101
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Rouquet G, Chatani N. Catalytic functionalization of C(sp2)-H and C(sp3)-H bonds by using bidentate directing groups. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:11726-43. [PMID: 24105797 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201301451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1769] [Impact Index Per Article: 160.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
C-H bonds are ubiquitous in organic compounds. It would, therefore, appear that direct functionalization of substrates by activation of C-H bonds would eliminate the multiple steps and limitations associated with the preparation of functionalized starting materials. Regioselectivity is an important issue because organic molecules can contain a wide variety of C-H bonds. The use of a directing group can largely overcome the issue of regiocontrol by allowing the catalyst to come into proximity with the targeted C-H bonds. A wide variety of functional groups have been evaluated for use as directing groups in the transformation of C-H bonds. In 2005, Daugulis reported the arylation of unactivated C(sp(3))-H bonds by using 8-aminoquinoline and picolinamide as bidentate directing groups, with Pd(OAc)2 as the catalyst. Encouraged by these promising results, a number of transformations of C-H bonds have since been developed by using systems based on bidentate directing groups. In this Review, recent advances in this area are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Rouquet
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 (Japan)
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102
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Rouquet G, Chatani N. Katalytische Funktionalisierung von C(sp2)-H- und C(sp3)-H-Bindungen unter Verwendung von zweizähnigen dirigierenden Gruppen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201301451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 517] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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103
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Figg TM, Wasa M, Yu JQ, Musaev DG. Understanding the Reactivity of Pd0/PR3-Catalyzed Intermolecular C(sp3)–H Bond Arylation. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:14206-14. [DOI: 10.1021/ja4053416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Travis M. Figg
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Masayuki Wasa
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Djamaladdin G. Musaev
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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104
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Pan F, Shen PX, Zhang LS, Wang X, Shi ZJ. Direct Arylation of Primary and Secondary sp3 C–H Bonds with Diarylhyperiodonium Salts via Pd Catalysis. Org Lett 2013; 15:4758-61. [DOI: 10.1021/ol402116a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Pan
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Education, College of Chemistry and Green Chemistry Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, and State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Peng-Xiang Shen
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Education, College of Chemistry and Green Chemistry Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, and State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Li-Sheng Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Education, College of Chemistry and Green Chemistry Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, and State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Education, College of Chemistry and Green Chemistry Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, and State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhang-Jie Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Education, College of Chemistry and Green Chemistry Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, and State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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105
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Mo J, Shen L, Chi YR. Direct β-activation of saturated aldehydes to formal Michael acceptors through oxidative NHC catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:8588-91. [PMID: 23766245 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201302152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junming Mo
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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106
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Mo J, Shen L, Chi YR. Direct β-Activation of Saturated Aldehydes to Formal Michael Acceptors through Oxidative NHC Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201302152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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107
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Kumar NYP, Jeyachandran R, Ackermann L. C(sp3)-H bond arylations catalyzed by well-defined [Ru(O2CMes)2(p-cymene)]. J Org Chem 2013; 78:4145-52. [PMID: 23574572 DOI: 10.1021/jo400658d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The well-characterized ruthenium(II) biscarboxylate complex [Ru(O2CMes)2(p-cymene)] enabled versatile direct (hetero)arylations of C(sp(3))-H bonds with low (co)catalyst loading and ample substrate scope. Detailed mechanistic studies provided strong support for a facile and reversible C(sp(3))-H bond metalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Y Phani Kumar
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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108
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Chen G, Chen K, Shi ZJ. Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation of Alkene through Direct C (sp3)-H Functionalization. ChemCatChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201300015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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109
