101
|
Circulating follicular T helper cells and cytokine profile in humans following vaccination with the rVSV-ZEBOV Ebola vaccine. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27944. [PMID: 27323685 PMCID: PMC4914957 DOI: 10.1038/srep27944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The most recent Zaire Ebolavirus (ZEBOV) outbreak was the largest and most widespread in recorded history, emphasizing the need for an effective vaccine. Here, we analyzed human cellular immune responses induced by a single dose of the rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine candidate, which showed significant protective efficacy in endemic populations in Guinea. This is the first in-depth characterization of ZEBOV-GP specific, circulating follicular T cells (cTfh). Since antibody titers correlated with protection in preclinical models of ZEBOV infection, Tfh were predicted to correlate with protection. Indeed, the ZEBOV-specific cTfh data correlated with antibody titers in human vaccines and unexpectedly with the Tfh17 subset. The combination of two cutting edge technologies allowed the immuno-profiling of rare cell populations and may help elucidate correlates of protection for a variety of vaccines.
Collapse
|
102
|
Maguire O, Chen GL, Hahn TE, Brix L, McCarthy PL, Wallace PK, Minderman H. Quantifying MHC dextramer-induced NFAT activation in antigen-specific T cells as a functional response parameter. Methods 2016; 112:75-83. [PMID: 27327144 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
MHC-multimers are reagents used for the detection and enumeration of antigen-specific T cells (ASTs). These reagents exploit the mechanism by which T cell receptors (TCR) on cytotoxic CD8 T cells recognize specific antigens in the context of a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule during antigen presentation. MHC-multimers are fluorescently-labeled dextran polymers that carry MHC Class I molecules and peptide sequences that can be modified to represent specific cognate sequences of the antigen of interest with dextramers having a 10-fold multiplicity of the MHC/peptide combination within a single multimer. Since the binding of antigen-specific dextramers mimics antigen presentation to the TCR, the present study sought to determine whether this TCR engagement on the AST was sufficient to elicit a functional T cell response. The effect of binding of CMV specific dextramers on the activation of the NFAT signal transduction cascade was assessed in peripheral blood from bone marrow transplant recipients previously determined to be positive for CMV-ASTs (CASTs). NFAT activation was quantified by measuring nuclear translocation of NFAT1 in CD8+ CASTs and CD8+ non-CASTs by imaging flow cytometry. Our results demonstrate that an increase in the nuclear localization of NFAT1 was detectable in the CASTs following the CMV-dextramer binding and could be observed as early as 10min post-exposure. The NFAT1 activation correlated with a downstream functional response in the form of interferon gamma production. Sample preparation, temperature, and duration of dextramer exposure were important parameters affecting the dextramer-induced NFAT activation with 2h exposure in whole blood at room temperature being the optimal of the conditions tested. Intra- and inter-individual heterogeneity was observed with regards to the NFAT activation in the CASTs. Importantly, no effect of the dextramers was observed in the CD8+ non-CASTs, and therefore dextramer negative cell populations. Exposure to PMA/ionomycin following dextramer exposure resulted in a homogeneous NFAT activation in both the dextramer-positive but NFAT1 nonresponsive CAST and non-CAST cells. Thus, the data demonstrate that binding of antigen-specific dextramers to ASTs specifically results in activation of NFAT, that the NFAT activation correlates with a downstream functional response and that the response can be heterogeneous. This functional parameter may provide insight to the issue whether enumeration alone of ASTs is a sufficient parameter to assess an individual's immune status against a specific antigen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orla Maguire
- Department of Flow and Image Cytometry, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
| | - George L Chen
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Theresa E Hahn
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | | | - Philip L McCarthy
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Paul K Wallace
- Department of Flow and Image Cytometry, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Hans Minderman
- Department of Flow and Image Cytometry, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Kailaanmäki A, Kinnunen T, Rönkä A, Rytkönen-Nissinen M, Lidholm J, Mattsson L, Randell J, Virtanen T. Human memory CD4+ T cell response to the major dog allergen Can f 5, prostatic kallikrein. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 46:720-9. [DOI: 10.1111/cea.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Kailaanmäki
- Department of Clinical Microbiology; Institute of Clinical Medicine and Biocenter Kuopio; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - T. Kinnunen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology; Institute of Clinical Medicine and Biocenter Kuopio; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - A. Rönkä
- Department of Clinical Microbiology; Institute of Clinical Medicine and Biocenter Kuopio; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - M. Rytkönen-Nissinen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology; Institute of Clinical Medicine and Biocenter Kuopio; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
- Institute of Dentistry; School of Medicine; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - J. Lidholm
- Thermo Fisher Scientific; Uppsala Sweden
| | | | - J. Randell
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio Finland
