Pachysolen tannophilus (CBS4044). This study demonstrates a robust bioprocess which was not sensitive to the batch variability in crude glycerol dependent on raw materials used for biodiesel production. The oxygen transfer rate (OTR) was a key factor for ethanol production, with lower OTR having a positive effect on ethanol production. The highest ethanol production was 17.5 g/L on 5% (v/v) crude glycerol, corresponding to 56% of the theoretical yield. A staged batch process achieved 28.1g/L ethanol, the maximum achieved so far for conversion of glycerol to ethanol in a microbial bioprocess. The fermentation physiology has been investigated as a means to designing a competitive bioethanol production process, potentially improving economics and reducing waste from industrial biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Liu
- Center for Systems Microbiology, Department of Systems Biology, Building 301, Matematiktorvet, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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113
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Shan Y, Lai Y, Yan A. Metabolic reprogramming under microaerobic and anaerobic conditions in bacteria. Subcell Biochem 2012; 64:159-179. [PMID: 23080250 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5055-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen has a great impact on the metabolism and physiology of microorganisms. It serves as the most efficient terminal electron acceptor to drive the energy conservation process of cellular respiration and is required in many biosynthetic reactions. Bacteria encounter oxygen fluctuation and limitation during their growth in both natural ecological niches and in laboratory vessels. In response to oxygen limitation, facultative bacteria undergo substantial metabolic reprogramming to switch from the aerobic respiration to either anaerobic respiration, fermentation, or photosynthesis. Two key factors determine the metabolic pathways bacteria adopt under oxygen deprived microaerobic and anaerobic conditions: maximal energy conservation and redox homeostasis. In this chapter, we first describe how the fulfillment of these two key factors governs the metabolic reprogramming of facultative bacteria and how the process is tightly controlled by several global regulatory factors: FNR, ArcBA, as well as NarL and NarP. We then utilizes fermentation of glycerol, a large surplus byproduct of biodiesel industry, as an example to illustrate how environment, process, and strain based approaches can be exploited to manipulate and engineer the anaerobic metabolic pathways so that desirable fermentation products can be achieved with optimal yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Shan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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114
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Posada JA, Cardona CA, Gonzalez R. Analysis of the Production Process of Optically Pure d-Lactic Acid from Raw Glycerol Using Engineered Escherichia coli Strains. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2011; 166:680-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9458-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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115
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Zhu J, Sánchez A, Bennett GN, San KY. Manipulating respiratory levels in Escherichia coli for aerobic formation of reduced chemical products. Metab Eng 2011; 13:704-12. [PMID: 22001430 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Optimizing the productivity of bioengineered strains requires balancing ATP generation and carbon atom conservation through fine-tuning cell respiration and metabolism. Traditional approaches manipulate cell respiration by altering air feeding, which are technically difficult especially in large bioreactors. An approach based on genetic regulation may better serve this purpose. With excess oxygen supply to the culture, we efficiently manipulated Escherichia coli cell respiration by adding different amount of coenzyme Q1 to strains lacking the ubiCA genes, which encode two critical enzymes for ubiquinone synthesis. As a proof-of-concept, the metabolic effect of the ubiCA gene knockout and coenzyme Q1 supplementation were characterized, and the metabolic profiles of the experimental strains showed clear correlations with coenzyme Q1 concentrations. Further proof-of-principle experiments were performed to illustrate that the approach can be used to optimize cell respiration for the production of chemicals of interest such as ethanol. This study showed that controlled respiration through genetic manipulation can be exploited to allow much larger operating windows for reduced product formation even under fully aerobic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangfeng Zhu
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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116
