101
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García-Moreno I, Wang L, Costela A, Bañuelos J, López Arbeloa I, Xiao Y. Synthesis and Optical and Redox Properties of Symmetric and Asymmetric BODIPYs. Chemphyschem 2012; 13:3923-31. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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102
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Theoretical Insight into the Origin of Large Stokes Shift and Photophysical Properties of Anilido-Pyridine Boron Difluoride Dyes. Chemphyschem 2012; 13:3714-22. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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103
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Poirel A, De Nicola A, Retailleau P, Ziessel R. Oxidative Coupling of 1,7,8-Unsubstituted BODIPYs: Synthesis and Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Properties. J Org Chem 2012; 77:7512-25. [DOI: 10.1021/jo301300b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Poirel
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Spectroscopies
Avancées (LCOSA), UMR 7515 au CNRS, École de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux de Strasbourg (ECPM), 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, Cedex 02, France
| | - Antoinette De Nicola
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Spectroscopies
Avancées (LCOSA), UMR 7515 au CNRS, École de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux de Strasbourg (ECPM), 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, Cedex 02, France
| | - Pascal Retailleau
- Laboratoire de Crystallochimie, ICSN-CNRS, Bât 27-1, Avenue de la Terrasse,
91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Raymond Ziessel
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Spectroscopies
Avancées (LCOSA), UMR 7515 au CNRS, École de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux de Strasbourg (ECPM), 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, Cedex 02, France
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104
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Rihn S, Retailleau P, De Nicola A, Ulrich G, Ziessel R. Synthetic Routes to Fluorescent Dyes Exhibiting Large Stokes Shifts. J Org Chem 2012; 77:8851-63. [DOI: 10.1021/jo301059u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Rihn
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique
et Spectroscopies Avancées (LCOSA), UMR 7515 au CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Ecole de Chimie, Polymères,
Matériaux de Strasbourg (ECPM), 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg,
Cedex 02 France
| | - Pascal Retailleau
- Laboratoire
de Crystallochimie,
ICSN-CNRS, Bât. 27-1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette,
Cedex, France
| | - Antoinette De Nicola
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique
et Spectroscopies Avancées (LCOSA), UMR 7515 au CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Ecole de Chimie, Polymères,
Matériaux de Strasbourg (ECPM), 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg,
Cedex 02 France
| | - Gilles Ulrich
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique
et Spectroscopies Avancées (LCOSA), UMR 7515 au CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Ecole de Chimie, Polymères,
Matériaux de Strasbourg (ECPM), 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg,
Cedex 02 France
| | - Raymond Ziessel
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique
et Spectroscopies Avancées (LCOSA), UMR 7515 au CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Ecole de Chimie, Polymères,
Matériaux de Strasbourg (ECPM), 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg,
Cedex 02 France
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105
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Yang P, Zhao J, Wu W, Yu X, Liu Y. Accessing the long-lived triplet excited states in bodipy-conjugated 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl) benzothiazole/benzoxazoles and applications as organic triplet photosensitizers for photooxidations. J Org Chem 2012; 77:6166-78. [PMID: 22742957 DOI: 10.1021/jo300943t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Bodipy derivatives containing excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) chromophores 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl) benzothiazole and benzoxazole (HBT and HBO) subunits were prepared (7-10). The compounds show red-shifted UV-vis absorption (530-580 nm; ε up to 50000 M(-1) cm(-1)) and emission compared to both HBT/HBO and Bodipy. The new chromophores show small Stokes shift (45 nm) and high fluorescence quantum yields (Φ(F) up to 36%), which are in stark contrast to HBT and HBO (Stokes shift up to 180 nm and Φ(F) as low as 0.6%). On the basis of steady state and time-resolved absorption spectroscopy, as well as DFT/TDDFT calculations, we propose that 7-9 do not undergo ESIPT upon photoexcitation. Interestingly, nanosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy demonstrated that Bodipy-localized triplet excited states were populated for 7-10 upon photoexcitation; the lifetimes of the triplet excited states (τ(T)) are up to 195 μs. DFT calculations confirm the transient absorptions are due to the triplet state. Different from the previous report, we demonstrated that population of the triplet excited states is not the result of ESIPT. The compounds were used as organic triplet photosensitizers for photooxidation of 1,5-dihydroxylnaphthalene. One of the compounds is more efficient than the conventional [Ir(ppy)(2)(phen)][PF(6)] triplet photosensitizer. Our result will be useful for design of new Bodipy derivatives, ESIPT compounds, and organic triplet photosensitizers, as well as for applications of these compounds in photovoltaics, photocatalysis and luminescent materials, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian 116024, PR China
