101
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Cao ZH, Zheng QY, Li GQ, Hu XB, Feng SL, Xu GL, Zhang KQ. STAT1-mediated down-regulation of Bcl-2 expression is involved in IFN-γ/TNF-α-induced apoptosis in NIT-1 cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120921. [PMID: 25811609 PMCID: PMC4374929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ are the major pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in beta-cell destruction. The fate of islet beta-cells in the cytokine-induced intrinsic mitochondrial apoptotic pathway is determined by the interaction between members of the Bcl-2 family. However, the mechanism through which beta-cell apoptosis is regulated remains unclear. In this study, we treated the murine beta-cell line NIT-1 with TNF-α and IFN-γ and then investigated the regulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT-1) and expression of the members of the Bcl-2 family in this apoptotic pathway. Results showed that TNF-α and IFN-γ synergistically reduced NIT-1 cell viability. In addition, the decrease in cell growth was due to apoptosis as shown by apoptotic body formation, detected by confocal laser microscope, and a significant increase in Annexin-Vup+ cell percentage, detected by flow cytometry. Combination treatment with TNF-α and IFN-γ caused a remarkable increase in the release of cytochrome c, and in the activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, as well as, an obvious enhancement in STAT-1 phosphorylation; the treatment, however, resulted in the down-regulation in Bcl-2 expression. The enhancement in STAT-1 activity and a down-regulation in Bcl-2 expression was also observed in MIN6 cells, another murine beta-cell derived line, after cells exposure to the combination of TNF-α and IFN-γ treatment. Knockdown of STAT-1 gene expression by siRNA or inhibition of STAT-1 activation with fludarabine reversed Bcl-2 down-expression and led to a significant decrease in apoptosis in TNF-α- and IFN-γ-treated NIT-1 cells. Taken together, our results suggest that STAT1-mediated down-regulation of Bcl-2 is involved in NIT-1 cell apoptosis induced by combination treatment with TNF-α and IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-hui Cao
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Quan-you Zheng
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Gui-qing Li
- Department of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiao-bo Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Shao-long Feng
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Gui-lian Xu
- Department of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- * E-mail: (GLX); (KQZ)
| | - Ke-qin Zhang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
- * E-mail: (GLX); (KQZ)
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102
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Readthrough acetylcholinesterase (AChE-R) and regulated necrosis: pharmacological targets for the regulation of ovarian functions? Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1685. [PMID: 25766324 PMCID: PMC4385929 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Proliferation, differentiation and death of ovarian cells ensure orderly functioning of the female gonad during the reproductive phase, which ultimately ends with menopause in women. These processes are regulated by several mechanisms, including local signaling via neurotransmitters. Previous studies showed that ovarian non-neuronal endocrine cells produce acetylcholine (ACh), which likely acts as a trophic factor within the ovarian follicle and the corpus luteum via muscarinic ACh receptors. How its actions are restricted was unknown. We identified enzymatically active acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in human ovarian follicular fluid as a product of human granulosa cells. AChE breaks down ACh and thereby attenuates its trophic functions. Blockage of AChE by huperzine A increased the trophic actions as seen in granulosa cells studies. Among ovarian AChE variants, the readthrough isoform AChE-R was identified, which has further, non-enzymatic roles. AChE-R was found in follicular fluid, granulosa and theca cells, as well as luteal cells, implying that such functions occur in vivo. A synthetic AChE-R peptide (ARP) was used to explore such actions and induced in primary, cultured human granulosa cells a caspase-independent form of cell death with a distinct balloon-like morphology and the release of lactate dehydrogenase. The RIPK1 inhibitor necrostatin-1 and the MLKL-blocker necrosulfonamide significantly reduced this form of cell death. Thus a novel non-enzymatic function of AChE-R is to stimulate RIPK1/MLKL-dependent regulated necrosis (necroptosis). The latter complements a cholinergic system in the ovary, which determines life and death of ovarian cells. Necroptosis likely occurs in the primate ovary, as granulosa and luteal cells were immunopositive for phospho-MLKL, and hence necroptosis may contribute to follicular atresia and luteolysis. The results suggest that interference with the enzymatic activities of AChE and/or interference with necroptosis may be novel approaches to influence ovarian functions.