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Cintolesi A, Clomburg JM, Rigou V, Zygourakis K, Gonzalez R. Quantitative analysis of the fermentative metabolism of glycerol in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 109:187-98. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.23309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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117
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Oh BR, Seo JW, Heo SY, Hong WK, Luo LH, Joe MH, Park DH, Kim CH. Efficient production of ethanol from crude glycerol by a Klebsiella pneumoniae mutant strain. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:3918-22. [PMID: 21186120 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A mutant strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae, termed GEM167, was obtained by γ irradiation, in which glycerol metabolism was dramatically affected on exposure to γ rays. Levels of metabolites of the glycerol reductive pathway, 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PD) and 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP), were decreased in the GEM167 strain compared to a control strain, whereas the levels of metabolites derived from the oxidative pathway, 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BD), ethanol, lactate, and succinate, were increased. Notably, ethanol production from glycerol was greatly enhanced upon fermentation by the mutant strain, to a maximum production level of 21.5 g/l, with a productivity of 0.93 g/l/h. Ethanol production level was further improved to 25.0 g/l upon overexpression of Zymomonas mobilis pdc and adhII genes encoding pyruvate decarboxylase (Pdc) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (Adh), respectively in the mutant strain GEM167.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baek-Rock Oh
- Microbe-based Fusion Technology Research Center, Jeonbuk Branch Institute, KRIBB, Jeongeup, Jeonbuk 580-185, South Korea
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118
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Choi WJ, Hartono MR, Chan WH, Yeo SS. Ethanol production from biodiesel-derived crude glycerol by newly isolated Kluyvera cryocrescens. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 89:1255-64. [PMID: 21212944 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-3076-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The rapidly expanding market for biodiesel has increased the supply and reduced the cost of glycerol, making it an attractive sustainable feed stock for the fuel and chemical industry. Glycerol-based biorefinery is the microbial fermentation of crude glycerol to produce fuels and chemicals. A major challenge is to obtain microbes tolerant to inhibitors such as salts and organic solvents present in crude glycerol. Microbial screening was attempted to isolate novel strain capable of growing on crude glycerol as a sole carbon source. The newly isolated bacteria, identified as nonpathogenic Kluyvera cryocrescens S26 could convert biodiesel-derived crude glycerol to ethanol with high yield and productivity. The supplementation of nutrients such as yeast extract resulted in distinguished enhancement in cell growth as well as ethanol productivity under anaerobic condition. When glycerol fermentation is performed under microaerobic condition, there is also a remarkable improvement in cell growth, ethanol productivity and yield, compared with those under strict anaerobic condition. In batch fermentation under microaerobic condition, K. cryocrescens S26 produced 27 g/l of ethanol from crude glycerol with high molar yield of 80% and productivity of 0.61 g/l/h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Jae Choi
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore.
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119
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Chaudhary N, Ngadi MO, Simpson BK, Kassama LS. Biosynthesis of Ethanol and Hydrogen by Glycerol Fermentation Using <i>Escherichia coli</i>. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/aces.2011.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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120
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Clomburg JM, Gonzalez R. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for the production of 1,2-propanediol from glycerol. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 108:867-79. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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121
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Blankschien MD, Clomburg JM, Gonzalez R. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for the production of succinate from glycerol. Metab Eng 2010; 12:409-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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122
