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Mwai L, Diriye A, Masseno V, Muriithi S, Feltwell T, Musyoki J, Lemieux J, Feller A, Mair GR, Marsh K, Newbold C, Nzila A, Carret CK. Genome wide adaptations of Plasmodium falciparum in response to lumefantrine selective drug pressure. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31623. [PMID: 22384044 PMCID: PMC3288012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination therapy of the Artemisinin-derivative Artemether (ART) with Lumefantrine (LM) (Coartem®) is an important malaria treatment regimen in many endemic countries. Resistance to Artemisinin has already been reported, and it is feared that LM resistance (LMR) could also evolve quickly. Therefore molecular markers which can be used to track Coartem® efficacy are urgently needed. Often, stable resistance arises from initial, unstable phenotypes that can be identified in vitro. Here we have used the Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistant reference strain V1S to induce LMR in vitro by culturing the parasite under continuous drug pressure for 16 months. The initial IC50 (inhibitory concentration that kills 50% of the parasite population) was 24 nM. The resulting resistant strain V1SLM, obtained after culture for an estimated 166 cycles under LM pressure, grew steadily in 378 nM of LM, corresponding to 15 times the IC50 of the parental strain. However, after two weeks of culturing V1SLM in drug-free medium, the IC50 returned to that of the initial, parental strain V1S. This transient drug tolerance was associated with major changes in gene expression profiles: using the PFSANGER Affymetrix custom array, we identified 184 differentially expressed genes in V1SLM. Among those are 18 known and putative transporters including the multidrug resistance gene 1 (pfmdr1), the multidrug resistance associated protein and the V-type H+ pumping pyrophosphatase 2 (pfvp2) as well as genes associated with fatty acid metabolism. In addition we detected a clear selective advantage provided by two genomic loci in parasites grown under LM drug pressure, suggesting that all, or some of those genes contribute to development of LM tolerance – they may prove useful as molecular markers to monitor P. falciparum LM susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Mwai
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Welcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Abdi Diriye
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Welcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Victor Masseno
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Welcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Steven Muriithi
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Welcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Theresa Feltwell
- Pathogen Microarrays group, The Welcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Musyoki
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Welcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Jacob Lemieux
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Avi Feller
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gunnar R. Mair
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Kevin Marsh
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Welcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Newbold
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alexis Nzila
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Welcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Céline K. Carret
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Lisboa, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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102
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Sharma M, Chauhan K, Chauhan SS, Kumar A, Singh SV, Saxena JK, Agarwal P, Srivastava K, Raja Kumar S, Puri SK, Shah P, Siddiqi MI, Chauhan PMS. Synthesis of hybrid 4-anilinoquinoline triazines as potent antimalarial agents, their in silico modeling and bioevaluation as Plasmodium falciparumtransketolase and β-hematin inhibitors. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1md00188d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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103
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Jones PM, Robinson MW, Dalton JP, George AM. The Plasmodium falciparum malaria M1 alanyl aminopeptidase (PfA-M1): insights of catalytic mechanism and function from MD simulations. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28589. [PMID: 22205955 PMCID: PMC3244404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria caused by several species of Plasmodium is major parasitic disease of humans, causing 1–3 million deaths worldwide annually. The widespread resistance of the human parasite to current drug therapies is of major concern making the identification of new drug targets urgent. While the parasite grows and multiplies inside the host erythrocyte it degrades the host cell hemoglobin and utilizes the released amino acids to synthesize its own proteins. The P. falciparum malarial M1 alanyl-aminopeptidase (PfA-M1) is an enzyme involved in the terminal stages of hemoglobin digestion and the generation of an amino acid pool within the parasite. The enzyme has been validated as a potential drug target since inhibitors of the enzyme block parasite growth in vitro and in vivo. In order to gain further understanding of this enzyme, molecular dynamics simulations using data from a recent crystal structure of PfA-M1 were performed. The results elucidate the pentahedral coordination of the catalytic Zn in these metallo-proteases and provide new insights into the roles of this cation and important active site residues in ligand binding and in the hydrolysis of the peptide bond. Based on the data, we propose a two-step catalytic mechanism, in which the conformation of the active site is altered between the Michaelis complex and the transition state. In addition, the simulations identify global changes in the protein in which conformational transitions in the catalytic domain are transmitted at the opening of the N-terminal 8 Å-long channel and at the opening of the 30 Å-long C-terminal internal chamber that facilitates entry of peptides to the active site and exit of released amino acids. The possible implications of these global changes with regard to enzyme function are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Jones
- School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- i3 Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark W. Robinson
- i3 Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John P. Dalton
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anthony M. George
- School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- i3 Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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104
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Dyve Lingelem AB, Bergan J, Sandvig K. Inhibitors of intravesicular acidification protect against Shiga toxin in a pH-independent manner. Traffic 2011; 13:443-54. [PMID: 22132807 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2011.01319.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Shiga toxin inhibits protein synthesis after being transported from the cell surface to endosomes and retrogradely through the Golgi apparatus to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and into the cytosol. In this study, we have abolished proton gradients across internal membranes in different ways and investigated the effect on the various transport steps of Shiga toxin. Although inhibitors of the proton pump such as bafilomycin A1 and concanamycin A as well as some ionophores and chloroquine all protect against Shiga toxin, they mediate protection by inhibiting different transport steps. For instance, chloroquine protects the cells, although the toxin is transported to the ER. Importantly, our data indicate that proton pump activity is required for efficient endosome-to-Golgi transport of Shiga toxin, although acidification as such does not seem to be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Berit Dyve Lingelem