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103
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Han J, Wang T, Fu L, Shi LY, Zhu CC, Liu J, Zhang Y, Cui XS, Kim NH, Sun SC. Altered oxidative stress, apoptosis/autophagy, and epigenetic modifications in Zearalenone-treated porcine oocytes. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00070j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ZEN affected porcine oocyte maturation and early embryonic development. Oxidative stress, autophagy and apoptosis occurred. Aberrant epigenetic modifications were also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology
- Nanjing Agricultural University
- Nanjing 210095
- China
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology
- Nanjing Agricultural University
- Nanjing 210095
- China
| | - Le Fu
- College of Animal Science and Technology
- Nanjing Agricultural University
- Nanjing 210095
- China
| | - Liang-Yu Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology
- Nanjing Agricultural University
- Nanjing 210095
- China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology
- Nanjing Agricultural University
- Nanjing 210095
- China
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology
- Nanjing Agricultural University
- Nanjing 210095
- China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology
- Nanjing Agricultural University
- Nanjing 210095
- China
| | - Xiang-Shun Cui
- Department of Animal Sciences
- Chungbuk National University
- Cheongju
- Korea
| | - Nam-Hyung Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences
- Chungbuk National University
- Cheongju
- Korea
| | - Shao-Chen Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology
- Nanjing Agricultural University
- Nanjing 210095
- China
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104
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Zhao B, He T. Chidamide, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, functions as a tumor inhibitor by modulating the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and P21 in pancreatic cancer. Oncol Rep 2014; 33:304-10. [PMID: 25384499 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chidamide is a newly designed histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor that has been applied in clinical trials. This study aimed to test the effect of Chidamide on proliferation and apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cell lines and in vivo tumors, as well as to determine the underlying mechanism. The PaTu8988 pancreatic tumor cell line either in culture or inoculated in nude mice were used to evaluate the antitumor characteristics of Chidamide. Proliferation and apoptosis of cultured PaTu8988 cells were examined by CCK-8 assay and Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining assay, respectively. Alterations in protein expression, including Caspase-3, Bcl-2‑like protein 4 (Bax), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and p21, were tested by western blot analysis. The mRNA of different HDACs was examined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) experiments. Chidamide suppressed cell proliferation and induced early apoptosis of pancreatic tumor cells in a dose‑dependent manner after 48 h of treatment. Similarly, the in vivo study using pancreatic tumor murine model showed that Chidamide administration significantly inhibited the growth of pancreatic tumor and induced tumor cell apoptosis. The in vitro and in vivo studies found that Chidamide treatment significantly decreased the expression of type I HDACs, uncleaved Caspase-3 and p21 and increased the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 expression. The results from the in vitro and in vivo studies suggested Chidamide might suppress the proliferation of pancreatic tumor cells by downregulating the expression of type I HDACs and p21, and promoting mitochondrial apoptosis pathway-dependent cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. The study provided more evidence for clinical administration of Chidamide that targets pancreatic tumor cells and identified potential molecular targets for the development of potent anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai 200137, P.R. China
| | - Tianlin He
- Department of General Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
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105
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Effects of fumonisin B1 alone and combined with deoxynivalenol or zearalenone on porcine granulosa cell proliferation and steroid production. Theriogenology 2014; 81:1042-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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106
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Zearalenone induces apoptosis and cytoprotective autophagy in primary Leydig cells. Toxicol Lett 2014; 226:182-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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107
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Analysis of individual and combined effects of ochratoxin A and zearalenone on HepG2 and KK-1 cells with mathematical models. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:1177-92. [PMID: 24674935 PMCID: PMC4014727 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6041177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) and Zearalenone (ZEA) are widespread mycotoxins that contaminate foodstuffs simultaneously, but sufficient data regarding their mixed toxicities are lacking. This study aims to analyze the style of combined effects of OTA and ZEA on cells of their target organs. For this purpose, cytotoxicity was determined in HepG2 and KK-1 cells treated with single and combined forms of OTA and ZEA. Furthermore, we have analyzed the data using two mathematical models based on the concepts of concentration addition (CA) and independent addition (IA). By analyzing data with nonlinear regression, toxins applied singly showed classic sigmoid dose-response curves in HepG2 cells whereas in KK-1 cells hormetic responses were observed. Exposure to equieffective mixtures of OTA and ZEA showed additive effects, irrespective of different nonlinear regression models used. Our results demonstrate that IA is an appropriate concept to account for mixture effects of OTA and ZEA. The results in ROS generation indicate a departure from additivity to antagonism or synergism at different concentrations, probably due to potential interaction during ROS production. This study shows that a risk assessment of mycotoxins should account for mixture effects, and prediction models are valuable tools for mixture assessment.