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Dellomonaco C, Rivera C, Campbell P, Gonzalez R. Engineered respiro-fermentative metabolism for the production of biofuels and biochemicals from fatty acid-rich feedstocks. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:5067-78. [PMID: 20525863 PMCID: PMC2916504 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00046-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although lignocellulosic sugars have been proposed as the primary feedstock for the biological production of renewable fuels and chemicals, the availability of fatty acid (FA)-rich feedstocks and recent progress in the development of oil-accumulating organisms make FAs an attractive alternative. In addition to their abundance, the metabolism of FAs is very efficient and could support product yields significantly higher than those obtained from lignocellulosic sugars. However, FAs are metabolized only under respiratory conditions, a metabolic mode that does not support the synthesis of fermentation products. In the work reported here we engineered several native and heterologous fermentative pathways to function in Escherichia coli under aerobic conditions, thus creating a respiro-fermentative metabolic mode that enables the efficient synthesis of fuels and chemicals from FAs. Representative biofuels (ethanol and butanol) and biochemicals (acetate, acetone, isopropanol, succinate, and propionate) were chosen as target products to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed platform. The yields of ethanol, acetate, and acetone in the engineered strains exceeded those reported in the literature for their production from sugars, and in the cases of ethanol and acetate they also surpassed the maximum theoretical values that can be achieved from lignocellulosic sugars. Butanol was produced at yields and titers that were between 2- and 3-fold higher than those reported for its production from sugars in previously engineered microorganisms. Moreover, our work demonstrates production of propionate, a compound previously thought to be synthesized only by propionibacteria, in E. coli. Finally, the synthesis of isopropanol and succinate was also demonstrated. The work reported here represents the first effort toward engineering microorganisms for the conversion of FAs to the aforementioned products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clementina Dellomonaco
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, Texas 77005, Glycos Biotechnologies Inc., 711 Leverkuhn St., Houston, Texas 77007, Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Carlos Rivera
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, Texas 77005, Glycos Biotechnologies Inc., 711 Leverkuhn St., Houston, Texas 77007, Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Paul Campbell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, Texas 77005, Glycos Biotechnologies Inc., 711 Leverkuhn St., Houston, Texas 77007, Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Ramon Gonzalez
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, Texas 77005, Glycos Biotechnologies Inc., 711 Leverkuhn St., Houston, Texas 77007, Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, Texas 77005
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Mazumdar S, Clomburg JM, Gonzalez R. Escherichia coli strains engineered for homofermentative production of D-lactic acid from glycerol. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:4327-36. [PMID: 20472739 PMCID: PMC2897450 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00664-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Given its availability and low price, glycerol has become an ideal feedstock for the production of fuels and chemicals. We recently reported the pathways mediating the metabolism of glycerol in Escherichia coli under anaerobic and microaerobic conditions. In this work, we engineer E. coli for the efficient conversion of glycerol to d-lactic acid (d-lactate), a negligible product of glycerol metabolism in wild-type strains. A homofermentative route for d-lactate production was engineered by overexpressing pathways involved in the conversion of glycerol to this product and blocking those leading to the synthesis of competing by-products. The former included the overexpression of the enzymes involved in the conversion of glycerol to glycolytic intermediates (GlpK-GlpD and GldA-DHAK pathways) and the synthesis of d-lactate from pyruvate (d-lactate dehydrogenase). On the other hand, the synthesis of succinate, acetate, and ethanol was minimized through two strategies: (i) inactivation of pyruvate-formate lyase (DeltapflB) and fumarate reductase (DeltafrdA) (strain LA01) and (ii) inactivation of fumarate reductase (DeltafrdA), phosphate acetyltransferase (Deltapta), and alcohol/acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (DeltaadhE) (strain LA02). A mutation that blocked the aerobic d-lactate dehydrogenase (Deltadld) also was introduced in both LA01 and LA02 to prevent the utilization of d-lactate. The most efficient strain (LA02Deltadld, with GlpK-GlpD overexpressed) produced 32 g/liter of d-lactate from 40 g/liter of glycerol at a yield of 85% of the theoretical maximum and with a chiral purity higher than 99.9%. This strain exhibited maximum volumetric and specific productivities for d-lactate production of 1.5 g/liter/h and 1.25 g/g cell mass/h, respectively. The engineered homolactic route generates 1 to 2 mol of ATP per mol of d-lactate and is redox balanced, thus representing a viable metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Mazumdar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - James M. Clomburg