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
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105
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Hobbs C, Duffy P. Drugs for malaria: something old, something new, something borrowed. F1000 BIOLOGY REPORTS 2011; 3:24. [PMID: 22076126 PMCID: PMC3206709 DOI: 10.3410/b3-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Malaria was estimated to cause 800,000 deaths and 225 million cases worldwide in 2010. Worryingly, the first-line treatment currently relies on a single drug class called artemisinins, and there are signs that the parasite is becoming resistant to these drugs. The good news is that new technology has given us new approaches to drug discovery. New drugs generated this way are probably 10-15 years away from the clinic. Other antimalarials that may offer hope include those rehabilitated after not being used for some time, those that act as inhibitors of resistance mechanisms, those that limit infection while allowing protective immunity to develop, and those which are drugs borrowed from other disease treatments. All of these offer new hope of turning the tables on malaria. In parallel with the effort to develop vaccines that interrupt malaria transmission, drugs that target the parasite during transmission to the mosquito or during its pre-erythrocytic development in the liver, may allow us to terminate the parasite's spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Hobbs
- NIH/NIAID, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology12735 Twinbrook Parkway, 3W19E, Rockville, MD 20852USA
| | - Patrick Duffy
- NIH/NIAID, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, Division of Intramural Research5640 Fishers Lane, Rm. 1111 Rockville, MD 20892USA
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106
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Gordey EE, Yadav PN, Merrin MP, Davies J, Ward SA, Woodman GM, Sadowy AL, Smith TG, Gossage RA. Synthesis and biological activities of 4-N-(anilinyl-n-[oxazolyl])-7-chloroquinolines (n=3′ or 4′) against Plasmodium falciparum in in vitro models. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:4512-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.05.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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107
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Haynes RK, Cheu KW, Li KY, Tang MMK, Wong HN, Chen MJ, Guo ZF, Guo ZH, Coghi P, Monti D. A partial convergence in action of methylene blue and artemisinins: antagonism with chloroquine, a reversal with verapamil, and an insight into the antimalarial activity of chloroquine. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:1603-15. [PMID: 21994127 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinins rapidly oxidize leucomethylene blue (LMB) to methylene blue (MB); they also oxidize dihydroflavins such as the reduced conjugates RFH₂ of riboflavin (RF), and FADH₂ of the cofactor flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), to the corresponding flavins. Like the artemisinins, MB oxidizes FADH₂, but unlike artemisinins, it also oxidizes NAD(P)H. Like MB, artemisinins are implicated in the perturbation of redox balance in the malaria parasite by interfering with parasite flavoenzyme disulfide reductases. The oxidation of LMB by artemisinin is inhibited by chloroquine (CQ), an inhibition that is abruptly reversed by verapamil (VP). CQ also inhibits artemisinin-mediated oxidation of RFH₂ generated from N-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide (BNAH)-RF, or FADH₂ generated from NADPH or NADPH-Fre, an effect that is also modulated by verapamil. The inhibition likely proceeds by the association of LMB or dihydroflavin with CQ, possibly involving donor-acceptor or π complexes that hinder oxidation by artemisinin. VP competitively associates with CQ, liberating LMB or dihydroflavin from their respective CQ complexes. The observations explain the antagonism between CQ-MB and CQ-artemisinins in vitro, and are reconcilable with CQ perturbing intraparasitic redox homeostasis. They further suggest that a VP-CQ complex is a means by which VP reverses CQ resistance, wherein such a complex is not accessible to the putative CQ-resistance transporter (PfCRT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Haynes
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China.
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108
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Muregi FW, Ohta I, Masato U, Kino H, Ishih A. Resistance of a rodent malaria parasite to a thymidylate synthase inhibitor induces an apoptotic parasite death and imposes a huge cost of fitness. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21251. [PMID: 21698180 PMCID: PMC3116895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The greatest impediment to effective malaria control is drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum, and thus understanding how resistance impacts on the parasite's fitness and pathogenicity may aid in malaria control strategy. Methodology/Principal Findings To generate resistance, P. berghei NK65 was subjected to 5-fluoroorotate (FOA, an inhibitor of thymidylate synthase, TS) pressure in mice. After 15 generations of drug pressure, the 2% DT (the delay time for proliferation of parasites to 2% parasitaemia, relative to untreated wild-type controls) reduced from 8 days to 4, equalling the controls. Drug sensitivity studies confirmed that FOA-resistance was stable. During serial passaging in the absence of drug, resistant parasite maintained low growth rates (parasitaemia, 15.5%±2.9, 7 dpi) relative to the wild-type (45.6%±8.4), translating into resistance cost of fitness of 66.0%. The resistant parasite showed an apoptosis-like death, as confirmed by light and transmission electron microscopy and corroborated by oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation. Conclusions/Significance The resistant parasite was less fit than the wild-type, which implies that in the absence of drug pressure in the field, the wild-type alleles may expand and allow drugs withdrawn due to resistance to be reintroduced. FOA resistance led to depleted dTTP pools, causing thymineless parasite death via apoptosis. This supports the tenet that unicellular eukaryotes, like metazoans, also undergo apoptosis. This is the first report where resistance to a chemical stimulus and not the stimulus itself is shown to induce apoptosis in a unicellular parasite. This finding is relevant in cancer therapy, since thymineless cell death induced by resistance to TS-inhibitors can further be optimized via inhibition of pyrimidine salvage enzymes, thus providing a synergistic impact. We conclude that since apoptosis is a process that can be pharmacologically modulated, the parasite's apoptotic machinery may be exploited as a novel drug target in malaria and other protozoan diseases of medical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis W Muregi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
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109
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Silva NDF, Lameira J, Alves CN. A quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical study of the aspartic protease plasmepsin IV complexed with allophenylnorstatine-based inhibitor. Chem Phys Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.04.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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110
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Schlitzer M. [New malaria drugs: screening against the entire parasite or target-based - which is the right path?]. PHARMAZIE IN UNSERER ZEIT 2011; 40:190-191. [PMID: 21698606 DOI: 10.1002/pauz.201190020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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111
