101
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Hydrodynamic size-based separation and characterization of protein aggregates from total cell lysates. Nat Protoc 2014; 10:134-48. [PMID: 25521790 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2015.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Herein we describe a protocol that uses hollow-fiber flow field-flow fractionation (FFF) coupled with multiangle light scattering (MALS) for hydrodynamic size-based separation and characterization of complex protein aggregates. The fractionation method, which requires 1.5 h to run, was successfully modified from the analysis of protein aggregates, as found in simple protein mixtures, to complex aggregates, as found in total cell lysates. In contrast to other related methods (filter assay, analytical ultracentrifugation, gel electrophoresis and size-exclusion chromatography), hollow-fiber flow FFF coupled with MALS allows a flow-based fractionation of highly purified protein aggregates and simultaneous measurement of their molecular weight, r.m.s. radius and molecular conformation (e.g., round, rod-shaped, compact or relaxed). The polyethersulfone hollow fibers used, which have a 0.8-mm inner diameter, allow separation of as little as 20 μg of total cell lysates. In addition, the ability to run the samples in different denaturing and nondenaturing buffer allows defining true aggregates from artifacts, which can form during sample preparation. The protocol was set up using Paraquat-induced carbonylation, a model that induces protein aggregation in cultured cells. This technique will advance the biochemical, proteomic and biophysical characterization of molecular-weight aggregates associated with protein mutations, as found in many CNS degenerative diseases, or chronic oxidative stress, as found in aging, and chronic metabolic and inflammatory conditions.
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102
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Fekete S, Beck A, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Theory and practice of size exclusion chromatography for the analysis of protein aggregates. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 101:161-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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103
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Bouvier ES, Koza SM. Advances in size-exclusion separations of proteins and polymers by UHPLC. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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104
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Marassi V, Roda B, Zattoni A, Tanase M, Reschiglian P. Hollow fiber flow field-flow fractionation and size-exclusion chromatography with multi-angle light scattering detection: A complementary approach in biopharmaceutical industry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1372C:196-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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105
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Nicoud L, Arosio P, Sozo M, Yates A, Norrant E, Morbidelli M. Kinetic Analysis of the Multistep Aggregation Mechanism of Monoclonal Antibodies. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:10595-606. [DOI: 10.1021/jp505295j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucrèce Nicoud
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Arosio
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Margaux Sozo
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Massimo Morbidelli
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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106
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Separation and quantification of monoclonal-antibody aggregates by hollow-fiber-flow field-flow fractionation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:6257-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8065-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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107
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Investigating effects of sample pretreatment on protein stability using size-exclusion chromatography and high-resolution continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2583-90. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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108
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A high throughput ultra performance size exclusion chromatography assay for the analysis of aggregates and fragments of monoclonal antibodies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4155/pbp.14.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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109
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Sandra K, Vandenheede I, Sandra P. Modern chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques for protein biopharmaceutical characterization. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1335:81-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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110
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Schrag D, Corbier M, Raimondi S. Size exclusion-high-performance liquid chromatography (SEC-HPLC). Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1131:507-12. [PMID: 24515486 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-992-5_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
The size exclusion-high-performance liquid chromatography is a high-throughput analytical method, through isocratic condition, that allows to determine and quantify the level of aggregates and fragments of purified antibodies. Here, we describe the preparation of the samples, chromatographic conditions to be used (buffer preparation, quantity injected, flow rate, run time, column suitability, etc.), validity of the analysis, and integration of the chromatogram in order to calculate the proportion of the different components.