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106
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Kostereli Z, Ozdemir T, Buyukcakir O, Akkaya EU. Tetrastyryl-BODIPY-Based Dendritic Light Harvester and Estimation of Energy Transfer Efficiency. Org Lett 2012; 14:3636-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol301462x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziya Kostereli
- Department of Chemistry and UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tugba Ozdemir
- Department of Chemistry and UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Onur Buyukcakir
- Department of Chemistry and UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Engin U. Akkaya
- Department of Chemistry and UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
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107
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Ulrich G, Ziessel R, Haefele A. A General Synthetic Route to 3,5-Substituted Boron Dipyrromethenes: Applications and Properties. J Org Chem 2012; 77:4298-311. [DOI: 10.1021/jo3002408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Ulrich
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Organique et Spectroscopies Avancées
(LCOSA), ECPM, UMR 7515, CNRS-UDS, 25 rue
Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02, France
| | - Raymond Ziessel
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Organique et Spectroscopies Avancées
(LCOSA), ECPM, UMR 7515, CNRS-UDS, 25 rue
Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02, France
| | - Alexandre Haefele
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Organique et Spectroscopies Avancées
(LCOSA), ECPM, UMR 7515, CNRS-UDS, 25 rue
Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02, France
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108
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Chen Y, Zhao J, Guo H, Xie L. Geometry Relaxation-Induced Large Stokes Shift in Red-Emitting Borondipyrromethenes (BODIPY) and Applications in Fluorescent Thiol Probes. J Org Chem 2012; 77:2192-206. [PMID: 22316087 DOI: 10.1021/jo202215x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals,
School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian
116024, P. R. China
- Institute
of Molecular Medicine, Huaqiao University, 269 Chenghua North Road, Quanzhou 362021, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals,
School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian
116024, P. R. China
| | - Huimin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals,
School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian
116024, P. R. China
| | - Lijuan Xie
- Institute
of Molecular Medicine, Huaqiao University, 269 Chenghua North Road, Quanzhou 362021, P. R. China
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109
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Zhu S, Dorh N, Zhang J, Vegesna G, Li H, Luo FT, Tiwari A, Liu H. Highly water-soluble neutral near-infrared emissive BODIPY polymeric dyes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm14920f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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110
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Batat P, Vives G, Bofinger R, Chang RW, Kauffmann B, Oda R, Jonusauskas G, McClenaghan ND. Dynamics of ion-regulated photoinduced electron transfer in BODIPY-BAPTA conjugates. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11:1666-74. [DOI: 10.1039/c2pp25130b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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111
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Shao J, Sun H, Guo H, Ji S, Zhao J, Wu W, Yuan X, Zhang C, James TD. A highly selective red-emitting FRET fluorescent molecular probe derived from BODIPY for the detection of cysteine and homocysteine: an experimental and theoretical study. Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc00762b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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112
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Kanemoto K, Fukunaga A, Yasui M, Kosumi D, Hashimoto H, Tamekuni H, Kawahara Y, Takemoto Y, Takeuchi J, Miura Y, Teki Y. Ultrafast photoexcitation dynamics of π-conjugated bodipy-anthracene-radical triad system. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra20473h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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113
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Synthesis and functionalization of new polyhalogenated BODIPY dyes. Study of their photophysical properties and singlet oxygen generation. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.11.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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114
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Bai D, Benniston AC, Hagon J, Lemmetyinen H, Tkachenko NV, Clegg W, Harrington RW. Exploring Förster electronic energy transfer in a decoupled anthracenyl-based borondipyrromethene (bodipy) dyad. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:4447-56. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp23868c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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115
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Borozdina YB, Kamm V, Laquai F, Baumgarten M. Tuning the sensitivity of fluorophore–nitroxide radicals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm31390a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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116
