101
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Dunford A, Weinstock DM, Savova V, Schumacher SE, Cleary JP, Yoda A, Sullivan TJ, Hess JM, Gimelbrant AA, Beroukhim R, Lawrence MS, Getz G, Lane AA. Tumor-suppressor genes that escape from X-inactivation contribute to cancer sex bias. Nat Genet 2016; 49:10-16. [PMID: 27869828 PMCID: PMC5206905 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is a striking and unexplained male predominance across many cancer types. A subset of X-chromosome genes can escape X-inactivation, which would protect females from complete functional loss by a single mutation. To identify putative 'escape from X-inactivation tumor-suppressor' (EXITS) genes, we examined somatic alterations from >4,100 cancers across 21 tumor types for sex bias. Six of 783 non-pseudoautosomal region (PAR) X-chromosome genes (ATRX, CNKSR2, DDX3X, KDM5C, KDM6A, and MAGEC3) harbored loss-of-function mutations more frequently in males (based on a false discovery rate < 0.1), in comparison to zero of 18,055 autosomal and PAR genes (Fisher's exact P < 0.0001). Male-biased mutations in genes that escape X-inactivation were observed in combined analysis across many cancers and in several individual tumor types, suggesting a generalized phenomenon. We conclude that biallelic expression of EXITS genes in females explains a portion of the reduced cancer incidence in females as compared to males across a variety of tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Dunford
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David M Weinstock
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Virginia Savova
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven E Schumacher
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John P Cleary
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Akinori Yoda
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Julian M Hess
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander A Gimelbrant
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rameen Beroukhim
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael S Lawrence
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gad Getz
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew A Lane
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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102
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Difference Makers: Chromosomal Instability versus Aneuploidy in Cancer. Trends Cancer 2016; 2:561-571. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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103
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Clemente-Ruiz M, Murillo-Maldonado JM, Benhra N, Barrio L, Pérez L, Quiroga G, Nebreda AR, Milán M. Gene Dosage Imbalance Contributes to Chromosomal Instability-Induced Tumorigenesis. Dev Cell 2016; 36:290-302. [PMID: 26859353 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is thought to be a source of mutability in cancer. However, CIN often results in aneuploidy, which compromises cell fitness. Here, we used the dosage compensation mechanism (DCM) of Drosophila to demonstrate that chromosome-wide gene dosage imbalance contributes to the deleterious effects of CIN-induced aneuploidy and its pro-tumorigenic action. We present evidence that resetting of the DCM counterbalances the damaging effects caused by CIN-induced changes in X chromosome number. Importantly, interfering with the DCM suffices to mimic the cellular effects of aneuploidy in terms of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, JNK-dependent cell death, and tumorigenesis upon apoptosis inhibition. We unveil a role of ROS in JNK activation and a variety of cellular and tissue-wide mechanisms that buffer the deleterious effects of CIN, including DNA-damage repair, activation of the p38 pathway, and cytokine induction to promote compensatory proliferation. Our data reveal the existence of robust compensatory mechanisms that counteract CIN-induced cell death and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Clemente-Ruiz
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan M Murillo-Maldonado
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Najate Benhra
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lara Barrio
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia Pérez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Quiroga
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angel R Nebreda
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluis Companys, 23, 08011 Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marco Milán
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluis Companys, 23, 08011 Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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104
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Garcia-Martinez J, Bakker B, Schukken KM, Simon JE, Foijer F. Aneuploidy in stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2016; 8:216-222. [PMID: 27354891 PMCID: PMC4919689 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v8.i6.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells hold enormous promise for regenerative medicine as well as for engineering of model systems to study diseases and develop new drugs. The discovery of protocols that allow for generating induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs) from somatic cells has brought this promise steps closer to reality. However, as somatic cells might have accumulated various chromosomal abnormalities, including aneuploidies throughout their lives, the resulting IPSCs might no longer carry the perfect blueprint for the tissue to be generated, or worse, become at risk of adopting a malignant fate. In this review, we discuss the contribution of aneuploidy to healthy tissues and how aneuploidy can lead to disease. Furthermore, we review the differences between how somatic cells and stem cells respond to aneuploidy.
