101
|
Chapter 7 Polychlorinated biphenyls. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7192(01)80010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
102
|
Schoenmaker PJ, Oomen JL, Blomberg J, Genuit W, van Velzen G. Comparison of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography and gas chromatography--mass spectrometry for the characterization of complex hydrocarbon mixtures. J Chromatogr A 2000; 892:29-46. [PMID: 11045478 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00744-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we compare the current separation power of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC) with the potential separation power of GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) systems. Using simulated data, we may envisage a GC-MS contour plot, that can be compared with a GCxGC chromatogram. Real examples are used to demonstrate the current potential of the two techniques in the field of hydrocarbon analysis. As a separation technique for complex hydrocarbon mixtures, GCxGC is currently about as powerful as GC-MS is potentially powerful. GC-MS has not reached its potential separation power in this area, because a universal, soft ionization method does not exist. The greatest advantage of GCxGC is, however, its potential for quantitative analysis. Because flame-ionisation detection can be used, quantitative analysis by GCxGC is much more robust, reliable and reproducible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P J Schoenmaker
- Shell Research and Technology Centre, and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
103
|
Marriott PJ, Ong RC, Kinghorn RM, Morrison PD. Time-resolved cryogenic modulation for targeted multidimensional capillary gas chromatography analysis. J Chromatogr A 2000; 892:15-28. [PMID: 11045477 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00122-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Multidimensional gas chromatography (MDGC) is performed in a new manner, described in this paper. The method incorporates two directly coupled columns and employs a longitudinally modulated cryogenic trap located between the columns. No heartcutting process is used, but rather a method better termed selected zone compression pulsing is used. Compared with normal MDGC, where primary column effluent has to be temporarily diverted either to a monitor detector or to the second dimension column, the new procedure in its simplest mode passes all of the first column effluent to the second column. It is simply the times at which the modulation of the trap is performed that determines which target solutes will be selected for enhanced separation. This approach allows almost instantaneous separation of selected zones on the second column, and has the potential to significantly simplify the MDGC method. Since data are presented in a time-response format, and do not require transformation as previously described for comprehensive GC when using the longitudinal modulator, quantitation and report generation are essentially the same as in any GC method and data system. Advantages also include significant sensitivity improvement. By using cryofocussing, and benefiting from the zone compression effects along with fast GC conditions on the second dimension, new possibilities for MDGC can be realised. The method is demonstrated by using a mixture of semi-volatile aromatic hydrocarbons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P J Marriott
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Victoria, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
104
|
de Geus HJ, Schelvis A, de Boer J, Brinkman UAT. Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography with a Rotating Thermal Desorption Modulator and Independently Temperature-Programmable Columns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4168(20000301)23:3<189::aid-jhrc189>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
105
|
Bertsch W. Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. Concepts, Instrumentation, and Applications - Part 2: Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4168(20000301)23:3%3c167::aid-jhrc167%3e3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
106
|
Beens J, Blomberg J, Schoenmakers PJ. Proper Tuning of Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GC×GC) to Optimize the Separation of Complex Oil Fractions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4168(20000301)23:3<182::aid-jhrc182>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
107
|
Bertsch W. Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. Concepts, Instrumentation, and Applications - Part 2: Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4168(20000301)23:3<167::aid-jhrc167>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
108
|
|
109
|
Fraga CG, Prazen BJ, Synovec RE. Enhancing the Limit of Detection for Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GC×GC) using Bilinear Chemometric Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4168(20000301)23:3<215::aid-jhrc215>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
110
|
Kinghorn RM, Marriott PJ, Dawes PA. Design and Implementation of Comprehensive Gas Chromatography with Cryogenic Modulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4168(20000301)23:3<245::aid-jhrc245>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
111
|
de Geus HJ, Schelvis A, de Boer J, Brinkman UAT. Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography with a Rotating Thermal Desorption Modulator and Independently Temperature-Programmable Columns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4168(20000301)23:3%3c189::aid-jhrc189%3e3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
112
|
Dimandja JMD, Stanfill SB, Grainger J, Patterson DG. Application of Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GC×GC) to the Qualitative Analysis of Essential Oils. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4168(20000301)23:3<208::aid-jhrc208>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
113
|
Dimandja JMD, Stanfill SB, Grainger J, Patterson DG. Application of Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GC×GC) to the Qualitative Analysis of Essential Oils. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4168(20000301)23:3%3c208::aid-jhrc208%3e3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
114
|