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Heinrich S, Altenkämper M, Bechem B, Perruchon J, Ortmann R, Dahse HM, Wang Y, Lanzer M, Schlitzer M. 2-Acylamino-5-chlorobenzophenones with enhanced selectivity towards malaria parasites. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:1331-42. [PMID: 21345543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Previously we described a series of 5-acylaminobenzophenones with considerable antimalarial activity. Unfortunately, most compounds also displayed high cytotoxicity resulting in low selectivity towards malaria parasites. Through the replacement of the 5-acylamino moiety by simple chlorine and further modifications of the 2-acylamino residue we could obtain inhibitors with improved selectivity towards malaria parasites combined with an acceptable reduction of antimalarial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetlana Heinrich
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, Marburg 35032, Germany
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112
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Computational analysis of aspartic protease plasmepsin II complexed with EH58 inhibitor: a QM/MM MD study. J Mol Model 2011; 17:2631-8. [PMID: 21264482 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-011-0963-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Plasmepsin (PM) II is one of four enzymes in the food vacuole of Plasmodium falciparum. It has become an attractive target for combating malaria through research regarding its importance in the P. falciparum metabolism and life cycle, making it the target of choice for structure-based drug design. This paper reports the results of hybrid quantum mechanics / molecular mechanics (QM/MM) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations employed to study the details of the interactions established between PM II and N-(3-{(2-benzo[1, 3]dioxol-5-yl-ethyl)[3-(1-methyl-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl) propionyl]-amino}-1-benzyl-2-(hydroxyl-propyl)-4-benzyloxy-3,5dimethoxy-benzamide (EH58), a well-known potent inhibitor for this enzyme. Electrostatic binding free energy and energy terms decomposition have been computed for PM II complexed with the EH58 inhibitor. The results reveal that there is a strong interaction between Asp34, Val78, Ser79, Tyr192 and Asp214 residues and the EH58 inhibitor. In addition, we have computed the potential of the mean force (PMF) profile in order to assign the protonation state of the two catalytic aspartates in PM II-EH58 complex. The results indicate that the protonation of Asp214 favors a stable active site structure, which is consistent with our electrostatic binding free energy calculation and with previous published works.
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113
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Burrows JN, Waterson D. Discovering New Medicines to Control and Eradicate Malaria. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2011_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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114
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Brown KM, Costanzo MS, Xu W, Roy S, Lozovsky ER, Hartl DL. Compensatory mutations restore fitness during the evolution of dihydrofolate reductase. Mol Biol Evol 2010; 27:2682-90. [PMID: 20576759 PMCID: PMC2981517 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msq160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether a trade-off exists between robustness and evolvability is an important issue for protein evolution. Although traditional viewpoints have assumed that existing functions must be compromised by the evolution of novel activities, recent research has suggested that existing phenotypes can be robust to the evolution of novel protein functions. Enzymes that are targets of antibiotics that are competitive inhibitors must evolve decreased drug affinity while maintaining their function and sustaining growth. Utilizing a transgenic Saccharomyces cerevisiae model expressing the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) enzyme from the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum, we examine the robustness of growth rate to drug-resistance mutations. We assay the growth rate and resistance of all 48 combinations of 6 DHFR point mutations associated with increased drug resistance in field isolates of the parasite. We observe no consistent relationship between growth rate and resistance phenotypes among the DHFR alleles. The three evolutionary pathways that dominate DHFR evolution show that mutations with increased resistance can compensate for initial declines in growth rate from previously acquired mutations. In other words, resistance mutations that occur later in evolutionary trajectories can compensate for the fitness consequences of earlier mutations. Our results suggest that high levels of resistance may be selected for without necessarily jeopardizing overall fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M Brown
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, MA, USA.
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115
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Bringmann G, Bischof SK, Müller S, Gulder T, Winter C, Stich A, Moll H, Kaiser M, Brun R, Dreher J, Baumann K. QSAR guided synthesis of simplified antiplasmodial analogs of naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:5370-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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116
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Sun L, Shah F, Helal MA, Wu Y, Pedduri Y, Chittiboyina AG, Gut J, Rosenthal PJ, Avery MA. Design, Synthesis, and Development of Novel Guaianolide-Endoperoxides as Potential Antimalarial Agents. J Med Chem 2010; 53:7864-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jm1006462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Sun
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677
| | - Falgun Shah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677
| | - Mohamed A. Helal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677
| | - Yunshan Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677
| | - Yakambram Pedduri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677
| | - Amar G. Chittiboyina
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677
- National Center for Natural Products Research; University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677
| | - Jiri Gut
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Philip J. Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Mitchell A. Avery
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677
- National Center for Natural Products Research; University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677
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117
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Synthesis and bio-evaluation of alkylaminoaryl phenyl cyclopropyl methanones as antitubercular and antimalarial agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:8289-301. [PMID: 21041091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of 4-alkylaminoaryl phenyl cyclopropyl methanones (6a-6u and 8a-8c) were synthesized from 4-fluorochalcones (3a and 3b) by cyclopropanation of double bond followed by nucleophilic substitution of F with different amines. The compounds were screened for their antitubercular and antimalarial activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strains in vitro respectively. Several compounds (6a, 6d-6h, 6p, 6q and 8a-8c) exhibited good in vitro antitubercular activities with MIC values 3.12-12.5μg/mL and preferentially inhibited the growth of P. falciparum in vitro (4a, 4c, 6a-6d, 6f, 6s, 8a and 8c) with IC₅₀ as low as 0.080 and 0.035μg/mL and SI values 4975 and 6948, respectively. Molecular docking studies and in vitro evaluation against FAS-II enzymes using reporter gene assays were carried out to elucidate the mode of action of these molecules. Two compounds 4a and 6g showed significant inhibition at 25μM concentration of the compound.