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Iehl J, Nierengarten JF, Harriman A, Bura T, Ziessel R. Artificial light-harvesting arrays: electronic energy migration and trapping on a sphere and between spheres. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 134:988-98. [PMID: 22148681 DOI: 10.1021/ja206894z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A sophisticated model of the natural light-harvesting antenna has been devised by decorating a C(60) hexa-adduct with ten yellow and two blue boron dipyrromethene (Bodipy) dyes in such a way that the dyes retain their individuality and assist solubility of the fullerene. Unusually, the fullerene core is a poor electron acceptor and does not enter into light-induced electron-transfer reactions with the appended dyes, but ineffective electronic energy transfer from the excited-state dye to the C(60) residue competes with fluorescence from the yellow dye. Intraparticle electronic energy transfer from yellow to blue dyes can be followed by steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy and by excitation spectra for isolated C(60) nanoparticles dissolved in dioxane at 293 K and at 77 K. The decorated particles can be loaded into polymer films by spin coating from solution. In the dried film, efficient energy transfer occurs such that photons absorbed by the yellow dye are emitted by the blue dye. Films can also be prepared to contain C(60) nanoparticles loaded with the yellow Bodipy dye but lacking the blue dye and, under these circumstances, electronic energy migration occurs between yellow dyes appended to the same nanoparticle and, at higher loading, to dye molecules on nearby particles. Doping these latter polymer films with the mixed-dye nanoparticle coalesces these multifarious processes in a single system. Thus, long-range energy migration occurs among yellow dyes attached to different particles before trapping at a blue dye. In this respect, the film resembles the natural photosynthetic light-harvesting complexes, albeit at much reduced efficacy. The decorated nanoparticles sensitize amorphous silicon photocells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Iehl
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Moléculaires, Université de Strasbourg et CNRS (UMR 7509), Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02, France
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117
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Shivran N, Mula S, Ghanty TK, Chattopadhyay S. Steric Strain Release-Directed Regioselective Functionalization of meso-Methyl Bodipy Dyes. Org Lett 2011; 13:5870-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol202490p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Shivran
- Bio-Organic Division, Theoretical Chemistry Section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India
| | - Soumyaditya Mula
- Bio-Organic Division, Theoretical Chemistry Section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India
| | - Tapan K. Ghanty
- Bio-Organic Division, Theoretical Chemistry Section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India
| | - Subrata Chattopadhyay
- Bio-Organic Division, Theoretical Chemistry Section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India
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118
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Yin S, Leen V, Jackers C, Beljonne D, Van Averbeke B, Van der Auweraer M, Boens N, Dehaen W. Oligo(p-phenylene ethynylene)-BODIPY Derivatives: Synthesis, Energy Transfer, and Quantum-Chemical Calculations. Chemistry 2011; 17:13247-57. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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119
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Khan TK, Ravikanth M. Synthesis and Properties of Covalently Linked Trichromophore Systems. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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120
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Altan Bozdemir O, Erbas-Cakmak S, Ekiz OO, Dana A, Akkaya EU. Towards Unimolecular Luminescent Solar Concentrators: Bodipy-Based Dendritic Energy-Transfer Cascade with Panchromatic Absorption and Monochromatized Emission. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201104846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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121
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Altan Bozdemir O, Erbas-Cakmak S, Ekiz OO, Dana A, Akkaya EU. Towards Unimolecular Luminescent Solar Concentrators: Bodipy-Based Dendritic Energy-Transfer Cascade with Panchromatic Absorption and Monochromatized Emission. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:10907-12. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201104846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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122
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Khan TK, Ravikanth M. Synthesis of covalently linked boron–dipyrromethene–chromophore conjugates using 3-bromo boron–dipyrromethene as a key precursor. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.05.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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123
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Abstract