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105
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Dumanski JP, Lambert JC, Rasi C, Giedraitis V, Davies H, Grenier-Boley B, Lindgren CM, Campion D, Dufouil C, Pasquier F, Amouyel P, Lannfelt L, Ingelsson M, Kilander L, Lind L, Forsberg LA, Forsberg LA. Mosaic Loss of Chromosome Y in Blood Is Associated with Alzheimer Disease. Am J Hum Genet 2016; 98:1208-1219. [PMID: 27231129 PMCID: PMC4908225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Men have a shorter life expectancy compared with women but the underlying factor(s) are not clear. Late-onset, sporadic Alzheimer disease (AD) is a common and lethal neurodegenerative disorder and many germline inherited variants have been found to influence the risk of developing AD. Our previous results show that a fundamentally different genetic variant, i.e., lifetime-acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY) in blood cells, is associated with all-cause mortality and an increased risk of non-hematological tumors and that LOY could be induced by tobacco smoking. We tested here a hypothesis that men with LOY are more susceptible to AD and show that LOY is associated with AD in three independent studies of different types. In a case-control study, males with AD diagnosis had higher degree of LOY mosaicism (adjusted odds ratio = 2.80, p = 0.0184, AD events = 606). Furthermore, in two prospective studies, men with LOY at blood sampling had greater risk for incident AD diagnosis during follow-up time (hazard ratio [HR] = 6.80, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 2.16–21.43, AD events = 140, p = 0.0011). Thus, LOY in blood is associated with risks of both AD and cancer, suggesting a role of LOY in blood cells on disease processes in other tissues, possibly via defective immunosurveillance. As a male-specific risk factor, LOY might explain why males on average live shorter lives than females.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lars A Forsberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, 75108 Uppsala, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
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106
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Dong X, Ju S, Chen J, Meng F, Sun P, Li Y, Wang X, Wang Y, Liu J, Chang S, Zhao P, Cui Z. Karyotype analysis of the acute fibrosarcoma from chickens infected with subgroup J avian leukosis virus associated with v-srconcogene. Avian Pathol 2016; 45:202-7. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1142501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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107
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Vaidyanathan S, Cato K, Tang L, Pavey S, Haass NK, Gabrielli BG, Duijf PHG. In vivo overexpression of Emi1 promotes chromosome instability and tumorigenesis. Oncogene 2016; 35:5446-5455. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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108
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Vaidyanathan S, Thangavelu PU, Duijf PHG. Overexpression of Ran GTPase Components Regulating Nuclear Export, but not Mitotic Spindle Assembly, Marks Chromosome Instability and Poor Prognosis in Breast Cancer. Target Oncol 2016; 11:677-686. [DOI: 10.1007/s11523-016-0432-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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109
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Abstract
The evolutionary conserved chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) is essential for faithful transmission of the genome during cell division. Perturbation of this complex in cultured cells gives rise to chromosome segregation errors and cytokinesis failure and as a consequence the ploidy status of the next generation of cells is changed. Aneuploidy and chromosomal instability (CIN) is observed in many human cancers, but whether this may be caused by deregulation of the CPC is unknown. In the present review, we discuss if and how a dysfunctional CPC could contribute to CIN in cancer.
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110
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Maurice J. Mahoney
- Departments of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Obstetrics & Gynecology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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111
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Bakker B, van den Bos H, Lansdorp PM, Foijer F. How to count chromosomes in a cell: An overview of current and novel technologies. Bioessays 2015; 37:570-7. [PMID: 25739518 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Aneuploidy, an aberrant number of chromosomes in a cell, is a feature of several syndromes associated with cognitive and developmental defects. In addition, aneuploidy is considered a hallmark of cancer cells and has been suggested to play a role in neurodegenerative disease. To better understand the relationship between aneuploidy and disease, various methods to measure the chromosome numbers in cells have been developed, each with their own advantages and limitations. While some methods rely on dividing cells and thus bias aneuploidy rates to that population, other, more unbiased methods can only detect the average aneuploidy rates in a cell population, cloaking cell-to-cell heterogeneity. Furthermore, some techniques are more prone to technical artefacts, which can result in over- or underestimation of aneuploidy rates. In this review, we provide an overview of several "traditional" karyotyping methods as well as the latest high throughput next generation sequencing karyotyping protocols with their respective advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjorn Bakker
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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112