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118
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119
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Zsila F, Fitos I. Combination of chiroptical, absorption and fluorescence spectroscopic methods reveals multiple, hydrophobicity-driven human serum albumin binding of the antimalarial atovaquone and related hydroxynaphthoquinone compounds. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:4905-14. [PMID: 20737064 DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00124d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High-affinity human serum albumin (HSA) binding of the C3-substituted antimalarial 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone derivative atovaquone (ATQ) has been demonstrated and studied by circular dichroism (CD), UV/VIS absorption, fluorescence spectroscopy and affinity chromatography methods. The analysis of induced CD data generated upon HSA binding of ATQ revealed two high-affinity binding sites (K(a) ≈ 2 × 10(6) M(-1)). CD interaction studies and displacement of specific fluorescent and radioactive marker ligands indicated the contribution of both principal drug binding sites of HSA to complexation of ATQ, and also suggested the possibility of simultaneous binding of ATQ and some other drugs (e.g. warfarin, phenylbutazone, diazepam). Comparison of UV/VIS spectra of ATQ measured in aqueous solutions indicated the prevalence of the anionic species formed by dissociation of the 2-hydroxyl group. HSA binding of related natural hydroxynaphthoquinones, lapachol and lawsone also induces similar CD spectra. The much weaker binding affinity of lawsone (K(a) ≈ 10(4) M(-1)) bearing no C3 substituent highlights the importance of hydrophobic interactions in the strong HSA binding of ATQ and lapachol. Since neither drug exhibited significant binding to serum α(1)-acid glycoprotein, HSA must be the principal plasma protein for the binding and transportation of 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone-type compounds which are ionized at physiological pH values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Zsila
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Chemical Research Center, H-1025 Budapest, Pusztaszeri út 59-67, Hungary.
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120
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Gupta AK, Chakroborty S, Srivastava K, Puri SK, Saxena AK. Pharmacophore Modeling of Substituted 1,2,4-Trioxanes for Quantitative Prediction of their Antimalarial Activity. J Chem Inf Model 2010; 50:1510-20. [DOI: 10.1021/ci100180e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amit K. Gupta
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division and Parasitology Division, Central Drug Research Institute, CSIR, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - S. Chakroborty
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division and Parasitology Division, Central Drug Research Institute, CSIR, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Kumkum Srivastava
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division and Parasitology Division, Central Drug Research Institute, CSIR, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Sunil K. Puri
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division and Parasitology Division, Central Drug Research Institute, CSIR, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Anil K. Saxena
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division and Parasitology Division, Central Drug Research Institute, CSIR, Lucknow, 226001, India
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121
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Schoof S, Pradel G, Aminake MN, Ellinger B, Baumann S, Potowski M, Najajreh Y, Kirschner M, Arndt HD. Antiplasmodial thiostrepton derivatives: proteasome inhibitors with a dual mode of action. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:3317-21. [PMID: 20358566 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200906988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schoof
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät Chemie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
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Enantiomerically Pure and Highly Substituted Alicyclic α,α-Difluoro Ketones: Potential Inhibitors for Malarial Aspartic Proteases, the Plasmepsins. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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123
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Ettari R, Zappalà M, Micale N, Schirmeister T, Gelhaus C, Leippe M, Evers A, Grasso S. Synthesis of novel peptidomimetics as inhibitors of protozoan cysteine proteases falcipain-2 and rhodesain. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:3228-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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124
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Fernandez LS, Sykes ML, Andrews KT, Avery VM. Antiparasitic activity of alkaloids from plant species of Papua New Guinea and Australia. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2010; 36:275-9. [PMID: 20580535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
New drugs are needed to help overcome the increasing problem of drug resistance in parasites that cause diseases such as malaria and trypanosomiasis. In this study, alkaloid compounds isolated from extracts of the plants Flindersia amboinensis, Stephania zippeliana and Voacanga papuana from Papua New Guinea and Flindersia acuminata from Australia were examined for their antiparasitic activity against Plasmodium falciparum strains and Trypanosoma brucei brucei as well as their cytotoxicity against the mammalian cell lines HEK 293 and HeLa. The most active compound, dimethylisoborreverine (DMIB), showed submicromolar activity, with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) values between 20 nM and 810 nM both against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant P. falciparum strains, along with moderate selectivity against T. b. brucei and mammalian cells. Stage specificity studies revealed that P. falciparum trophozoite-stage parasites were more susceptible to DMIB than ring- or schizont-stage parasites. DMIB-treated trophozoites showed changes in food vacuole morphology, with an apparent reduction in haemozoin formation that does not appear to be inhibited via the direct binding of haem. These findings suggest a potential for indole alkaloids from Flindersia spp. as new antiparasitic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza S Fernandez
- Eskitis Institute for Cell and Molecular Therapies, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
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125
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Rathore S, Sinha D, Asad M, Böttcher T, Afrin F, Chauhan VS, Gupta D, Sieber SA, Mohmmed A. A cyanobacterial serine protease of Plasmodium falciparum is targeted to the apicoplast and plays an important role in its growth and development. Mol Microbiol 2010; 77:873-90. [PMID: 20545854 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07251.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The prokaryotic ATP-dependent protease machineries such as ClpQY and ClpAP in the malaria parasite may represent potential drug targets. In the present study, we show that the orthologue of cyanobacterial ClpP protease in Plasmodium falciparum (PfClpP) is expressed in the asexual blood stages and possesses serine protease activity. The PfClpP was localized in the apicoplast using a GFP-targeting approach, immunoelectron microscopy and by immunofluorescence assays. A set of cell permeable β-lactones, which specifically bind with the active site of prokaryotic ClpP, were screened using an in vitro protease assay of PfClpP. A PfClpP-specific protease inhibitor was identified in the screen, labelled as U1-lactone. In vitro growth of the asexual stage parasites was significantly inhibited by U1-lactone treatment. The U1-treated parasites showed developmental arrest at the late-schizont stage. We further show that the U1-lactone treatment resulted in formation of abnormal apicoplasts which were not able to grow and segregate in the parasite progeny; these effects were also evident by blockage in the replication of the apicoplast genome. Overall, our data show that the PfClpP protease has confirmed localization in the apicoplast and it plays important role in development of functional apicoplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Rathore
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110 067, India.Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany.Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi 110 062, India