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108
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Venkataramana M, Chandra Nayaka S, Anand T, Rajesh R, Aiyaz M, Divakara ST, Murali HS, Prakash HS, Lakshmana Rao PV. Zearalenone induced toxicity in SHSY-5Y cells: The role of oxidative stress evidenced by N-acetyl cysteine. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 65:335-42. [PMID: 24412706 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin from Fusarium species commonly found in many food commodities and are known to cause reproductive disorders, genotoxic and immunosuppressive effects. Although many studies have demonstrated the cytotoxic effects of ZEN, the mechanisms by which ZEN mediates its cytotoxic effects appear to differ according to cell type and route of exposure. Meantime, the available information on the neurotoxic effects of ZEN is very much limited. In the present study we evaluated the role of oxidative stress in ZEN mediated neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells and investigated the possible underlying mechanism. ZEN induced ROS formation and elevated levels of MDA, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and increase in DNA damage in a dose dependent manner as assessed by COMET assay and agarose gel electrophoresis. However, there was no DNA damage by plasmid breakage assay at 6, 12 and 24h time points. DAPI staining showed apoptotic nuclei at 12 and 24h. Further, ZEN treated SH-SY5Y cells showed a marked suppressive effect on the neuronal gene expression. Use of an antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) reversed the toxin-induced generation of ROS and also attenuated loss of MMP. Collectively, these results suggest that ROS is the main upstream signal leading to increased ZEN mediated neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Venkataramana
- DRDO-BU Centre for Life Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu 641046, India
| | - S Chandra Nayaka
- DOS in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India.
| | - T Anand
- Defence Food Research Laboratory, Siddhartha Nagar, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajaiah Rajesh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Mohammed Aiyaz
- DOS in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India
| | - S T Divakara
- DOS in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India
| | - H S Murali
- Defence Food Research Laboratory, Siddhartha Nagar, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - H S Prakash
- DOS in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India
| | - P V Lakshmana Rao
- DRDO-BU Centre for Life Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu 641046, India
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109
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Li SJ, Njumbe Ediage E, De Saeger S, Van Waeyenberghe L, Garmyn A, Verlinden M, Ducatelle R, Croubels S, Haesebrouck F, Pasmans F, Martel A. Occurrence and pathology of mycotoxins in commercial parrot feeds. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2013. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2013.1570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites of fungi. Animal feeds can be easily infected by fungi during production and storage, resulting in mycotoxin contamination. This study was performed to evaluate the possible health risks of mycotoxin-contaminated feed for cockatiels. The occurrence of mycotoxins in commercial parrot feeds (5 seed mixes and 5 pelleted feeds) was investigated by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The following 12 mycotoxins were detected: zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, fusarenon X, aflatoxin B1, sterigmatocystin, alternariol, alternariol methylether, fumonisin B1, fumonisin B3, and ochratoxin A. Zearalenone was the most prevalent. Pathological effects after 21 days feeding mycotoxin-contaminated diets were examined in an in vivo trial with 3 groups of 5 cockatiels: group 1 (control) was fed a non-contaminated pelleted feed; group 2 was fed a pelleted feed containing zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, and fumonisins; and group 3 was fed a pelleted feed containing fumonisins. Average body weight gain and relative organ weight were not significantly different between the treatment groups and the control group. Apoptosis of renal tubular cells, diarrhoea, reduced appetite, enlargement of liver, kidney and proventriculus were occasionally observed in the birds from groups 2 and 3. In summary, contamination with mycotoxins is common in parrot feeds. The mycotoxin levels did not reach toxic levels, but might pose a potential threat to some sensitive cockatiels.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.-J. Li
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - E. Njumbe Ediage