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He J, Wasa M, Chan KSL, Yu JQ. Palladium(0)-catalyzed alkynylation of C(sp3)-H bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:3387-90. [PMID: 23406445 DOI: 10.1021/ja400648w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The alkynylation of β-C(sp(3))-H bonds in aliphatic amides with alkynyl halides has been enabled using Pd(0)/N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) and Pd(0)/phosphine (PR3) catalysts. This is the first example of utilizing [AlkynylPd(II)L(n)] complexes to activate C(sp(3))-H bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian He
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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110
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Schneider C, Masi D, Couve-Bonnaire S, Pannecoucke X, Hoarau C. Palladium- and Copper-Catalyzed Stereocontrolled Direct CH Fluoroalkenylation of Heteroarenes usinggem-Bromofluoroalkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201209446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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111
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Schneider C, Masi D, Couve-Bonnaire S, Pannecoucke X, Hoarau C. Palladium- and Copper-Catalyzed Stereocontrolled Direct CH Fluoroalkenylation of Heteroarenes usinggem-Bromofluoroalkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:3246-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201209446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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112
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Pan F, Lei ZQ, Wang H, Li H, Sun J, Shi ZJ. Rhodium(I)-Catalyzed Redox-Economic Cross-Coupling of Carboxylic Acids with Arenes Directed by N-Containing Groups. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201208362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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113
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Pan F, Lei ZQ, Wang H, Li H, Sun J, Shi ZJ. Rhodium(I)-Catalyzed Redox-Economic Cross-Coupling of Carboxylic Acids with Arenes Directed by N-Containing Groups. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:2063-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201208362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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114
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Chen FJ, Zhao S, Hu F, Chen K, Zhang Q, Zhang SQ, Shi BF. Pd(ii)-catalyzed alkoxylation of unactivated C(sp3)–H and C(sp2)–H bonds using a removable directing group: efficient synthesis of alkyl ethers. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc51993g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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115
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Bellomo A, Zhang J, Trongsiriwat N, Walsh PJ. Additive effects on palladium-catalyzed deprotonative-cross-coupling processes (DCCP) of sp3C–H bonds in diarylmethanes. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc21673f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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116
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Chen K, Hu F, Zhang SQ, Shi BF. Pd(ii)-catalyzed alkylation of unactivated C(sp3)–H bonds: efficient synthesis of optically active unnatural α-amino acids. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc51747k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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117
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Iwata S, Hata T, Urabe H. Synthesis oftert-Butyl Peroxyacetals from Benzyl, Allyl, or Propargyl EthersviaIron-Promoted CH Bond Functionalization. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201200410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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118
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Wasa M, Chan KSL, Zhang XG, He J, Miura M, Yu JQ. Ligand-enabled methylene C(sp3)-H bond activation with a Pd(II) catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:18570-2. [PMID: 23116159 DOI: 10.1021/ja309325e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Pd(II) insertion into β-methylene C(sp(3))-H bonds was enabled by a mutually repulsive and electron-rich quinoline ligand. Ligand tuning led to the development of a method that allows for installation of an aryl group on a range of acyclic and cyclic amides containing β-methylene C(sp(3))-H bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Wasa
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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119
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Piou T, Neuville L, Zhu J. Activation of a C(sp3)H Bond by a Transient σ-Alkylpalladium(II) Complex: Synthesis of Spirooxindoles Through a Palladium-Catalyzed Domino Carbopalladation/C(sp3)C(sp3) Bond-Forming Process. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201206267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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120
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Piou T, Neuville L, Zhu J. Activation of a C(sp3)H Bond by a Transient σ-Alkylpalladium(II) Complex: Synthesis of Spirooxindoles Through a Palladium-Catalyzed Domino Carbopalladation/C(sp3)C(sp3) Bond-Forming Process. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:11561-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201206267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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121
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich Lang
- Department of Inorganic
Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural
Sciences, Chemnitz University of Technology, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Alexander Jakob
- Department of Inorganic
Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural
Sciences, Chemnitz University of Technology, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Bianca Milde
- Department of Inorganic
Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural
Sciences, Chemnitz University of Technology, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
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122