| | - Dipto Sinha
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110 067, India.Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany.Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi 110 062, India
| | - Mohd Asad
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110 067, India.Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany.Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi 110 062, India
| | - Thomas Böttcher
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110 067, India.Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany.Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi 110 062, India
| | - Farhat Afrin
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110 067, India.Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany.Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi 110 062, India
| | - Virander S Chauhan
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110 067, India.Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany.Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi 110 062, India
| | - Dinesh Gupta
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110 067, India.Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany.Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi 110 062, India
| | - Stephan A Sieber
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110 067, India.Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany.Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi 110 062, India
| | - Asif Mohmmed
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110 067, India.Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany.Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi 110 062, India
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126
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Abstract
Malaria, particularly that one caused by Plasmodium falciparum, remains a serious health problem in Africa, South America, and many parts of Asia where it afflicts about 500 million people and is responsible for the death of more than one million children each year. The main reasons for the persistence of malaria are the emergence of resistance to common antimalarial drugs, inadequate control of mosquito vectors, and the lack of effective vaccines. Therefore, the identification and characterization of new targets for antimalarial chemotherapy are of urgent priority. This review is focused on inhibitors of falcipain-2, a cysteine protease from P. falciparum, which represents one of the most promising targets for antimalarial drug design. Falcipain-2 is a key enzyme in the life cycle of P. falciparum since it degrades hemoglobin, at the early trophozoite stage, and cleaves ankyrin and protein 4.1, the cytoskeletal elements vital to the stability of red cell membrane, at the schizont stage. The main classes of falcipain-2 inhibitors are peptides or peptidomimetics bearing the most popular pharmacophores of cysteine protease inhibitors, such as vinyl sulfones, halomethyl ketones, and aldehydes. Furthermore, many other chemotypes have been identified as inhibitors of falcipain-2, such as isoquinolines, thiosemicarbazones, and chalcones. These inhibitors represent all classes, which, to the best of our knowledge, have been disclosed in journal articles to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Ettari
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
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127
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Schoof S, Pradel G, Aminake M, Ellinger B, Baumann S, Potowski M, Najajreh Y, Kirschner M, Arndt HD. Antiplasmodiale Thiostreptonderivate - Proteasominhibitoren mit einem dualen Wirkmechanismus. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200906988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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128
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Gardiner DL, Skinner-Adams TS, Brown CL, Andrews KT, Stack CM, McCarthy JS, Dalton JP, Trenholme KR. Plasmodium falciparum: new molecular targets with potential for antimalarial drug development. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2010; 7:1087-98. [PMID: 19883329 DOI: 10.1586/eri.09.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Malaria remains one of the world's most devastating infectious diseases. Drug resistance to all classes of antimalarial agents has now been observed, highlighting the need for new agents that act against novel parasite targets. The complete sequencing of the Plasmodium falciparum genome has allowed the identification of new molecular targets within the parasite that may be amenable to chemotherapeutic intervention. In this review, we investigate four possible targets for the future development of new classes of antimalarial agents. These targets include histone deacetylase, the aspartic proteases or plasmepsins, aminopeptidases and the purine salvage enzyme hypoxanthine-xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald L Gardiner
- Malaria Biology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia.
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129
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Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of antimalarial 4-oxo-3-carboxyl quinolones. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:2756-66. [PMID: 20206533 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is endemic in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, and the Americas. The increasing prevalence of multi-drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum drives the ongoing need for the development of new antimalarial drugs. In this light, novel scaffolds to which the parasite has not been exposed are of particular interest. Recently, workers at the Swiss Tropical Institute discovered two novel 4-oxo-3-carboxyl quinolones active against the intra-erythrocytic stages of P. falciparum while carrying out rationally directed low-throughput screening of potential antimalarial agents as part of an effort directed by the World Health Organization. Here we report the design, synthesis, and preliminary pharmacologic characterization of a series of analogues of 4-oxo-3-carboxyl quinolones. These studies indicate that the series has good potential for preclinical development.
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130
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Milner E, McCalmont W, Bhonsle J, Caridha D, Carroll D, Gardner S, Gerena L, Gettayacamin M, Lanteri C, Luong T, Melendez V, Moon J, Roncal N, Sousa J, Tungtaeng A, Wipf P, Dow G. Structure–activity relationships amongst 4-position quinoline methanol antimalarials that inhibit the growth of drug sensitive and resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:1347-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Revised: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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131
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Bonazzi S, Barbaras D, Patiny L, Scopelliti R, Schneider P, Cole ST, Kaiser M, Brun R, Gademann K. Antimalarial and antitubercular nostocarboline and eudistomin derivatives: synthesis, in vitro and in vivo biological evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:1464-76. [PMID: 20133138 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of nine nostocarboline derivatives with substitutions of the 2-methyl group by alkyl, aryl and functionalized residues, 10 symmetrical bis cationic dimers linking 6-Cl-norharmane through the 2-position and fifteen derivatives of the marine alkaloids eudistomin N and O is reported. These compounds were evaluated in vitro against four parasites (Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense STIB 900, Trypanosoma cruzi Tulahuen C2C4, Leishmania donovani MHOM-ET-67/L82 axenic amastigotes, and Plasmodium falciparum K1 strain), against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, Mycobacterium smegmatis mc(2)155 and Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC13032, and cytotoxicity was determined against L6 rat myoblast cells. Nostocarboline and derivatives displayed potent and selective in vitro inhibition of P. falciparum with weak cytotoxicity. The dimers displayed submicromolar inhibition of L. donovani and T. brucei, and nanomolar activity against P. falciparum, albeit with pronounced cytotoxicity. One dimer showed a MIC(99) value against M. tuberculosis of 2.5 microg/ml. The alkylated eudistomin N and O derivatives displayed activities down to 18 nM against P. falciparum for N-Me Eudistomin N. Four dimers, nostocarboline and three eudostomin derivatives were evaluated in an in vivo Plasmodium berghei mouse model. No significant activity was observed for the dimers, but a 50% reduction in parasitaemia was observed at 4 x 50 mg/kg ip for nostocarboline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bonazzi