- Department of Bio-analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - S. De Saeger
- Department of Bio-analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - L. Van Waeyenberghe
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A. Garmyn
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - M. Verlinden
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - R. Ducatelle
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S. Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F. Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F. Pasmans
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A. Martel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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110
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Cortinovis C, Pizzo F, Spicer LJ, Caloni F. Fusarium mycotoxins: Effects on reproductive function in domestic animals—A review. Theriogenology 2013; 80:557-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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111
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Zhu L, Wang P, Qin QL, Zhang H, Wu YJ. Protective effect of polypeptides from larva of housefly (Musca domestica) on hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage in HepG2 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 60:385-90. [PMID: 23933357 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Housefly (Musca domestica) is an important medical insect and its larva is an ideal high protein food source. We isolated from housefly larvae the polypeptides hydrolyzed by neutral protease (PHNP), and investigated the protective effect of PHNP on hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced oxidative damage in HepG2 cells. Cells exposed to H₂O₂ showed a marked decrease in proliferation and intracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and a significant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. H₂O₂ also caused apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction including mitochondrial fragmentation and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Pretreatment with PHNP at concentrations of 2.5, 5, 10 μg/mL blocked these H₂O₂-induced cellular events in a dose-dependent manner. The effect of PHNP at 10 μg/mL is equal to that of ascorbic acid at 10 μM. In summary, PHNP has a protective effect against H₂O₂-induced oxidative injury in cells due to its ability to decrease intracellular ROS and elevate antioxidant enzyme activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1-5 Beichenxi Road, Beijing 100101, China
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112
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Lu Y, Yuan H, Deng S, Wei Q, Guo C, Yi J, Wu J, Li R, Wen L, He Z, Yuan L. Arsanilic acid causes apoptosis and oxidative stress in rat kidney epithelial cells (NRK-52e cells) by the activation of the caspase-9 and -3 signaling pathway. Drug Chem Toxicol 2013; 37:55-62. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2013.806532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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113
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In vitro investigation of individual and combined cytotoxic effects of aflatoxin B1 and other selected mycotoxins on the cell line porcine kidney 15. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:1149-57. [PMID: 23809186 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluated the nephrotoxicity of individual mycotoxins and combinations of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), and fumonisin B1 (FB1) to livestock using porcine kidney 15 cells (PK-15) as a disease model via biochemical approaches. The toxicity of individual mycotoxins on cell viability and cell membrane damage was determined using the MTT and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays, respectively. Individual cytotoxicity of mycotoxins in increasing order were FB1<ZEA<AFB1<DON. The MTT results of central composite design (CCD) showed synergetic effects after co-exposure of AFB1+ZEA or AFB1+DON; however, AFB1 and ZEA showed antagonistic effects in the ternary mixtures. AFB1 and DON significantly induced ROS production and apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner, but ZEA (10-40μM) had no effect on cell apoptosis and only slightly induced ROS production. ZEA ameliorated the ROS production caused by 1μM AFB1; however, ZEA and DON displayed synergistic effects in combination with AFB1 at 5 and 10μM. The existence of 10μM ZEA attenuated AFB1-induced apoptosis. In conclusion, AFB1+ZEA or DON showed synergetic effects on cytotoxicity. Low levels of AFB1 were antagonistic to ZEA, but high doses of AFB1 displayed synergistic effects with ZEA or DON on oxidative damage. ZEA also ameliorated AFB1-induced apoptosis. Generally, the combined effects of mycotoxins acted in a concentration-dependent manner.