| | - T. Virtanen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology; Institute of Clinical Medicine and Biocenter Kuopio; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Amin R, Knowlton S, Yenilmez B, Hart A, Joshi A, Tasoglu S. Smart-phone attachable, flow-assisted magnetic focusing device. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra19483d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a smart-phone attachable continuous flow magnetic focusing device as an inexpensive and portable tool for real-time detection, monitoring, and sorting of particles in high-volume samples based on their volumetric mass density.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Amin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Connecticut
- USA
| | | | - Bekir Yenilmez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Connecticut
- USA
| | - Alexander Hart
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- University of Connecticut
- USA
| | - Ashwini Joshi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- University of Connecticut
- USA
| | - Savas Tasoglu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Connecticut
- USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- University of Connecticut
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Multiplex Identification of Antigen-Specific T Cell Receptors Using a Combination of Immune Assays and Immune Receptor Sequencing. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141561. [PMID: 26509579 PMCID: PMC4624875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Monitoring antigen-specific T cells is critical for the study of immune responses and development of biomarkers and immunotherapeutics. We developed a novel multiplex assay that combines conventional immune monitoring techniques and immune receptor repertoire sequencing to enable identification of T cells specific to large numbers of antigens simultaneously. We multiplexed 30 different antigens and identified 427 antigen-specific clonotypes from 5 individuals with frequencies as low as 1 per million T cells. The clonotypes identified were validated several ways including repeatability, concordance with published clonotypes, and high correlation with ELISPOT. Applying this technology we have shown that the vast majority of shared antigen-specific clonotypes identified in different individuals display the same specificity. We also showed that shared antigen-specific clonotypes are simpler sequences and are present at higher frequencies compared to non-shared clonotypes specific to the same antigen. In conclusion this technology enables sensitive and quantitative monitoring of T cells specific for hundreds or thousands of antigens simultaneously allowing the study of T cell responses with an unprecedented resolution and scale.
Collapse
|
106
|
Prota G, Christensen D, Andersen P, Medaglini D, Ciabattini A. Peptide-specific T helper cells identified by MHC class II tetramers differentiate into several subtypes upon immunization with CAF01 adjuvanted H56 tuberculosis vaccine formulation. Vaccine 2015; 33:6823-30. [PMID: 26494626 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T-cell priming is an essential step in vaccination due to the key role of T helper cells in driving both effector and memory immune responses. Here we have characterized in C57BL/6 mice the T helper subtype differentiation among tetramer-specific CD4(+) T cells primed by subcutaneous immunization with the tuberculosis vaccine antigen H56 plus the adjuvant CAF01. Peptide-specific population identified by the MHC class II tetramers differentiated into several T helper subtypes upon antigen encounter, and the frequency of subpopulations differed according to their localization. Th1 (CXCR3(+)T-bet(+)), Tfh (CXCR5(+)PD-1(+)Bcl-6(+)) and RORγt(+) cells were induced in the lymph nodes draining the immunization site (dLN), while Th1 cells were the predominant subtype in the spleen. In addition, CD4(+) T cells co-expressing multiple T-cell lineage-specifying transcription factors were also detected. In the lungs, most of the tetramer-binding T cells were RORγt(+), while Tfh and Th1 cells were absent. After boosting, a higher frequency of tetramer-binding cells co-expressing the markers CD44 and CD127 was detected compared to primed cells, and cells showed a prevalent Th1 phenotype in both dLN and spleens, while Tfh cells were significantly reduced. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that parenteral immunization with H56 and CAF01 elicits a distribution of antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells in both lymphoid tissues and lungs, and gives rise to multiple T helper subtypes, that differ depending on localization and following reactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Prota
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Donata Medaglini
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Annalisa Ciabattini
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
New technologies for monitoring human antigen-specific T cells and regulatory T cells by flow-cytometry. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2015; 23:17-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
108
|
Deng N, Mosmann TR. Optimization of the cytokine secretion assay for human IL-2 in single and combination assays. Cytometry A 2015; 87:777-83. [PMID: 25919308 PMCID: PMC4759652 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine secretion assay identifies live cytokine-secreting cells by capturing the secreted cytokine on a surface-bound capture antibody in dilute suspension culture, followed by detection with a fluorescent anti-cytokine antibody. However, examining the kinetics of cytokine detection revealed that IL-2 staining reached a maximum at early times and then declined, whereas staining for other cytokines including interferon (IFNγ) increased for up to 90 min. The decline in IL-2 staining could have been due to rapid cessation of cytokine synthesis, coupled with internalization of cytokine/antibody complexes from the cell surface. Consistent with this model, addition of the anti-IL-2 detection antibody during the cytokine secretion step resulted in higher and more sustained staining. This modified method enhanced staining of IL-2 and IL-4, but not IFNγ, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), or IL-5. However, the longer secretion times possible in the modified assay also improved detection of other cytokines in multi-cytokine combinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Deng
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York, USA 14642
| | - Tim R. Mosmann