- Chemical Synthesis Laboratory (SB-ISIC-LSYNC), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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132
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Salman S, Rogerson SJ, Kose K, Griffin S, Gomorai S, Baiwog F, Winmai J, Kandai J, Karunajeewa HA, O'Halloran SJ, Siba P, Ilett KF, Mueller I, Davis TME. Pharmacokinetic properties of azithromycin in pregnancy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:360-6. [PMID: 19858250 PMCID: PMC2798488 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00771-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Revised: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Azithromycin (AZI) is an azalide antibiotic with antimalarial activity that is considered safe in pregnancy. To assess its pharmacokinetic properties when administered as intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp), two 2-g doses were given 24 h apart to 31 pregnant and 29 age-matched nonpregnant Papua New Guinean women. All subjects also received single-dose sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) (1,500 mg or 75 mg) or chloroquine (450-mg base daily for 3 days). Blood samples were taken at 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 24, 32, 40, 48, and 72 h and on days 4, 5, 7, 10, and 14 for AZI assay by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The treatments were well tolerated. Using population pharmacokinetic modeling, a three-compartment model with zero-order followed by first-order absorption and no lag time provided the best fit. The areas under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC(0-infinity)) (28.7 and 31.8 mg.h liter(-1) for pregnant and nonpregnant subjects, respectively) were consistent with the results of previous studies, but the estimated terminal elimination half-lives (78 and 77 h, respectively) were generally longer. The only significant relationship for a range of potential covariates, including malarial parasitemia, was with pregnancy, which accounted for an 86% increase in the volume of distribution of the central compartment relative to bioavailability without a significant change in the AUC(0-infinity). These data suggest that AZI can be combined with compounds with longer half-lives, such as SP, in combination IPTp without the need for dose adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Salman
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea, Western Health, Melbourne, Australia, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Path West Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Rogerson
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea, Western Health, Melbourne, Australia, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Path West Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Kay Kose
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea, Western Health, Melbourne, Australia, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Path West Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Susan Griffin
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea, Western Health, Melbourne, Australia, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Path West Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Servina Gomorai
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea, Western Health, Melbourne, Australia, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Path West Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Francesca Baiwog
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea, Western Health, Melbourne, Australia, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Path West Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Josephine Winmai
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea, Western Health, Melbourne, Australia, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Path West Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Josin Kandai
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea, Western Health, Melbourne, Australia, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Path West Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Harin A. Karunajeewa
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea, Western Health, Melbourne, Australia, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Path West Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Sean J. O'Halloran
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea, Western Health, Melbourne, Australia, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Path West Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Peter Siba
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea, Western Health, Melbourne, Australia, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Path West Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Kenneth F. Ilett
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea, Western Health, Melbourne, Australia, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Path West Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Ivo Mueller
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea, Western Health, Melbourne, Australia, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Path West Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Timothy M. E. Davis
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea, Western Health, Melbourne, Australia, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Path West Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, Australia
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133
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XIE AIHUA, CLARK SHAWNAR, PRASANNA SIVAPRAKASAM, DOERKSEN ROBERTJ. Three-dimensional quantitative structure-farnesyltransferase inhibition analysis for some diaminobenzophenones. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2009; 24:1220-8. [PMID: 19912055 PMCID: PMC10725738 DOI: 10.3109/14756360902781389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A 3D-QSAR investigation of 95 diaminobenzophenone yeast farnesyltransferase (FT) inhibitors selected from the work of Schlitzer et al. showed that steric, electrostatic, and hydrophobic properties play key roles in the bioactivity of the series. A CoMFA/CoMSIA combined model using the steric and electrostatic fields of CoMFA together with the hydrophobic field of CoMSIA showed significant improvement in prediction compared with the CoMFA steric and electrostatic fields model. The similarity of the 3D-QSAR field maps for yeast FT inhibition activity (from this work) and for antimalarial activity data (from previous work) and the correlation between those activities are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- AIHUA XIE
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677-1848, USA
| | - SHAWNA R. CLARK
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677-1848, USA
- Tougaloo College, Jackson, MS, 39174
| | - SIVAPRAKASAM PRASANNA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677-1848, USA
| | - ROBERT J. DOERKSEN
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677-1848, USA
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi
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134
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Altenkämper M, Bechem B, Perruchon J, Heinrich S, Mädel A, Ortmann R, Dahse HM, Freunscht E, Wang Y, Rath J, Stich A, Hitzler M, Chiba P, Lanzer M, Schlitzer M. Antimalarial and antitrypanosomal activity of a series of amide and sulfonamide derivatives of a 2,5-diaminobenzophenone. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:7690-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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135
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Schlitzer M. Wirkstoffe gegen Malaria: Was ist in der Pipeline? Wenig Neues im Kampf gegen die Malaria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 38:522-6. [DOI: 10.1002/pauz.200900339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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136
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Coghi P, Basilico N, Taramelli D, Chan WC, Haynes R, Monti D. Interaction of Artemisinins with Oxyhemoglobin Hb-FeII, Hb-FeII, CarboxyHb-FeII, Heme-FeII, and Carboxyheme FeII: Significance for Mode of Action and Implications for Therapy of Cerebral Malaria. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:2045-53. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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137