Photophysical data and orbital energy levels (from electrochemistry) were compared for molecules with the same BODIPY acceptor part (red) and perpendicularly oriented xanthene or BODIPY donor fragments (green). Transfer of energy, hence the photophysical properties of the cassettes, including the pH dependent fluorescence in the xanthene-containing molecules, correlates with the relative energies of the frontier orbitals in these systems. Intracellular sensing of protons is often achieved via sensors that switch off completely at certain pH values, but probes of this type are not easy to locate inside cells in their "off-state". A communication from these laboratories (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2009, 131, 1642-3) described how the energy transfer cassette 1 could be used for intracellular imaging of pH. This probe is fluorescent whatever the pH, but its exact photophysical properties are governed by the protonation states of the xanthene donors. This work was undertaken to further investigate correlations between structure, photophysical properties, and pH for energy transfer cassettes. To achieve this, three other cassettes 2-4 were prepared: another one containing pH-sensitive xanthene donors (2) and two "control cassettes" that each have two BODIPY-based donors (3 and 4). Both the cassettes 1 and 2 with xanthene-based donors fluoresce red under slightly acidic conditions (pH < ∼6) and green when the medium is more basic (>∼7), whereas the corresponding cassettes with BODIPY donors give almost complete energy transfer regardless of pH. The cassettes that have BODIPY donors, by contrast, show no significant fluorescence from the donor parts, but the overall quantum yields of the cassettes when excited at the donor (observation of acceptor fluorescence) are high (ca. 0.6 and 0.9). Electrochemical measurements were performed to elucidate orbital energy level differences between the pH-fluorescence profiles of cassettes with xanthene donors, relative to the two with BODIPY donors. These studies confirm energy transfer in the cassettes is dramatically altered by analytes that perturb relative orbital levels. Energy transfer cassettes with distinct fluorescent donor and acceptor units provide a new, and potentially useful, approach to sensors for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cliferson Thivierge
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, Box 30012, College Station, TX 77841
| | - Junyan Han
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, Box 30012, College Station, TX 77841
| | - Roxanne M. Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, Box 30012, College Station, TX 77841
| | - Kevin Burgess
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, Box 30012, College Station, TX 77841
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124
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Leen V, Leemans T, Boens N, Dehaen W. 2- and 3-Monohalogenated BODIPY Dyes and Their Functionalized Analogues: Synthesis and Spectroscopy. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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125
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Thivierge C, Loudet A, Burgess K. Brilliant BODIPY-fluorene Copolymers With Dispersed Absorption and Emission Maxima. Macromolecules 2011; 44:4012-4015. [PMID: 21804648 PMCID: PMC3145357 DOI: 10.1021/ma200174w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Four systems 1a - d were prepared to investigate the optical properties of copolymers comprised of polyfluorene doped with BODIPY-based fluors. The underlying hypothesis was energy harvested via the strong absorptivity of the major component, fluorine, would be primarily emitted from the BODIPY parts at much higher wavelengths. Optimization of the polymerization process as a function of the mol % of BODIPY, indicated that the brightest polymers were formed when approximately 4 fluorene units were co-polymerized with every BODIPY precursor. These polymers were cast into nanoparticles of ca 40 nm diameter. Treatment of clone 9 rat liver cells with suspensions of these particles resulted in uptake without encapsulation in lysosomes, or organelle targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cliferson Thivierge
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, Box 30012, College Station, TX 77841
| | - Aurore Loudet
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, Box 30012, College Station, TX 77841
| | - Kevin Burgess
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, Box 30012, College Station, TX 77841
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126
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Ulrich G, Goeb S, De Nicola A, Retailleau P, Ziessel R. Chemistry at Boron: Synthesis and Properties of Red to Near-IR Fluorescent Dyes Based on Boron-Substituted Diisoindolomethene Frameworks. J Org Chem 2011; 76:4489-505. [DOI: 10.1021/jo200246q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Ulrich
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Spectroscopies Avancées (LCOSA), ECPM, CNRS, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02, France
| | - Sébastien Goeb
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Spectroscopies Avancées (LCOSA), ECPM, CNRS, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02, France
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou, Groupe SOMaF, Université d′Angers, 2 bd Lavoisier, 49045 Angers Cedex, France
| | - Antoinette De Nicola
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Spectroscopies Avancées (LCOSA), ECPM, CNRS, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02, France
| | - Pascal Retailleau
- Laboratoire de Crystallochimie, ICSN - CNRS, Bât 27 - 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Raymond Ziessel
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Spectroscopies Avancées (LCOSA), ECPM, CNRS, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02, France
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127
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Benstead M, Mehl GH, Boyle RW. 4,4′-Difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacenes (BODIPYs) as components of novel light active materials. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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128