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Dumanski JP, Rasi C, Lönn M, Davies H, Ingelsson M, Giedraitis V, Lannfelt L, Magnusson PKE, Lindgren CM, Morris AP, Cesarini D, Johannesson M, Tiensuu Janson E, Lind L, Pedersen NL, Ingelsson E, Forsberg LA. Mutagenesis. Smoking is associated with mosaic loss of chromosome Y. Science 2015; 347:81-3. [PMID: 25477213 PMCID: PMC4356728 DOI: 10.1126/science.1262092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is a risk factor for numerous disorders, including cancers affecting organs outside the respiratory tract. Epidemiological data suggest that smoking is a greater risk factor for these cancers in males compared with females. This observation, together with the fact that males have a higher incidence of and mortality from most non-sex-specific cancers, remains unexplained. Loss of chromosome Y (LOY) in blood cells is associated with increased risk of nonhematological tumors. We demonstrate here that smoking is associated with LOY in blood cells in three independent cohorts [TwinGene: odds ratio (OR) = 4.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.8 to 6.7; Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men: OR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.6 to 3.6; and Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors: OR = 3.5, 95% CI = 1.4 to 8.4] encompassing a total of 6014 men. The data also suggest that smoking has a transient and dose-dependent mutagenic effect on LOY status. The finding that smoking induces LOY thus links a preventable risk factor with the most common acquired human mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan P Dumanski
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Chiara Rasi
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael Lönn
- Södertörn University, School of Life Sciences, Biology, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Hanna Davies
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Ingelsson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vilmantas Giedraitis
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Lannfelt
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - David Cesarini
- Center for Experimental Social Science, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA
| | - Magnus Johannesson
- Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars A Forsberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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113
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Abstract
Cancer cells differ from normal healthy cells in multiple aspects ranging from altered cellular signaling through metabolic changes to aberrant chromosome content, so called aneuploidy. The large-scale changes in copy numbers of chromosomes or large chromosomal regions due to aneuploidy alter significantly the gene expression, as several hundreds of genes are gained or lost. Comparison of quantitative genome, transcriptome and proteome data enables dissection of the molecular causes that underlie the gene expression changes observed in cancer cells and provides a new perspective on the molecular consequences of aneuploidy. Here, we will map to what degree aneuploidy affects the expression of genes located on the affected chromosomes. We will also address the effects of aneuploidy on global gene expression in cancer cells as well as whether and how it may contribute to the physiology of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Dürrbaum
- Group Maintenance of Genome Stability, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Zuzana Storchová
- Group Maintenance of Genome Stability, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152, Martinsried, Germany.
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany.
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114
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Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a process leading to errors in chromosome segregation and results in aneuploidy, a state in which cells have an abnormal number of chromosomes. CIN is a hallmark of cancer, and furthermore linked to ageing and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's. Various mouse models have been developed to explore the role of CIN in ageing and cancer. While these models reveal only a modest contribution of CIN to the initiation of cancer, they also clearly show that CIN is a powerful accelerator of cancer in a predisposed background. Other than cancer, CIN also appears to provoke premature ageing in some of the CIN models. In this review, we discuss the phenotypes of the various available mouse models, what we have learnt so far, and importantly, also which questions still need to be addressed.
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115
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Garner D. Clinical application of DNA ploidy to cervical cancer screening: A review. World J Clin Oncol 2014; 5:931-65. [PMID: 25493231 PMCID: PMC4259955 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v5.i5.931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Screening for cervical cancer with DNA ploidy assessment by automated quantitative image cytometry has spread throughout China over the past decade and now an estimated 1 million tests per year are done there. Compared to conventional liquid based cytology, DNA ploidy has competitive accuracy with much higher throughput per technician. DNA ploidy has the enormous advantage that it is an objective technology that can be taught in typically 2 or 3 wk, unlike qualitative cytology, and so it can enable screening in places that lack sufficient qualified cytotechnologists and cytopathologists for conventional cytology. Most papers on experience with application of the technology to cervical cancer screening over the past decade were published in the Chinese language. This review aims to provide a consistent framework for analysis of screening data and to summarize some of the work published from 2005 to the end of 2013. Of particular interest are a few studies comparing DNA ploidy with testing for high risk human papilloma virus (hrHPV) which suggest that DNA ploidy is at least equivalent, easier and less expensive than hrHPV testing. There may also be patient management benefits to combining hrHPV testing with DNA ploidy. Some knowledge gaps are identified and some suggestions are made for future research directions.
