101
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Yuana Y, Oosterkamp TH, Bahatyrova S, Ashcroft B, Garcia Rodriguez P, Bertina RM, Osanto S. Atomic force microscopy: a novel approach to the detection of nanosized blood microparticles. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8:315-23. [PMID: 19840362 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03654.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microparticles (MPs) are small vesicles released from cells of different origin, bearing surface antigens from parental cells. Elevated numbers of blood MPs have been reported in (cardio)vascular disorders and cancer. Most of these MPs are derived from platelets. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether atomic force microscopy (AFM) can be used to detect platelet-derived MPs and to define their size distribution. METHODS Blood MPs isolated from seven blood donors and three cancer patients were immobilized on a modified mica surface coated with an antibody against CD41 prior to AFM imaging. AFM was performed in liquid-tapping mode to detect CD41-positive MPs. In parallel, numbers of CD41-positive MPs were measured using flow cytometry. Mouse IgG1 isotype control was used as a negative control. RESULTS AFM topography measurements of the number of CD41-positive MPs were reproducible (coefficient of variation=16%). Assuming a spherical shape of unbound MPs, the calculated diameter of CD41-positive MPs (dsph) ranged from 10 to 475 nm (mean: 67.5+/-26.5 nm) and from 5 to 204 nm (mean: 51.4+/-14.9 nm) in blood donors and cancer patients, respectively. Numbers of CD41-positive MPs were 1000-fold higher than those measured by flow cytometry (3-702x10(9) L(-1) plasma vs. 11-626x10(6) L(-1) plasma). After filtration of isolated MPs through a 0.22-microm filter, CD41-positive MPs were still detectable in the filtrate by AFM (mean dsph: 37.2+/-11.6 nm), but not by flow cytometry. CONCLUSIONS AFM provides a novel method for the sensitive detection of defined subsets of MPs in the nanosize range, far below the lower limit of what can be measured by conventional flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yuana
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
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102
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Abstract
AFM (atomic force microscopy) analysis, both of fixed cells, and live cells in physiological environments, is set to offer a step change in the research of cellular function. With the ability to map cell topography and morphology, provide structural details of surface proteins and their expression patterns and to detect pico-Newton force interactions, AFM represents an exciting addition to the arsenal of the cell biologist. With the explosion of new applications, and the advent of combined instrumentation such as AFM-confocal systems, the biological application of AFM has come of age. The use of AFM in the area of biomedical research has been proposed for some time, and is one where a significant impact could be made. Fixed cell analysis provides qualitative and quantitative subcellular and surface data capable of revealing new biomarkers in medical pathologies. Image height and contrast, surface roughness, fractal, volume and force analysis provide a platform for the multiparameter analysis of cell and protein functions. Here, we review the current status of AFM in the field and discuss the important contribution AFM is poised to make in the understanding of biological systems.
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103
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Fantner GE, Schumann W, Barbero RJ, Deutschinger A, Todorov V, Gray DS, Belcher AM, Rangelow IW, Youcef-Toumi K. Use of self-actuating and self-sensing cantilevers for imaging biological samples in fluid. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 20:434003. [PMID: 19801750 PMCID: PMC4035104 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/43/434003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a detailed investigation into the suitability of atomic force microscopy (AFM) cantilevers with integrated deflection sensor and micro-actuator for imaging of soft biological samples in fluid. The Si cantilevers are actuated using a micro-heater at the bottom end of the cantilever. Sensing is achieved through p-doped resistors connected in a Wheatstone bridge. We investigated the influence of the water on the cantilever dynamics, the actuation and the sensing mechanisms, as well as the crosstalk between sensing and actuation. Successful imaging of yeast cells in water using the integrated sensor and actuator shows the potential of the combination of this actuation and sensing method. This constitutes a major step towards the automation and miniaturization required to establish AFM in routine biomedical diagnostics and in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Fantner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - W Schumann
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Ilmenau University of Technology, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - R J Barbero
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A Deutschinger
- ISAS-Institute for Sensor and Actuator Systems, Vienna University of Technology, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - D S Gray
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A M Belcher
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - I W Rangelow
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Ilmenau University of Technology, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - K Youcef-Toumi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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104
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Gang Z, Qi Q, Jing C, Wang C. Measuring microenvironment mechanical stress of rat liver during diethylnitrosamine induced hepatocarcinogenesis by atomic force microscope. Microsc Res Tech 2009; 72:672-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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105