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114
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Deng S, Yuan H, Yi J, Lu Y, Wei Q, Guo C, Wu J, Yuan L, He Z. Gossypol acetic acid induces apoptosis in RAW264.7 cells via a caspase-dependent mitochondrial signaling pathway. J Vet Sci 2013; 14:281-9. [PMID: 23820203 PMCID: PMC3788153 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2013.14.3.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effects of gossypol acetic acid (GA) on proliferation and apoptosis of the macrophage cell line RAW264.7 and further understand the possible underlying mechanism responsible for GA-induced cell apoptosis, RAW264.7 cells were treated with GA (25~35 µmol/L) for 24 h and the cytotoxicity was determined by MTT assay, while apoptotic cells were identified by TUNEL assay, acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining and flow cytometry. Moreover, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) with Rhodamine 123 and reactive oxygen species (ROS) with DCFH-DA were analyzed by fluorescence spectrofluorometry. In addition, the expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9 was assessed by Western Blot assay. Finally, the GA-induced cell apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry in the present of caspase inhibitors Z-VAD-FMK and Ac-LEHD-FMK, respectively. GA significantly inhibited the proliferation of RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner, and caused obvious cell apoptosis and a loss of ΔΨm in RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, the ROS production in cells was elevated, and the levels of activated caspase-3 and caspase-9 were up-regulated in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, GA-induced cell apoptosis was markedly inhibited by caspase inhibitors. These results suggest that GA-induced RAW264.7 cell apoptosis may be mediated via a caspase-dependent mitochondrial signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijun Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
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115
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Marin DE, Pistol GC, Neagoe IV, Calin L, Taranu I. Effects of zearalenone on oxidative stress and inflammation in weanling piglets. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 58:408-15. [PMID: 23727178 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin produced by the fungi of Fusarium genera. Piglets were fed for 18 days with a control or a ZEN (316 ppb) contaminated diet. At the end of the experiment tissue samples were taken for assessment of: lymphocyte proliferation, monocytes and granulocytes respiratory burst, inflammatory cytokine synthesis in blood and liver, expression of genes involved in oxidative stress or in inflammation, plasma biochemical parameters, total antioxidant status and nitric oxide synthesis. In blood, ZEN increases the respiratory burst of monocytes and the inflammatory cytokine (TNF alpha, IL-1 beta, IFN gamma) synthesis, while in liver, ZEN decreases the synthesis of all inflammatory cytokines investigated. In liver and spleen, different effect on the expression of genes involved in oxidative stress and inflammation was observed. While in liver, ZEN decrease the expression of cyclooxigenase gene, but increase the expression of glutathione peroxydase and catalase genes; in spleen, ZEN induces a decrease of the superoxide dismutase gene expression together with an increase of the cyclooxigenase. In conclusion, our results showed that liver, spleen and blood may also be target tissues in weanling piglets fed ZEN contaminated diet, with different effects on oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela E Marin
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti No. 1, Balotesti, Ilfov 077015, Romania.
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116
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Ca(2+)-dependent suicidal erythrocyte death following zearalenone exposure. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1821-8. [PMID: 23515940 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone, a cereal mycotoxin with mycoestrogen activity and effect on fertility, is known to trigger apoptosis of a variety of nucleated cell types including hematopoietic progenitor cells. In analogy to apoptosis of nucleated cells, eryptosis, the suicidal death of erythrocytes, leads to cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine exposure at the erythrocyte surface. The most important stimulator of eryptosis is an increase in cytosolic Ca(2+) activity ([Ca(2+)]i). The present study explored whether zearalenone triggers eryptosis. Erythrocyte volume was estimated from forward scatter, phosphatidylserine exposure at the erythrocyte surface from annexin-V binding, hemolysis from hemoglobin release, and [Ca(2+)]i from Fluo3 fluorescence. A 48-h exposure to zearalenone (≥25 μM) was followed by a significant increase in [Ca(2+)]i and annexin-V binding, and a significant decrease in forward scatter. The effect on annexin-V binding was significantly blunted in the nominal absence of extracellular Ca(2+). Zearalenone stimulates the suicidal erythrocyte death, an effect at least partially due to stimulation of Ca(2+) entry.