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116
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Chromosome instability induced by Mps1 and p53 mutation generates aggressive lymphomas exhibiting aneuploidy-induced stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:13427-32. [PMID: 25197064 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1400892111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneuploidy is a hallmark of human solid cancers that arises from errors in mitosis and results in gain and loss of oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Aneuploidy poses a growth disadvantage for cells grown in vitro, suggesting that cancer cells adapt to this burden. To understand better the consequences of aneuploidy in a rapidly proliferating adult tissue, we engineered a mouse in which chromosome instability was selectively induced in T cells. A flanked by Lox mutation was introduced into the monopolar spindle 1 (Mps1) spindle-assembly checkpoint gene so that Cre-mediated recombination would create a truncated protein (Mps1(DK)) that retained the kinase domain but lacked the kinetochore-binding domain and thereby weakened the checkpoint. In a sensitized p53(+/-) background we observed that Mps1(DK/DK) mice suffered from rapid-onset acute lymphoblastic lymphoma. The tumors were highly aneuploid and exhibited a metabolic burden similar to that previously characterized in aneuploid yeast and cultured cells. The tumors nonetheless grew rapidly and were lethal within 3-4 mo after birth.
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117
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Mosaic loss of chromosome Y in peripheral blood is associated with shorter survival and higher risk of cancer. Nat Genet 2014; 46:624-8. [PMID: 24777449 PMCID: PMC5536222 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Incidence and mortality for sex-unspecific cancers is higher among men and is largely unexplained1,2. Furthermore, age-related loss of chromosome Y (LOY) is frequent in normal haematopoietic cells3,4, but the phenotypic consequences of LOY have been elusive5–10. From analysis of 1153 elderly men, we report that LOY was associated with risks of all-cause mortality (HR=1.91, 95% CI=1.17-3.13, events=637) and non-haematological cancer mortality (HR=3.62, CI=1.56-8.41, events=132). LOY affected at least 8.2% of subjects in this cohort and median survival among men with LOY was 5.5 years shorter. Risk of all-cause mortality and LOY was validated in an independent cohort (HR=3.66), in which 20.5% of subjects displayed LOY. These results illustrate the impact of post-zygotic mosaicism on disease risk, could explain why males are more frequently affected by cancer and suggest that chromosome Y is important in processes beyond sex determination. LOY in blood could become a predictive biomarker of male carcinogenesis.
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118
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Milán M, Clemente-Ruiz M, Dekanty A, Muzzopappa M. Aneuploidy and tumorigenesis in Drosophila. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 28:110-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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119
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Clemente-Ruiz M, Muzzopappa M, Milán M. Tumor suppressor roles of CENP-E and Nsl1 in Drosophila epithelial tissues. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:1450-5. [PMID: 24626182 DOI: 10.4161/cc.28417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Depletion of spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) genes in Drosophila epithelial tissues leads to JNK-dependent programmed cell death and additional blockade of the apoptotic program drives tumorigenesis. A recent report proposes that chromosomal instability (CIN) is not the driving force in the tumorigenic response of the SAC-deficient tissue, and that checkpoint proteins exert a SAC-independent tumor suppressor role. This notion is based on observations that the depletion of CENP-E levels or prevention of Bub3 from binding to the kinetochore in Drosophila tissues unable to activate the apoptotic program induces CIN but does not cause hyperproliferation. Here we re-examined this proposal. In contrast to the previous report, we observed that depletion of CENP-E or Nsl1-the latter mediating kinetochore targeting of Bub3-in epithelial tissues unable to activate the apoptotic program induces significant levels of aneuploidy and drives tumor-like growth. The induction of the JNK transcriptional targets Wingless, a mitogenic molecule, and MMP1, a matrix metaloproteinase 1 involved in basement membrane degradation was also observed in these tumors. An identical response of the tissue was previously detected upon depletion of several SAC genes or genes involved in spindle assembly, chromatin condensation, and cytokinesis, all of which have been described to cause CIN. All together, these results reinforce the role of CIN in driving tumorigenesis in Drosophila epithelial tissues and question the proposed SAC-independent roles of checkpoint proteins in suppressing tumorigenesis. Differences in aneuploidy rates might explain the discrepancy between the previous report and our results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marco Milán
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona); Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA); Barcelona, Spain
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120
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Dürrbaum M, Kuznetsova AY, Passerini V, Stingele S, Stoehr G, Storchová Z. Unique features of the transcriptional response to model aneuploidy in human cells. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:139. [PMID: 24548329 PMCID: PMC3932016 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aneuploidy, a karyotype deviating from multiples of a haploid chromosome set, affects the physiology of eukaryotes. In humans, aneuploidy is linked to pathological defects such as developmental abnormalities, mental retardation or cancer, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. There are many different types and origins of aneuploidy, but whether there is a uniform cellular response to aneuploidy in human cells has not been addressed so far. Results Here we evaluate the transcription profiles of eleven trisomic and tetrasomic cell lines and two cell lines with complex aneuploid karyotypes. We identify a characteristic aneuploidy response pattern defined by upregulation of genes linked to endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and lysosomes, and downregulation of DNA replication, transcription as well as ribosomes. Strikingly, complex aneuploidy elicits the same transcriptional changes as trisomy. To uncover the triggers of the response, we compared the profiles with transcription changes in human cells subjected to stress conditions. Interestingly, we found an overlap only with the response to treatment with the autophagy inhibitor bafilomycin A1. Finally, we identified 23 genes whose expression is significantly altered in all aneuploids and which may thus serve as aneuploidy markers. Conclusions Our analysis shows that despite the variability in chromosome content, aneuploidy triggers uniform transcriptional response in human cells. A common response independent of the type of aneuploidy might be exploited as a novel target for cancer therapy. Moreover, the potential aneuploidy markers identified in our analysis might represent novel biomarkers to assess the malignant potential of a tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zuzana Storchová
- Group Maintenance of Genome Stability, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, Martinsried 82152, Germany.