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Kumar S, Parot P, Pellequer JL. Second internationalAFM BioMed Conferenceon AFM in life sciences and medicine, 16-18 October 2008, Monterey, CA, USA. J Mol Recognit 2009; 22:345-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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106
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Wu Y, Lu H, Cai J, He X, Hu Y, Zhao H, Wang X. Membrane Surface Nanostructures and Adhesion Property of T Lymphocytes Exploited by AFM. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2009; 4:942-7. [PMID: 20596371 PMCID: PMC2894100 DOI: 10.1007/s11671-009-9340-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The activation of T lymphocytes plays a very important role in T-cell-mediated immune response. Though there are many related literatures, the changes of membrane surface nanostructures and adhesion property of T lymphocytes at different activation stages have not been reported yet. However, these investigations will help us further understand the biophysical and immunologic function of T lymphocytes in the context of activation. In the present study, the membrane architectures of peripheral blood T lymphocytes were obtained by AFM, and adhesion force of the cell membrane were measured by acquiring force-distance curves. The results indicated that the cell volume increased with the increases of activation time, whereas membrane surface adhesion force decreased, even though the local stiffness for resting and activated cells is similar. The results provided complementary and important data to further understand the variation of biophysical properties of T lymphocytes in the context of in vitro activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzhe Wu
- Chemistry Department, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongsong Lu
- Institution for Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiye Cai
- Chemistry Department, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianhui He
- Institution for Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Hu
- Chemistry Department, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - HongXia Zhao
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510090, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
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107
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Zhu J, Sabharwal T, Guo L, Kalyanasundaram A, Wang G. Gloss phenomena and image analysis of atomic force microscopy in molecular and cell biology. SCANNING 2009; 31:49-58. [PMID: 19191267 PMCID: PMC2808506 DOI: 10.1002/sca.20133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Proper sample preparation, scan setup, data collection and image analysis are key factors in successful atomic force microscopy (AFM), which can avoid gloss phenomena effectively from unreasonable manipulations or instrumental defaults. Fresh cleaved mica and newly treated glass cover were checked first as the substrates for all of the sample preparation for AFM. Then, crystals contamination from buffer was studied separately or combined with several biologic samples, and the influence of scanner, scan mode and cantilever to data collection was also discussed intensively using molecular and cellular samples. At last, images treatment and analysis with off-line software had been focused on standard and biologic samples, and artificial glosses were highly considered for their high probability. SCANNING 31: 49-58, 2009. (c) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhu
- Cardiac Biophysics and Bioengineering Laboratory, College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
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108
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Wu Y, Hu Y, Cai J, Ma S, Wang X, Chen Y, Pan Y. Time-dependent surface adhesive force and morphology of RBC measured by AFM. Micron 2008; 40:359-64. [PMID: 19019689 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a rapidly developing tool recently introduced into the evaluation of the age of bloodstains, potentially providing legal medical experts useful information for forensic investigation. In this study, the time-dependent, morphological changes of red blood cells (RBC) under three different conditions (including controlled, room-temperature condition, uncontrolled, outdoor-environmental condition, and controlled, low-temperature condition) were observed by AFM, as well as the cellular viscoelasticity via force-vs-distance curve measurements. Firstly, the data indicate that substrate types have different effects on cellular morphology of RBC. RBC presented the typical biconcave shape on mica, whereas either the biconcave shape or flattened shape was evident on glass. The mean volume of RBCs on mica was significantly larger than that of cells on glass. Surprisingly, the adhesive property of RBC membrane surfaces was substrate type-independent (the adhesive forces were statistically similar on glass and mica). With time lapse, the changes in cell volume and adhesive force of RBC under the controlled room-temperature condition were similar to those under the uncontrolled outdoor-environmental condition. Under the controlled low-temperature condition, however, the changes in cell volume occurred mainly due to the collapse of RBCs, and the curves of adhesive force showed the dramatic alternations in viscoelasticity of RBC. Taken together, the AFM detections on the time-dependent, substrate type-dependent, environment (temperature/humidity)-dependent changes in morphology and surface viscoelasticity of RBC imply a potential application of AFM in forensic medicine or investigations, e.g., estimating age of bloodstain or death time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzhe Wu
- Chemistry Department, Jinan University, 601 Huang Pu Da DaoXi, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
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