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Melamine causes apoptosis of rat kidney epithelial cell line (NRK-52e cells) via excessive intracellular ROS (reactive oxygen species) and the activation of p38 MAPK pathway. Cell Biol Int 2012; 36:383-9. [PMID: 22150157 DOI: 10.1042/cbi20110504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
There was an outbreak of urinary stones associated with consumption of melamine-tainted milk products in 2008 in China, leading to serious illness of many infants and even death. We have recently demonstrated that melamine causes oxidative damage on the NRK (normal rat kidney)-52e cells. The objective of this study was to explore the cellular signalling pathway that mediates the cell apoptosis induced by melamine in the NRK-52e cells. Fluorescence microscope showed that melamine enhanced intracellular ROS (reactive oxygen species) levels of the NRK-52e cells. AO/EB (acridine orange/ethidium bromide) staining and flow cytometry revealed that melamine increased apoptotic and necrotic percentages of the NRK-52e cells in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide] assays and flow cytometry displayed that SB203580, an inhibitor for p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway, increased the proliferation of the NRK-52e cells and reduced the apoptotic and necrotic percentages of the NRK-52e cells. Western blots further demonstrated that p38 phosphorylation was activated by melamine in the NRK-52e cells and inhibitor SB203580 blocked the increase of p38 phosphorylation induced by melamine. Together, these results suggested that melamine causes apoptosis of the NRK-52e cells via excessive intracellular ROS and the activation of p38 MAPK pathway. This study thus offers a novel insight into molecular mechanisms by which melamine has adverse cytotoxicity on renal tubular epithelial cells.
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Ficheux AS, Sibiril Y, Parent-Massin D. Co-exposure of Fusarium mycotoxins: in vitro myelotoxicity assessment on human hematopoietic progenitors. Toxicon 2012; 60:1171-9. [PMID: 22921581 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins such as beauvericin (BEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), enniatin B (ENB), fumonisin B1 (FB1), T-2 toxin and zearalenone (ZEA) can co-occur in food commodities. This aim of this study was to assess the myelotoxicity of these mycotoxins in couple using in vitro human granulo-monocytic (Colony Forming Unit-Granulocyte and Macrophage, CFU-GM) hematopoietic progenitors. Clonogenic assays have been performed in the presence of the following couples of fusariotoxins: DON + BEA, DON + FB1, DON + T-2, DON + ZEA, T-2 + ZEA and BEA + ENB. Co-exposure of human CFU-GM to DON + BEA resulted in synergic myelotoxic effects. The combination of DON + T-2 presented additive or synergic myelotoxic effects. The couples DON + ZEA, T-2 + ZEA and BEA + ENB had additive myelotoxic effects, while the combination of DON + FB1 showed antagonist myelotoxic effects. These in vitro results suggested that the simultaneous presence of mycotoxins in food commodities and diet may be more myelotoxic than the presence of one mycotoxin alone. Diminution of hematopoietic progenitors could give rise to a decrease number of mature blood cells, inducing agranulocytosis and/or thrombocytopenia and in severe cases aplastic anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Ficheux
- Laboratoire d'Evaluation du Risque Chimique pour le Consommateur-LERCCo, Université Européenne de Bretagne-Université de Bretagne Occidentale-UEB-UBO, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 6 Av. Victor Le Gorgeu, CS 93837, 29238 Brest Cedex 3, France
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