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Ramon Gonzalez
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas
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Hong WK, Kim CH, Heo SY, Luo LH, Oh BR, Seo JW. Enhanced production of ethanol from glycerol by engineered Hansenula polymorpha expressing pyruvate decarboxylase and aldehyde dehydrogenase genes from Zymomonas mobilis. Biotechnol Lett 2010; 32:1077-82. [PMID: 20354759 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-010-0259-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To improve production of ethanol from glycerol, the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha was engineered to express the pdc and adhB genes encoding pyruvate decarboxylase and aldehyde dehydrogenase II from Zymomonas mobilis, respectively, under the control of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) promoter. The ethanol yield was 3.3-fold higher (2.74 g l(-1)) in the engineered yeast compared with the parent strain (0.83 g l(-1)). Further engineering to stimulate glycerol utilization in the recombinant strain via expression of dhaD and dhaKLM genes from Klebsiella pneumoniae encoding glycerol dehydrogenase and dehydroxyacetone kinase, respectively, resulted in a 3.7-fold increase (3.1 g l(-1)) in ethanol yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Kyung Hong
- Microbe-based Fusion Technology Research Center, Jeonbuk Branch Institute, KRIBB, Jeongeup, Jeonbuk 580-185, South Korea
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Fermentation of glycerol to succinate by metabolically engineered strains of Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:2397-401. [PMID: 20154114 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02902-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The fermentative metabolism of Escherichia coli was reengineered to efficiently convert glycerol to succinate under anaerobic conditions without the use of foreign genes. Formate and ethanol were the dominant fermentation products from glycerol in wild-type Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, followed by succinate and acetate. Inactivation of pyruvate formate-lyase (pflB) in the wild-type strain eliminated the production of formate and ethanol and reduced the production of acetate. However, this deletion slowed growth and decreased cell yields due to either insufficient energy production or insufficient levels of electron acceptors. Reversing the direction of the gluconeogenic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase reaction offered an approach to solve both problems, conserving energy as an additional ATP and increasing the pool of electron acceptors (fumarate and malate). Recruiting this enzyme through a promoter mutation (pck*) to increase expression also increased the rate of growth, cell yield, and succinate production. Presumably, the high NADH/NAD(+) ratio served to establish the direction of carbon flow. Additional mutations were also beneficial. Glycerol dehydrogenase and the phosphotransferase-dependent dihydroxyacetone kinase are regarded as the primary route for glycerol metabolism under anaerobic conditions. However, this is not true for succinate production by engineered strains. Deletion of the ptsI gene or any other gene essential for the phosphotranferase system was found to increase succinate yield. Deletion of pflB in this background provided a further increase in the succinate yield. Together, these three core mutations (pck*, ptsI, and pflB) effectively redirected carbon flow from glycerol to succinate at 80% of the maximum theoretical yield during anaerobic fermentation in mineral salts medium.
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Biofuel production in Escherichia coli: the role of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 86:419-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2446-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Dellomonaco C, Fava F, Gonzalez R. The path to next generation biofuels: successes and challenges in the era of synthetic biology. Microb Cell Fact 2010; 9:3. [PMID: 20089184 PMCID: PMC2817670 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-9-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Volatility of oil prices along with major concerns about climate change, oil supply security and depleting reserves have sparked renewed interest in the production of fuels from renewable resources. Recent advances in synthetic biology provide new tools for metabolic engineers to direct their strategies and construct optimal biocatalysts for the sustainable production of biofuels. Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology efforts entailing the engineering of native and de novo pathways for conversion of biomass constituents to short-chain alcohols and advanced biofuels are herewith reviewed. In the foreseeable future, formal integration of functional genomics and systems biology with synthetic biology and metabolic engineering will undoubtedly support the discovery, characterization, and engineering of new metabolic routes and more efficient microbial systems for the production of biofuels.