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Chase DT, Young BS, Haley MM. Incorporating BODIPY Fluorophores into Tetrakis(arylethynyl)benzenes. J Org Chem 2011; 76:4043-51. [DOI: 10.1021/jo200491m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T. Chase
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| | - Brian S. Young
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| | - Michael M. Haley
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
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129
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Ehrenschwender T, Wagenknecht HA. 4,4-Difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene as a Bright Fluorescent Label for DNA. J Org Chem 2011; 76:2301-4. [DOI: 10.1021/jo102519k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ehrenschwender
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Achim Wagenknecht
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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130
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Lu H, Shimizu S, Mack J, Shen Z, Kobayashi N. Synthesis and Spectroscopic Properties of Fused-Ring-Expanded Aza-Boradiazaindacenes. Chem Asian J 2011; 6:1026-37. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201000641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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131
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Bura T, Retailleau P, Ulrich G, Ziessel R. Highly Substituted Bodipy Dyes with Spectroscopic Features Sensitive to the Environment. J Org Chem 2011; 76:1109-17. [DOI: 10.1021/jo102203f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bura
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Spectroscopies Avancées (LCOSA), ECPM, CNRS, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02, France
| | - Pascal Retailleau
- Laboratoire de Crystallochimie, ICSN-CNRS, Bât 27-1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France
| | - Gilles Ulrich
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Spectroscopies Avancées (LCOSA), ECPM, CNRS, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02, France
| | - Raymond Ziessel
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Spectroscopies Avancées (LCOSA), ECPM, CNRS, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02, France
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132
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Fu GL, Pan H, Zhao YH, Zhao CH. Solid-state emissive triarylborane-based BODIPY dyes: Photophysical properties and fluorescent sensing for fluoride and cyanide ions. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:8141-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05959a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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133
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Bañuelos J, Arroyo-Córdoba IJ, Valois-Escamilla I, Alvarez-Hernández A, Peña-Cabrera E, Hu R, Zhong Tang B, Esnal I, Martínez V, López Arbeloa I. Modulation of the photophysical properties of BODIPY dyes by substitution at their meso position. RSC Adv 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ra00020a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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134
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Ziessel R, Harriman A. Artificial light-harvesting antennae: electronic energy transfer by way of molecular funnels. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:611-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc02687e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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135
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Zhang D, Martín V, García-Moreno I, Costela A, Pérez-Ojeda ME, Xiao Y. Development of excellent long-wavelength BODIPY laser dyes with a strategy that combines extending π-conjugation and tuning ICT effect. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:13026-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21038f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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136
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Xiao Y, Zhang D, Qian X, Costela A, Garcia-Moreno I, Martin V, Perez-Ojeda ME, Bañuelos J, Gartzia L, Arbeloa IL. Unprecedented laser action from energy transfer in multichromophoric BODIPY cassettes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:11513-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc13874j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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137
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Teki Y, Matsumoto T. Theoretical study of dynamic electron-spin-polarization via the doublet-quartet quantum-mixed state and time-resolved ESR spectra of the quartet high-spin state. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:5728-46. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp01752c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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138
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Takemoto Y, Teki Y. Unique Dynamic Electron-Spin Polarization and Spin Dynamics in the Photoexcited Quartet High-Spin State of an Acceptor-Donor-Radical Triad. Chemphyschem 2010; 12:104-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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139