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121
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Will we cure cancer by sequencing thousands of genomes? Mol Cytogenet 2013; 6:57. [PMID: 24330806 PMCID: PMC3906905 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8166-6-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The promise to understand cancer and develop efficacious therapies by sequencing thousands of cancers has not occurred. Mutations in specific genes termed oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are extremely heterogeneous amongst the same type of cancer as well as between cancers. They provide little selective advantage to the cancer and in functional tests have yet to be shown to be sufficient for transformation. Here I discuss the karyotyptic theory of cancer and ask if it is time for a new approach to understanding and ultimately treating cancer.
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122
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Nicholson JM, Cimini D. Cancer karyotypes: survival of the fittest. Front Oncol 2013; 3:148. [PMID: 23760367 PMCID: PMC3675379 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are typically characterized by complex karyotypes including both structural and numerical changes, with aneuploidy being a ubiquitous feature. It is becoming increasingly evident that aneuploidy per se can cause chromosome mis-segregation, which explains the higher rates of chromosome gain/loss observed in aneuploid cancer cells compared to normal diploid cells, a phenotype termed chromosomal instability (CIN). CIN can be caused by various mechanisms and results in extensive karyotypic heterogeneity within a cancer cell population. However, despite such karyotypic heterogeneity, cancer cells also display predominant karyotypic patterns. In this review we discuss the mechanisms of CIN, with particular emphasis on the role of aneuploidy on CIN. Further, we discuss the potential functional role of karyotypic patterns in cancer.
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123
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Abstract
Aneuploidy, an aberrant number of chromosomes, has been recognized as a feature of human malignancies for over a century, but compelling evidence for causality was largely lacking until mouse models for chromosome number instability were used. These in vivo studies have not only uncovered important new insights into the extremely complex aneuploidy-cancer relationship but also into the molecular mechanisms underlying proper and aberrant chromosome segregation. A series of diverse mouse models for the mitotic checkpoint protein BubR1 has provided evidence for a provocative novel link between aneuploidization and the development of age-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin M Ricke
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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124
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Spindle checkpoint deficiency is tolerated by murine epidermal cells but not hair follicle stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:2928-33. [PMID: 23382243 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1217388110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) ensures correct chromosome segregation during mitosis by preventing aneuploidy, an event that is detrimental to the fitness and survival of normal cells but oncogenic in tumor cells. Deletion of SAC genes is incompatible with early mouse development, and RNAi-mediated depletion of SAC components in cultured cells results in rapid death. Here we describe the use of a conditional KO of mouse Mad2, an essential component of the SAC signaling cascade, as a means to selectively induce chromosome instability and aneuploidy in the epidermis of the skin. We observe that SAC inactivation is tolerated by interfollicular epidermal cells but results in depletion of hair follicle bulge stem cells. Eventually, a histologically normal epidermis develops within ∼1 mo after birth, albeit without any hair. Mad2-deficient cells in this epidermis exhibited abnormal transcription of metabolic genes, consistent with aneuploid cell state. Hair follicle bulge stem cells were completely absent, despite the continued presence of rudimentary hair follicles. These data demonstrate that different cell lineages within a single tissue respond differently to chromosome instability: some proliferating cell lineages can survive, but stem cells are highly sensitive.
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125
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The cancer biology of whole-chromosome instability. Oncogene 2013; 32:4727-36. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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