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Nikel PI, Ramirez MC, Pettinari MJ, Méndez BS, Galvagno MA. Ethanol synthesis from glycerol by Escherichia coli redox mutants expressing adhE from Leuconostoc mesenteroides. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 109:492-504. [PMID: 20149000 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04668.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Analysis of the physiology and metabolism of Escherichia coli arcA and creC mutants expressing a bifunctional alcohol-acetaldehyde dehydrogenase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides growing on glycerol under oxygen-restricted conditions. The effect of an ldhA mutation and different growth medium modifications was also assessed. METHODS AND RESULTS Expression of adhE in E. coli CT1061 [arcA creC(Con)] resulted in a 1.4-fold enhancement in ethanol synthesis. Significant amounts of lactate were produced during micro-oxic cultures and strain CT1061LE, in which fermentative lactate dehydrogenase was deleted, produced up to 6.5 +/- 0.3 g l(-1) ethanol in 48 h. Escherichia coli CT1061LE derivatives resistant to >25 g l(-1) ethanol were obtained by metabolic evolution. Pyruvate and acetaldehyde addition significantly increased both biomass and ethanol concentrations, probably by overcoming acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) shortage. Yeast extract also promoted growth and ethanol synthesis, and this positive effect was mainly attributable to its vitamin content. Two-stage bioreactor cultures were conducted in a minimal medium containing 100 microg l(-1) calcium d-pantothenate to evaluate oxic acetyl-CoA synthesis followed by a switch into fermentative conditions. Ethanol reached 15.4 +/- 0.9 g l(-1) with a volumetric productivity of 0.34 +/- 0.02 g l(-1) h(-1). CONCLUSIONS Escherichia coli responded to adhE over-expression by funnelling carbon and reducing equivalents into a highly reduced metabolite, ethanol. Acetyl-CoA played a key role in micro-oxic ethanol synthesis and growth. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Insight into the micro-oxic metabolism of E. coli growing on glycerol is essential for the development of efficient industrial processes for reduced biochemicals production from this substrate, with special relevance to biofuels synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P I Nikel
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina., Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M C Ramirez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M J Pettinari
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - B S Méndez
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M A Galvagno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina., Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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An evolved Escherichia coli strain for producing hydrogen and ethanol from glycerol. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 391:1033-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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130
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Gonzalez R, Campbell P, Wong M. Production of ethanol from thin stillage by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Lett 2009; 32:405-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-009-0159-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Khankal R, Chin JW, Ghosh D, Cirino PC. Transcriptional effects of CRP* expression in Escherichia coli. J Biol Eng 2009; 3:13. [PMID: 19703305 PMCID: PMC2743635 DOI: 10.1186/1754-1611-3-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Escherichia coli exhibits diauxic growth in sugar mixtures due to CRP-mediated catabolite repression and inducer exclusion related to phosphotransferase system enzyme activity. Replacement of the native crp gene with a catabolite repression mutant (referred to as crp*) enables co-utilization of glucose and other sugars in E. coli. While previous studies have examined the effects of expressing CRP* mutants on the expression of specific catabolic genes, little is known about the global transcriptional effects of CRP* expression. In this study, we compare the transcriptome of E. coli W3110 (expressing wild-type CRP) to that of mutant strain PC05 (expressing CRP*) in the presence and absence of glucose. Results The glucose effect is significantly suppressed in strain PC05 relative to strain W3110. The expression levels of glucose-sensitive genes are generally not altered by glucose to the same extent in strain PCO5 as compared to W3110. Only 23 of the 80 genes showing significant differential expression in the presence of glucose for strain PC05 are present among the 418 genes believed to be directly regulated by CRP. Genes involved in central carbon metabolism (including several TCA cycle genes) and amino acid biosynthesis, as well as genes encoding nutrient transport systems are among those whose transcript levels are most significantly affected by CRP* expression. We present a detailed transcription analysis and relate these results to phenotypic differences between strains expressing wild-type CRP and CRP*. Notably, CRP* expression in the presence of glucose results in an elevated intracellular NADPH concentration and reduced NADH concentration relative to wild-type CRP. Meanwhile, a more drastic decrease in the NADPH/NADP+ ratio is observed for the case of CRP* expression in strains engineered to reduce xylose to xylitol via a heterologously expressed, NADPH-dependent xylose reductase. Altered expression levels of transhydrogenase and TCA cycle genes, among others, are consistent with these observations. Conclusion While the simplest model of CRP*-mediated gene expression assumes insensitivity to glucose (or cAMP), our results show that gene expression in the context of CRP* is very different from that of wild-type in the absence of glucose, and is influenced by the presence of glucose. Most of the transcription changes in response to CRP* expression are difficult to interpret in terms of possible systematic effects on metabolism. Elevated NADPH availability resulting from CRP* expression suggests potential biocatalytic applications of crp* strains that extend beyond relief of catabolite repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Khankal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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