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York, USA 14642
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Zielinski CE. Microbe driven T-helper cell differentiation: lessons from Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus. Exp Dermatol 2015; 23:795-8. [PMID: 25040443 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
T-helper cells integrate signals from their T-cell receptor, co-stimulatory molecules and cytokine receptors to polarize into effector T-helper subsets with specialized functions in antigen clearance or tolerance. To this end, antigen presenting cells and the local microenvironment tailor effector T-helper cells to respond appropriately to microbial challenges. These challenges comprise protection from pathogens on the one hand and tolerance for the commensal microbiota on the other hand. To accomplish these complex tasks, the host immune system needs to be highly specialized and stringently regulated. In this viewpoint article, we will concentrate on how microbes shape human T-helper cell responses and how this could relate to the emergence of chronic inflammatory diseases. Understanding the intricate communication between adaptive immunity and microbes will be important for the rational design of novel immunomodulatory therapies and also for anticipating infectious complications upon therapeutic intervention with cytokine depleting therapies, such as biologicals in dermatology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina E Zielinski
- Cellular Immunoregulation Group, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg-Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Bacher P, Jochheim-Richter A, Mockel-Tenbrink N, Kniemeyer O, Wingenfeld E, Alex R, Ortigao A, Karpova D, Lehrnbecher T, Ullmann AJ, Hamprecht A, Cornely O, Brakhage AA, Assenmacher M, Bonig H, Scheffold A. Clinical-scale isolation of the total Aspergillus fumigatus-reactive T-helper cell repertoire for adoptive transfer. Cytotherapy 2015; 17:1396-405. [PMID: 26188965 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Evidence of the criticality of the adaptive immune response for controlling invasive aspergillosis has been provided. This observation is supported by the fact that invasive aspergillosis, a grave complication of allogeneic stem cell transplantation, occurs long after myeloid reconstitution in patients with low T-cell engraftment and/or on immunosuppressants. Adoptive T-cell transfer might be beneficial, but idiosyncrasies of Aspergillus fumigatus and the anti-Aspergillus immune response render established selection technologies ineffective. METHODS We developed a Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-compliant protocol for preparation of A. fumigatus-specific CD4+ cells by sequentially depleting regulatory and cytotoxic T cells, activating A. fumigatus-specific T-helper cells with GMP-grade A. fumigatus lysate, and immuno-magnetically isolating them via the transiently up-regulated activation marker, CD137. RESULTS In 13 full-scale runs, we demonstrate robustness and feasibility of the approach. From 2 × 10(9) peripheral blood mononuclear cells, we isolated 27 × 10(3)-318 × 10(3)Aspergillus-specific T-helper cells. Frequency among total T cells was increased, on average, by 200-fold. Specific studies indicate specificity and functionality: After non-specific in vitro expansion and re-stimulation with different antigens, we observed strong cytokine responses to A. fumigatus and some other fungi including Candida albicans, but none to unrelated antigens. DISCUSSION Our technology isolates naturally occurring Aspergillus-specific T-helper cells within 2 days of identifying the clinical indication. Rapid adoptive transfer of Aspergillus-specific T cells may be quite feasible; the clinical benefit remains to be demonstrated. A manufacturing license as an advanced-therapy medicinal product was received and a clinical trial in post-transplantation invasive aspergillosis patients approved. The product is dosed at 5 × 10E3/kg T cells (single intravenous injection), of which at least 10% must be A. fumigatus-specific.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Bacher
- Department of Cellular Immunology, Clinic for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Jochheim-Richter
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Department of Translational Development of Cellular Therapeutics (GMP), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Olaf Kniemeyer
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Eva Wingenfeld
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Department of Translational Development of Cellular Therapeutics (GMP), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Alice Ortigao
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Department of Translational Development of Cellular Therapeutics (GMP), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Darja Karpova
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Department of Translational Development of Cellular Therapeutics (GMP), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas Lehrnbecher
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital III, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andrew J Ullmann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Axel Hamprecht
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD); German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Oliver Cornely
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute (HKI) Jena and Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Halvard Bonig
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Department of Translational Development of Cellular Therapeutics (GMP), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Institute Frankfurt, Germany; Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
| | - Alexander Scheffold
- Department of Cellular Immunology, Clinic for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Germany; German Rheumatism Research Center, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