Marriott PJ, Kinghorn RM. New operational modes for multidimensional and comprehensive gas chromatography by using cryogenic modulation. J Chromatogr A 2000; 866:203-12. [PMID: 10670810 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)01061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Historically, hardware and method-related concerns have limited the use of multidimensional gas chromatography in the routine laboratory. This paper presents a new approach that offers the potential to significantly alter the manner in which multidimensional gas chromatography is conducted, based on the use of a modulated cryogenic trap which can be moved longitudinally along the column. Two columns are directly coupled, and no switching valves are used. It is demonstrated that a heartcut section can be cryofocused and zone-compressed, and then rapidly remobilized at the prevailing column oven temperature without any supplementary heating. A short second dimension column is used, giving fast second dimension analysis. This allows a large number of heartcuts to be programmed for any one analysis. The 'ultimate' manifestation of multidimensional gas chromatography is the comprehensive GC technique (GC X GC). This is now simply effected by performing very rapid heartcuts at intervals on the order of 1/5th of the peak width of primary dimension peaks, and requires that the second dimension be able to complete the analysis of each collected zone on a similar timeframe. This paper uses a semi-volatile aromatic mixture to demonstrate these selected operational modes, that can be achieved with the longitudinal modulation method. The flexibility that arises from this approach is shown by the ability to swap between selected whole-peak enhancement and comprehensive modes during the one analytical run. The increased sensitivity that follows from peak compression is a further advantage, which would be beneficial for trace analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P J Marriott
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
115
|
|
116
|
Mocsáry EN, Tolvaj K, Juhász M. Identification of compounds in gasoline range mixtures using combined group-type and capillary GC separations. Chromatographia 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
117
|
|
118
|
Phillips JB, Beens J. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography: a hyphenated method with strong coupling between the two dimensions. J Chromatogr A 1999; 856:331-47. [PMID: 10526795 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00815-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC) provides a true orthogonal separation system. It is explained and demonstrated that it generates a peak capacity that is approximately equal to the product of the peak capacities of the two individual separation systems. The resulting peaks are ordered in a two-dimensional plane in bands of compounds with the same characteristics. Quantitation of the separated (groups of) components is fundamentally not different from one-dimensional gas chromatography, but the sensitivity is far better and true baseline is always available. The two co-ordinates of each peak in the plane make the identification more reliable. Instrumental considerations of GC x GC are discussed. The three designs of contemporary GC x GC systems are presented and compared. Although the technique is still very young, a number of applications on complex samples as petroleum and environmental samples have already been reported. Finally, the future perspectives of GC x GC are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J B Phillips
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale 62901-4409, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
119
|
Frysinger GS, Gaines RB. Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometric Detection (GC × GC/MS) Applied to the Analysis of Petroleum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4168(19990501)22:5<251::aid-jhrc251>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
120
|
Affiliation(s)
- Cliff T. Mansfield
- Westholow Technology Center, Equilon Enterprises LLC, P.O. Box 1380, Houston, Texas 77251-1380
| | - Bhajendra N. Barman
- Westholow Technology Center, Equilon Enterprises LLC, P.O. Box 1380, Houston, Texas 77251-1380
| | - Jane V. Thomas
- Wyoming Analytical Laboratories, 605 South Adams, Laramie, Wyoming 82070
| | - Anil K. Mehrotra
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | | |
Collapse
|
121
|
Kinghorn RM, Marriott PJ. High Speed Cryogenic Modulation - A Technology Enabling Comprehensive Multidimensional Gas Chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4168(19990401)22:4<235::aid-jhrc235>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
122
|
Frysinger GS, Gaines RB, Ledford EB. Quantitative Determination of BTEX and Total Aromatic Compounds in Gasoline by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GC×GC). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4168(19990401)22:4<195::aid-jhrc195>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
123
|
Kinghorn RM, Marriott PJ. High Speed Cryogenic Modulation - A Technology Enabling Comprehensive Multidimensional Gas Chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4168(19990401)22:4%3c235::aid-jhrc235%3e3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
124
|
Phillips JB, Gaines RB, Blomberg J, van der Wielen FWM, Dimandja JM, Green V, Granger J, Patterson D, Racovalis L, de Geus HJ, de Boer J, Haglund P, Lipsky J, Sinha V, Ledford EB. A Robust Thermal Modulator for Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4168(19990101)22:1%3c3::aid-jhrc3%3e3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
125
|
|
126
|
|
127
|
Beens J, Tijssen R, Blomberg J. Prediction of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatographic separations. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00649-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
128
|
Pál R, Juhász M, Stumpf Á. Detailed analysis of hydrocarbon groups in diesel range petroleum fractions with on-line coupled supercritical fluid chromatography–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00505-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
129
|
de Geus HJ, de Boer J, Phillips JB, Ledford EB, Brinkman UAT. Increased Signal Amplitude due to Mass Conservation in a Thermal Desorption Modulator. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4168(19980701)21:7<411::aid-jhrc411>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
130
|
Beens J, Boelens H, Tijssen R, Blomberg J. Quantitative Aspects of Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GC×GC). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4168(19980101)21:1<47::aid-jhrc47>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
131
|
|