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Zhang J, Bellomo A, Creamer AD, Dreher SD, Walsh PJ. Palladium-catalyzed C(sp3)-H arylation of diarylmethanes at room temperature: synthesis of triarylmethanes via deprotonative-cross-coupling processes. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:13765-72. [PMID: 22816972 DOI: 10.1021/ja3047816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Although metal-catalyzed direct arylation reactions of non- or weakly acidic C-H bonds have recently received much attention, chemists have relied heavily on substrates with appropriately placed directing groups to steer reactivity. To date, examples of intermolecular arylation of unactivated C(sp(3))-H bonds in the absence of a directing group remain scarce. We report herein the first general, high-yielding, and scalable method for palladium-catalyzed C(sp(3))-H arylation of simple diarylmethane derivatives with aryl bromides at room temperature. This method facilitates access to a variety of sterically and electronically diverse hetero- and nonheteroaryl-containing triarylmethanes, a class of compounds with various applications and interesting biological activity. Key to the success of this approach is an in situ metalation of the substrate via C-H deprotonation under catalytic cross-coupling conditions, which is referred to as a deprotonative-cross-coupling process (DCCP). Base and catalyst identification were performed by high-throughput experimentation (HTE) and led to a unique base/catalyst combination [KN(SiMe(3))(2)/Pd-NiXantphos] that proved to efficiently promote the room-temperature DCCP of diarylmethanes. Additionally, the DCCP exhibits remarkable chemoselectivity in the presence of substrates that are known to undergo O-, N-, enolate-, and C(sp(2))-H arylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadi Zhang
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
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123
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Ackermann L, Kornhaass C, Zhu Y. Palladium-Catalyzed Direct C–H Bond Alkynylations of Heteroarenes Using gem-Dichloroalkenes. Org Lett 2012; 14:1824-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ol300514d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Kornhaass
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yingjun Zhu
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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124
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Ackermann L, Wang L, Wolfram R, Lygin AV. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Oxidative C–H Alkenylations of Anilides and Benzamides in Water. Org Lett 2012; 14:728-31. [DOI: 10.1021/ol203251s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lianhui Wang
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ratnakancana Wolfram
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander V. Lygin
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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125
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Hu Y, Zhu T, Mu X, Zhao Q, Yu T, Wen L, Zhang Y, Wu M, Zhang H. Synthesis of highly substituted dihydropyrrolophenanthridine derivatives by tandem reaction. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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126
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Xiong Dai
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla,
California 92037, United States
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla,
California 92037, United States
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127
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Wasa M, Engle KM, Lin DW, Yoo EJ, Yu JQ. Pd(II)-catalyzed enantioselective C-H activation of cyclopropanes. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:19598-601. [PMID: 22059375 PMCID: PMC3241475 DOI: 10.1021/ja207607s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Systematic ligand development has led to the identification of novel mono-N-protected amino acid ligands for Pd(II)-catalyzed enantioselective C-H activation of cyclopropanes. A diverse range of organoboron reagents can be used as coupling partners, and the reaction proceeds under mild conditions. These results provide a new retrosynthetic disconnection for the construction of enantioenriched cis-substituted cyclopropanecarboxylic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Wasa
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Keary M. Engle
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - David W. Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Eun Jeong Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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128
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Engle KM, Thuy-Boun PS, Dang M, Yu JQ. Ligand-accelerated cross-coupling of C(sp2)-H bonds with arylboron reagents. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:18183-93. [PMID: 21913636 DOI: 10.1021/ja203978r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A ligand-accelerated Pd(II)-catalyzed C(sp(2))-H/arylboron cross-coupling reaction of phenylacetic acid substrates is reported. Using Ac-Ile-OH as the ligand and Ag(2)CO(3) as the oxidant, a fast, high-yielding, operationally simple, and functional group-tolerant protocol has been developed for the cross-coupling of phenylacetic acid substrates with aryltrifluoroborates. This ligand scaffold has also been shown to improve catalysis using 1 atm O(2) as the sole reoxidant, which sheds light on the path forward in developing optimized ligands for aerobic C-H/arylboron cross-coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keary M Engle
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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129
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Munro-Leighton C, Adduci LL, Becker JJ, Gagné MR. Oxidative Addition of Secondary C–X Bonds to Palladium(0): A Beneficial Anomeric Acceleration. Organometallics 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/om200221r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Munro-Leighton
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Laura L. Adduci
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jennifer J. Becker
- U.S. Army Research Office, P.O. Box 12211, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Michel R. Gagné
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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