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Solomon VR, Lee H. Chloroquine and its analogs: a new promise of an old drug for effective and safe cancer therapies. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 625:220-33. [PMID: 19836374 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Chloroquine (CQ), N'-(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)-N,N-diethyl-pentane-1,4-diamine, is widely used as an effective and safe anti-malarial and anti-rheumatoid agent. CQ was discovered 1934 as "Resochin" by Andersag and co-workers at the Bayer laboratories. Ironically, CQ was initially ignored for a decade because it was considered too toxic to use in humans. CQ was "re-discovered" during World War II in the United States in the course of anti-malarial drug development. The US government-sponsored clinical trials during this period showed unequivocally that CQ has a significant therapeutic value as an anti-malarial drug. Consequently, CQ was introduced into clinical practice in 1947 for the prophylaxis treatment of malaria (Plasmodium vivax, ovale and malariae). CQ still remains the drug of choice for malaria chemotherapy because it is highly effective and well tolerated by humans. In addition, CQ is widely used as an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus and amoebic hepatitis. More recently, CQ has been studied for its potential as an enhancing agent in cancer therapies. Accumulating lines of evidence now suggest that CQ can effectively sensitize cell-killing effects by ionizing radiation and chemotherapeutic agents in a cancer-specific manner. The lysosomotrophic property of CQ appears to be important for the increase in efficacy and specificity. Although more studies are needed, CQ may be one of the most effective and safe sensitizers for cancer therapies. Taken together, it appears that the efficacy of conventional cancer therapies can be dramatically enhanced if used in combination with CQ and its analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Raja Solomon
- Tumor Biology Group, Northeastern Ontario Regional Cancer Program at the Sudbury Regional Hospital, 41 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada P3E 5J1
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138
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Skinner-Adams TS, Stack CM, Trenholme KR, Brown CL, Grembecka J, Lowther J, Mucha A, Drag M, Kafarski P, McGowan S, Whisstock JC, Gardiner DL, Dalton JP. Plasmodium falciparum neutral aminopeptidases: new targets for anti-malarials. Trends Biochem Sci 2009; 35:53-61. [PMID: 19796954 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Revised: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The neutral aminopeptidases M1 alanyl aminopeptidase (PfM1AAP) and M17 leucine aminopeptidase (PfM17LAP) of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum are targets for the development of novel anti-malarial drugs. Although the functions of these enzymes remain unknown, they are believed to act in the terminal stages of haemoglobin degradation, generating amino acids essential for parasite growth and development. Inhibitors of both enzymes are lethal to P. falciparum in culture and kill the murine malaria P. chabaudi in vivo. Recent biochemical, structural and functional studies provide the substrate specificity and mechanistic binding data needed to guide the development of more potent anti-malarial drugs. Together with biological studies, these data form the rationale for choosing PfM1AAP and PfM17LAP as targets for anti-malarial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina S Skinner-Adams
- Malaria Biology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia.
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139
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Bucher C, Sparr C, Schweizer WB, Gilmour R. Fluorinated Quinine Alkaloids: Synthesis, X-ray Structure Analysis and Antimalarial Parasite Chemotherapy. Chemistry 2009; 15:7637-47. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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140
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusheel Munshi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
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141
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New innovations for an old infection: antimalarial lead discovery from marine natural products during the period 2003–2008. Future Med Chem 2009; 1:593-617. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.09.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains one of the most serious global infectious diseases, with an estimated 2 billion people at risk and 1 million deaths annually. Drug resistance is hampering the effectiveness of many current antimalarial therapies and resistant strains of the parasite are now known for almost all classes of antimalarial compounds. Owing to a lack of concerted drug-discovery efforts over the last 30 years, the development pipeline is limited and the identification of new antimalarial lead compounds is a pressing concern. The development of new antimalarials that exhibit novel modes of action is of critical importance if the devastating effects of malaria are to be controlled. Natural products have traditionally played an important role in antimalarial drug development and the marine environment represents an underexplored resource in this regard. This review covers developments in the field of antimalarial drug discovery from marine sources between January 2003 and December 2008 and offers a comprehensive overview of all marine-derived compounds from this period. Marine natural products represent an emerging opportunity in the development of new antimalarial lead compounds. This review provides examples of several recent lead discovery projects that show promise in this regard and presents a perspective on areas of possible future study.
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142
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143
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Lane AL, Stout EP, Lin AS, Prudhomme J, Le Roch K, Fairchild CR, Franzblau SG, Hay ME, Aalbersberg W, Kubanek J. Antimalarial bromophycolides J-Q from the Fijian red alga Callophycus serratus. J Org Chem 2009; 74:2736-42. [PMID: 19271727 DOI: 10.1021/jo900008w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bromophycolides J-Q (1-8) were isolated from extracts of the Fijian red alga Callophycus serratus and identified with 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and mass spectral analyses. These diterpene-benzoate macrolides represent two novel carbon skeletons and add to the 10 previously reported bromophycolides (9-18) from this alga. Among these 18 bromophycolides, several exhibited activities in the low micromolar range against the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Lane
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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144
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de Sá MS, Costa JFO, Krettli AU, Zalis MG, Maia GLDA, Sette IMF, Câmara CDA, Filho JMB, Giulietti-Harley AM, Ribeiro Dos Santos R, Soares MBP. Antimalarial activity of betulinic acid and derivatives in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum and in vivo in P. berghei-infected mice. Parasitol Res 2009; 105:275-9. [PMID: 19367418 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1394-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is one of the most important tropical diseases and mainly affects populations living in developing countries. Reduced sensitivity of Plasmodium sp. to formerly recommended antimalarial drugs places an increasing burden on malaria control programs as well as on national health systems in endemic countries. The present study aims to evaluate the antimalarial activity of betulinic acid and its derivative compounds, betulonic acid, betulinic acid acetate, betulinic acid methyl ester, and betulinic acid methyl ester acetate. These substances showed antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum parasites in vitro, with IC(50) values of 9.89, 10.01, 5.99, 51.58, and 45.79 microM, respectively. Mice infected with Plasmodium berghei and treated with betulinic acid acetate had a dose-dependent reduction of parasitemia. Our results indicate that betulinic acid and its derivative compounds are candidates for the development of new antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Santos de Sá
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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145