van de Sandt CE, Hillaire MLB, Geelhoed-Mieras MM, Osterhaus ADME, Fouchier RAM, Rimmelzwaan GF. Human Influenza A Virus-Specific CD8+ T-Cell Response Is Long-lived. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:81-5. [PMID: 25583167 PMCID: PMC4542594 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal and human studies have demonstrated the importance of influenza A virus (IAV)-specific CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in heterosubtypic cross-protective immunity. Using peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained intermittently from healthy HLA-typed blood donors between 1999 and 2012, we were able to demonstrate that IAV-specific CTLs are long-lived. Intercurrent IAV infections transiently increase the frequency of functionally distinct subsets of IAV-specific CTLs, in particular effector and effector memory T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center
- ViroClinics Biosciences, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Guus F. Rimmelzwaan
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center
- ViroClinics Biosciences, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cellular therapies show early proof of safety and efficacy in a, so far, limited number of clinical trials. Technical and regulatory difficulties in translating innovative preclinical cell therapy approaches into clinical protocols have been and still are a major roadblock for a more rapid progress. This is particularly true for broad clinical applications of cellular therapies outside specialized clinical centers and for the initiation of multicenter clinical trials. The increased awareness of such deficits in availability of cGMP-compliant technologies and integration of multistep procedures into one clinical manufacturing process has initiated efforts from both basic researchers and biotech companies to overcome these problems. These developments will be exemplified with a focus on T-cell therapies and, in particular, the use of regulatory T cells for bone marrow and organ transplantation or autoimmunity. RECENT FINDINGS Recent developments in the field of clinical cell sorting, identification of therapeutically relevant T-cell subsets, in-vitro cell culture technologies and automation have the potential to provide solutions for long-standing problems in the field of clinical cell processing. SUMMARY Recent technological developments and further attempts aiming at simplification, integration of multistep procedures and automation of clinical cell processing are key for the development of successful cellular therapies and their broad implementation in the clinics.
Collapse
|
113
|
Lokhande MU, Thimme R, Klenerman P, Semmo N. Methodologies for the Analysis of HCV-Specific CD4(+) T Cells. Front Immunol 2015; 6:57. [PMID: 25767470 PMCID: PMC4341113 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-specific CD4+ T cells play a major role in viral infections, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV). Viral clearance is associated with vigorous and multi-specific CD4+ T-cell responses, while chronic infection has been shown to be associated with weak or absent T-cell responses. Most of these studies have used functional assays to analyze virus-specific CD4+ T-cell responses; however, these and other detection methods have various limitations. Therefore, the important question of whether virus-specific CD4+ T cells are completely absent or primarily impaired in specific effector functions during chronic infection, has yet to be analyzed in detail. A novel assay, in which virus-specific CD4+ T-cell frequencies can be determined by de novo CD154 (CD40 ligand) expression in response to viral antigens, can help to overcome some of the limitations of functional assays and restrictions of multimer-based methods. This and other current established methods for the detection of HCV-specific CD4+ T cells will be discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megha U Lokhande
- Hepatology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Robert Thimme
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Paul Klenerman
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford and Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Nasser Semmo
- Hepatology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland ; Department of Hepatology, University Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine , Inselspital, Bern , Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Karpus WJ. Improving flow cytometric methodology for blood cell functional analysis. Cytometry A 2014; 87:21-2. [PMID: 25532453 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William J Karpus
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Microbiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; Center for Genetic Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Northwestern Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
High efficiency ex vivo cloning of antigen-specific human effector T cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110741. [PMID: 25368986 PMCID: PMC4219695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
While cloned T cells are valuable tools for the exploration of immune responses against viruses and tumours, current cloning methods do not allow inferences to be made about the function and phenotype of a clone's in vivo precursor, nor can precise cloning efficiencies be calculated. Additionally, there is currently no general method for cloning antigen-specific effector T cells directly from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, without the need for prior expansion in vitro. Here we describe an efficient method for cloning effector T cells ex vivo. Functional T cells are detected using optimised interferon gamma capture following stimulation with viral or tumour cell-derived antigen. In combination with multiple phenotypic markers, single effector T cells are sorted using a flow cytometer directly into multi-well plates, and cloned using standard, non antigen-specific expansion methods. We provide examples of this novel technology to generate antigen-reactive clones from healthy donors using Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus as representative viral antigen sources, and from two melanoma patients using autologous melanoma cells. Cloning efficiency, clonality, and retention/loss of function are described. Ex vivo effector cell cloning provides a rapid and effective method of deriving antigen-specific T cells clones with traceable in vivo precursor function and phenotype.