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Ueno Y, Jose J, Loudet A, Pérez-Bolívar C, Anzenbacher P, Burgess K. Encapsulated energy-transfer cassettes with extremely well resolved fluorescent outputs. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 133:51-5. [PMID: 21105708 DOI: 10.1021/ja107193j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper concerns the development of water-compatible fluorescent imaging probes with tunable photonic properties that can be excited at a single wavelength. Bichromophoric cassettes 1a-1c consisting of a BODIPY donor and a cyanine acceptor were prepared using a simple synthetic route, and their photophysical properties were investigated. Upon excitation of the BODIPY moiety at 488 nm the excitation energy is transferred through an acetylene bridge to the cyanine dye acceptor, which emits light at approximately 600, 700, and 800 nm, i.e., with remarkable dispersions. This effect is facilitated by efficient energy transfer that gives a "quasi-Stokes" shift between 86 and 290 nm, opening a huge spectral window for imaging. The emissive properties of the cassettes depend on the energy-transfer (ET) mechanism: the faster the transfer, the more efficient it is. Measurements of rates of ET indicate that a through-bond ET takes place in the cassettes 1a and 1b that is 2 orders of magnitude faster than the classical through-space, Förster ET. In the case of cassette 1c, however, both mechanisms are possible, and the rate measurements do not allow us to discern between them. Thus, the cassettes 1a-1c are well suited for multiplexing experiments in biotechnological methods that involve a single laser excitation source. However, for widespread application of these probes, their solubility in aqueous media must be improved. Consequently, the probes were encapsulated in calcium phosphate/silicate nanoparticles (diameter ca. 22 nm) that are freely dispersible in water. This encapsulation process resulted in only minor changes in the photophysical properties of the cassettes. The system based on cassette 1a was chosen to probe how effectively these nanoparticles could be used to deliver the dyes into cells. Encapsulated cassette 1a permeated Clone 9 rat liver cells, where it localized in the mitochondria and fluoresced through the acceptor part, i.e., red. Overall, this paper reports readily accessible, cyanine-based through-bond ET cassettes that are lypophilic but can be encapsulated to form nanoparticles that disperse freely in water. These particles can be used to enter cells and to label organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Ueno
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77841, USA
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140
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Bañuelos-Prieto J, Agarrabeitia AR, Garcia-Moreno I, Lopez-Arbeloa I, Costela A, Infantes L, Perez-Ojeda ME, Palacios-Cuesta M, Ortiz MJ. Controlling Optical Properties and Function of BODIPY by Using Asymmetric Substitution Effects. Chemistry 2010; 16:14094-105. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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141
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Ziessel R, Rihn S, Harriman A. Quasi‐One‐Dimensional Electronic Systems Formed from Boron Dipyrromethene (BODIPY) Dyes. Chemistry 2010; 16:11942-53. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Ziessel
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Spectroscopies Avancées (LCOSA), Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux, CNRS, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02 (France), Fax: (+33) 368852761 http://www‐lmspc.u‐strasbg.fr/lcosa
| | - Sandra Rihn
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Spectroscopies Avancées (LCOSA), Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux, CNRS, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02 (France), Fax: (+33) 368852761 http://www‐lmspc.u‐strasbg.fr/lcosa
| | - Anthony Harriman
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Bedson Bldg, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU (UK), Fax: (+44) 191‐222‐8660
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142
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Prusty DK, Herrmann A. A Fluorogenic Reaction Based on Heavy-Atom Removal for Ultrasensitive DNA Detection. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:12197-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja105181v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak K. Prusty
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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143
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West R, Panagabko C, Atkinson J. Synthesis and characterization of BODIPY-alpha-tocopherol: a fluorescent form of vitamin E. J Org Chem 2010; 75:2883-92. [PMID: 20387845 DOI: 10.1021/jo100095n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent nitrobenzoxadiazole analogues of alpha-tocopherol (NBD-alpha-Tocs; lambda(ex) = 468 nm, lambda(em) = 527 nm) have been made previously to aid study of the intracellular location and transfer of vitamin E. However, these analogues are susceptible to photobleaching while under illumination for confocal microscopy as well as in in vitro FRET transfer assays. Here we report the synthesis of three fluorescent analogues of alpha-tocopherol incorporating the more robust dipyrrometheneboron difluoride (BODIPY) fluorophore. A BODIPY-linked chromanol should have no intervening polar functional groups that might interfere with binding to the hydrophobic binding site of the tocopherol transfer protein (alpha-TTP). A key step in bringing the two ring systems together was a metathesis reaction of vinyl chromanol and an alkenyl BODIPY. An o-tolyl containing second generation Grubbs catalyst was identified as the best catalyst for effecting the metathesis without detectable alkene isomerization, which when it occurred produced a mixture of chain lengths in the alkyl linker. C8-BODIPY-alpha-Toc 10c (lambda(ex) = 507 nm, lambda(em) = 511 nm, epsilon(507) = 83,000 M(-1) cm(-1)) having an eight-carbon chain between the chromanol and fluorophore, had the highest affinity for alpha-TTP (K(d) = 94 +/- 3 nM) and bound specifically as it could not be displaced with cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan West