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Bousejra-El Garah F, Pitié M, Vendier L, Meunier B, Robert A. Alkylating ability of artemisinin after Cu(I)-induced activation. J Biol Inorg Chem 2009; 14:601-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-009-0474-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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146
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Maitarad P, Kamchonwongpaisan S, Vanichtanankul J, Vilaivan T, Yuthavong Y, Hannongbua S. Interactions between cycloguanil derivatives and wild type and resistance-associated mutant Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductases. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2009; 23:241-52. [PMID: 19156529 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-008-9254-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and quantum chemical calculations were performed on cycloguanil (Cyc) derivatives of the wild type and the quadruple mutant (Asn51Ile, Cys59Arg, Ser108Asn, Ile164Leu) of Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase (PfDHFR). The represented CoMFA models of wild type (r(2) = 0.727 and r(2) = 0.985) and mutant type (r(2) = 0.786 and r(2) = 0.979) can describe the differences of the Cyc structural requirements for the two types of PfDHFR enzymes and can be useful to guide the design of new inhibitors. Moreover, the obtained particular interaction energies between the Cyc and the surrounding residues in the binding pocket indicated that Asn108 of mutant enzyme was the cause of Cyc resistance by producing steric clash with p-Cl of Cyc. Consequently, comparing the energy contributions with the potent flexible WR99210 inhibitor, it was found that the key mutant residue, Asn108, demonstrates attractive interaction with this inhibitor and some residues, Leu46, Ile112, Pro113, Phe116, and Leu119, seem to perform as second binding site with WR99210. Therefore, quantum chemical calculations can be useful for investigating residue interactions to clarify the cause of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phornphimon Maitarad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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147
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Fäh C, Hardegger LA, Baitsch L, Schweizer WB, Meyer S, Bur D, Diederich F. New organofluorine building blocks: inhibition of the malarial aspartic proteases plasmepsin II and IV by alicyclic α,α-difluoroketone hydrates. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:3947-57. [DOI: 10.1039/b908489d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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148
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Schlitzer M. [Active agents and resistance mechanisms. Medicinal Chemistry of drugs against malaria]. PHARMAZIE IN UNSERER ZEIT 2009; 38:512-520. [PMID: 19862719 DOI: 10.1002/pauz.200900338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schlitzer
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg.
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149
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Dueñas-González A, García-López P, Herrera LA, Medina-Franco JL, González-Fierro A, Candelaria M. The prince and the pauper. A tale of anticancer targeted agents. Mol Cancer 2008; 7:82. [PMID: 18947424 PMCID: PMC2615789 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-7-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer rates are set to increase at an alarming rate, from 10 million new cases globally in 2000 to 15 million in 2020. Regarding the pharmacological treatment of cancer, we currently are in the interphase of two treatment eras. The so-called pregenomic therapy which names the traditional cancer drugs, mainly cytotoxic drug types, and post-genomic era-type drugs referring to rationally-based designed. Although there are successful examples of this newer drug discovery approach, most target-specific agents only provide small gains in symptom control and/or survival, whereas others have consistently failed in the clinical testing. There is however, a characteristic shared by these agents: -their high cost-. This is expected as drug discovery and development is generally carried out within the commercial rather than the academic realm. Given the extraordinarily high therapeutic drug discovery-associated costs and risks, it is highly unlikely that any single public-sector research group will see a novel chemical "probe" become a "drug". An alternative drug development strategy is the exploitation of established drugs that have already been approved for treatment of non-cancerous diseases and whose cancer target has already been discovered. This strategy is also denominated drug repositioning, drug repurposing, or indication switch. Although traditionally development of these drugs was unlikely to be pursued by Big Pharma due to their limited commercial value, biopharmaceutical companies attempting to increase productivity at present are pursuing drug repositioning. More and more companies are scanning the existing pharmacopoeia for repositioning candidates, and the number of repositioning success stories is increasing. Here we provide noteworthy examples of known drugs whose potential anticancer activities have been highlighted, to encourage further research on these known drugs as a means to foster their translation into clinical trials utilizing the more limited public-sector resources. If these drug types eventually result in being effective, it follows that they could be much more affordable for patients with cancer; therefore, their contribution in terms of reducing cancer mortality at the global level would be greater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Dueñas-González
- Unidad de Investigacion Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia, Mexico City, Mexico.
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150
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Eliot AC, Griffin BM, Thomas PM, Johannes TW, Kelleher NL, Zhao H, Metcalf WW. Cloning, expression, and biochemical characterization of Streptomyces rubellomurinus genes required for biosynthesis of antimalarial compound FR900098. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2008; 15:765-70. [PMID: 18721747 PMCID: PMC2603629 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Revised: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The antibiotics fosmidomycin and FR900098 are members of a unique class of phosphonic acid natural products that inhibit the nonmevalonate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis. Both are potent antibacterial and antimalarial compounds, but despite their efficacy, little is known regarding their biosynthesis. Here we report the identification of the Streptomyces rubellomurinus genes required for the biosynthesis of FR900098. Expression of these genes in Streptomyces lividans results in production of FR900098, demonstrating their role in synthesis of the antibiotic. Analysis of the putative gene products suggests that FR900098 is synthesized by metabolic reactions analogous to portions of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. These data greatly expand our knowledge of phosphonate biosynthesis and enable efforts to overproduce this highly useful therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Eliot
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, 601 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Benjamin M. Griffin
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, 1206 W. Gregory, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Paul M. Thomas
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, 1206 W. Gregory, Urbana, IL 61801
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Matthews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Tyler W. Johannes
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, 1206 W. Gregory, Urbana, IL 61801
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Matthews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Neil L. Kelleher
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, 1206 W. Gregory, Urbana, IL 61801
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Matthews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, 1206 W. Gregory, Urbana, IL 61801
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Matthews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801
| | - William W. Metcalf
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, 601 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, 1206 W. Gregory, Urbana, IL 61801
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