Collapse
|
116
|
Law SC, Benham H, Reid HH, Rossjohn J, Thomas R. Identification of Self-antigen–specific T Cells Reflecting Loss of Tolerance in Autoimmune Disease Underpins Preventative Immunotherapeutic Strategies in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2014; 40:735-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
117
|
Antigen-specific expansion of human regulatory T cells as a major tolerance mechanism against mucosal fungi. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:916-28. [PMID: 24301658 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Treg) have a central role for keeping the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory immune responses against chronically encountered antigens at mucosal sites. However, their antigen specificity especially in humans is largely unknown. Here we used a sensitive enrichment technology for antigen-reactive T cells to directly compare the conventional vs. regulatory CD4(+) T-cell response directed against two ubiquitous mucosal fungi, Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans. In healthy humans, fungus-specific CD4(+)CD25(+)CD127(-)Foxp3(+) Treg are strongly expanded in peripheral blood and possess phenotypic, epigenetic and functional features of thymus-derived Treg. Intriguingly, for A. fumigatus, the strong Treg response contrasts with minimal conventional T-cell memory, indicating selective Treg expansion as an effective mechanism to prevent inappropriate immune activation in healthy individuals. By contrast, in subjects with A. fumigatus allergies, specific Th2 cells were strongly expanded despite the presence of specific Treg. Taken together, we demonstrate a largely expanded Treg population specific for mucosal fungi as part of the physiological human T-cell repertoire and identify a unique capacity of A. fumigatus to selectively generate Treg responses as a potentially important mechanism for the prevention of allergic reactions.
Collapse
|
118
|
Tools and methods for identification and analysis of rare antigen-specific T lymphocytes. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2014; 104:73-88. [PMID: 24214619 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0726-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
T lymphocytes are essential as effector and memory cells for immune defense against infections and as regulatory T cells in the establishment and maintenance of immune tolerance. However, they are also involved in immune pathology being effectors in autoimmune and allergic diseases or suppressors of immunity in cancer, and they often cause problems in transplantation. Therefore, strategies are being developed that allow the in vivo amplification or isolation, in vitro expansion and genetic manipulation of beneficial T cells for adoptive cell therapies or for the tolerization, or elimination of pathogenic T cells. The major goal is to make use of the exquisite antigen specificity of T cells to develop targeted strategies and to develop techniques that allow for the identification and depletion or enrichment of very often rare antigen-specific naïve as well as effector and memory T cells. Such techniques are very useful for immune monitoring of T cell responses in diagnostics and vaccination and for the development of T cell-based assays for the replacement of animal testing in immunotoxicology to identify contact allergens and drugs that cause adverse reactions.
Collapse
|
119
|
Ciabattini A, Pettini E, Medaglini D. CD4(+) T Cell Priming as Biomarker to Study Immune Response to Preventive Vaccines. Front Immunol 2013; 4:421. [PMID: 24363656 PMCID: PMC3850413 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell priming is a critical event in the initiation of the immune response to vaccination since it deeply influences both the magnitude and the quality of the immune response induced. CD4(+) T cell priming, required for the induction of high-affinity antibodies and immune memory, represents a key target for improving and modulating vaccine immunogenicity. A major challenge in the study of in vivo T cell priming is due to the low frequency of antigen-specific T cells. This review discusses the current knowledge on antigen-specific CD4(+) T cell priming in the context of vaccination, as well as the most advanced tools for the characterization of the in vivo T cell priming and the opportunities offered by the application of systems biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Ciabattini
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Pettini
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Donata Medaglini
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|