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada L2S 3A1
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144
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Bozdemir O, Cakmak Y, Sozmen F, Ozdemir T, Siemiarczuk A, Akkaya E. Synthesis of Symmetrical Multichromophoric Bodipy Dyes and Their Facile Transformation into Energy Transfer Cassettes. Chemistry 2010; 16:6346-51. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200903449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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145
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Benniston AC, Copley G, Lemmetyinen H, Tkachenko NV. Off the Back or on the Side: Comparison of meso and 2-Substituted Donor-Acceptor Difluoroborondipyrromethene (Bodipy) Dyads. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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146
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Benniston AC, Copley G, Lemmetyinen H, Tkachenko NV. Exciplex Formation and Excited State Deactivation of Difluoroborondipyrromethene (Bodipy) Dyads. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:1685-92. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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147
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Haefele A, Zedde C, Retailleau P, Ulrich G, Ziessel R. Boron Asymmetry in a BODIPY Derivative. Org Lett 2010; 12:1672-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol100109j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Haefele
- LCOSA, ECPM, UMR 7515, CNRS-UdS, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02, France, SPCMIB, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 5068, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France, and Laboratoire de Crystallochimie, ICSN-CNRS, Bât 27, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Chantal Zedde
- LCOSA, ECPM, UMR 7515, CNRS-UdS, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02, France, SPCMIB, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 5068, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France, and Laboratoire de Crystallochimie, ICSN-CNRS, Bât 27, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pascal Retailleau
- LCOSA, ECPM, UMR 7515, CNRS-UdS, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02, France, SPCMIB, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 5068, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France, and Laboratoire de Crystallochimie, ICSN-CNRS, Bât 27, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Gilles Ulrich
- LCOSA, ECPM, UMR 7515, CNRS-UdS, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02, France, SPCMIB, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 5068, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France, and Laboratoire de Crystallochimie, ICSN-CNRS, Bât 27, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Raymond Ziessel
- LCOSA, ECPM, UMR 7515, CNRS-UdS, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02, France, SPCMIB, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 5068, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France, and Laboratoire de Crystallochimie, ICSN-CNRS, Bât 27, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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148
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Godoy J, Vives G, Tour JM. Synthesis of Highly Fluorescent BODIPY-Based Nanocars. Org Lett 2010; 12:1464-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol100108r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jazmin Godoy
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, MS 222, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Guillaume Vives
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, MS 222, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - James M. Tour
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, MS 222, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005
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149
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Kang DJ, Eom DH, Mo JT, Kim HS, Sokkalingam P, Lee CH, Lee PH. Synthesis of BODIPY Chromophores Bearing Fused-Carbocycles. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2010.31.02.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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150
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Nierth A, Kobitski AY, Nienhaus GU, Jäschke A. Anthracene−BODIPY Dyads as Fluorescent Sensors for Biocatalytic Diels−Alder Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:2646-54. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9084397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Nierth
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, Heidelberg 69120, Germany, Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, and Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Andrei Yu. Kobitski
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, Heidelberg 69120, Germany, Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, and Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - G. Ulrich Nienhaus
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, Heidelberg 69120, Germany, Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, and Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Andres Jäschke
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, Heidelberg 69120, Germany, Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, and Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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