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111
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Chang CK, Chen CMM, Chiang MH, Hsu YL, Huang TH. Transient oligomerization of the SARS-CoV N protein--implication for virus ribonucleoprotein packaging. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65045. [PMID: 23717688 PMCID: PMC3662775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleocapsid (N) phosphoprotein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) packages the viral genome into a helical ribonucleocapsid and plays a fundamental role during viral self-assembly. The N protein consists of two structural domains interspersed between intrinsically disordered regions and dimerizes through the C-terminal structural domain (CTD). A key activity of the protein is the ability to oligomerize during capsid formation by utilizing the dimer as a building block, but the structural and mechanistic bases of this activity are not well understood. By disulfide trapping technique we measured the amount of transient oligomers of N protein mutants with strategically located cysteine residues and showed that CTD acts as a primary transient oligomerization domain in solution. The data is consistent with the helical oligomer packing model of N protein observed in crystal. A systematic study of the oligomerization behavior revealed that altering the intermolecular electrostatic repulsion through changes in solution salt concentration or phosphorylation-mimicking mutations affects oligomerization propensity. We propose a biophysical mechanism where electrostatic repulsion acts as a switch to regulate N protein oligomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-ke Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Min Michael Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ming-hui Chiang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yen-lan Hsu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tai-huang Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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112
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Barnard JG, Babcock K, Carpenter JF. Characterization and Quantitation of Aggregates and Particles in Interferon-β Products: Potential Links Between Product Quality Attributes and Immunogenicity. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:915-28. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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113
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Vagenende V, Han AX, Mueller M, Trout BL. Protein-associated cation clusters in aqueous arginine solutions and their effects on protein stability and size. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:416-22. [PMID: 23138654 DOI: 10.1021/cb300440x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Arginine is one of the most prominent residues in protein interactions, and arginine hydrochloride is widely used as an additive in protein solutions because of its exceptional effects on protein association and folding. The molecular origins of arginine effects on protein processes remain, however, controversial, and little is known about the molecular interactions between arginine cations and protein surfaces in aqueous arginine solutions. In this study, we report a unique biochemical phenomenon whereby clusters of arginine cations (Arg(+)) are associated with a protein surface. The formation of protein-associated Arg(+) clusters is initiated by Arg(+) ions that associate with specific protein surface loci through cooperative interactions with protein guanidinium and carboxyl groups. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that protein-associated Arg(+) ions subsequently attract other Arg(+) ions and form dynamic cation clusters that extend further than 10 Å from the protein surface. The effects of arginine on the thermal stability and size of lysozyme and ovalbumin are measured over a wide concentration range (0 to 2 M), and we find that the formation of protein-associated Arg(+) clusters consistently explains the complex effects of arginine on protein stability and size. This study elucidates the molecular mechanisms and implications of cluster formation of Arg(+) ions at a protein surface, and the findings of this study may be used to manipulate synthetic and biological systems through arginine-derived groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Vagenende
- Bioprocessing Technology
Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 20 Biopolis Way #06-01 Centros, 138668 Singapore
| | - Alvin X. Han
- Bioprocessing Technology
Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 20 Biopolis Way #06-01 Centros, 138668 Singapore
| | - Monika Mueller
- Bioprocessing Technology
Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 20 Biopolis Way #06-01 Centros, 138668 Singapore
| | - Bernhardt L. Trout
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts
Avenue, Cambridge, E19-502b, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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114
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Krayukhina E, Uchiyama S, Nojima K, Okada Y, Hamaguchi I, Fukui K. Aggregation analysis of pharmaceutical human immunoglobulin preparations using size-exclusion chromatography and analytical ultracentrifugation sedimentation velocity. J Biosci Bioeng 2013; 115:104-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2012.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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115
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Rea JC, Lou Y, Cuzzi J, Hu Y, de Jong I, Wang YJ, Farnan D. Development of capillary size exclusion chromatography for the analysis of monoclonal antibody fragments extracted from human vitreous humor. J Chromatogr A 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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116
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Hawe A, Romeijn S, Filipe V, Jiskoot W. Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation Method for the Analysis of Submicron Protein Aggregates. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:4129-39. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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117
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Hong P, Koza S, Bouvier ESP. Size-Exclusion Chromatography for the Analysis of Protein Biotherapeutics and their Aggregates. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012; 35:2923-2950. [PMID: 23378719 PMCID: PMC3556795 DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2012.743724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the use and number of biotherapeutics has increased significantly. For these largely protein-based therapies, the quantitation of aggregates is of particular concern given their potential effect on efficacy and immunogenicity. This need has renewed interest in size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). In the following review we will outline the history and background of SEC for the analysis of proteins. We will also discuss the instrumentation for these analyses, including the use of different types of detectors. Method development for protein analysis by SEC will also be outlined, including the effect of mobile phase and column parameters (column length, pore size). We will also review some of the applications of this mode of separation that are of particular importance to protein biopharmaceutical development and highlight some considerations in their implementation.
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118
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Aggregation mechanism of an IgG2 and two IgG1 monoclonal antibodies at low pH: from oligomers to larger aggregates. Pharm Res 2012; 30:641-54. [PMID: 23054090 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0885-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify the aggregation mechanism and the stability characteristics of three different monoclonal antibodies under acidic conditions. METHODS The aggregation kinetics is analyzed by a combination of light scattering, size exclusion chromatography and fluorescence techniques and the aggregation data are correlated to protein structure, hydrophobicity, charge and antibody subclass. RESULTS In the investigated conditions, the antibody aggregation follows a mechanism consisting of two-steps: reversible monomer oligomerization followed by irreversible cluster-cluster aggregation. The kinetics of the two steps is differently affected by the operating conditions: mild destabilizing conditions induce formation of oligomers which are stable within weeks, while stronger denaturing conditions promote aggregation of oligomers to larger aggregates which eventually precipitate. For different antibodies significant differences in both oligomerization and growth rates are found, even for antibodies belonging to the same subclass. For all antibodies the aggregate formation is accompanied by a structure re-organization with an increase in the ordered β-sheet structures. At low pH the aggregation propensity of the investigated antibodies does not correlate with antibody subclass, surface net charge and hydrophobicity of the non-native state. CONCLUSIONS The aggregation mechanism of three antibodies in acidic conditions as well as differences and analogies in their stability behavior has been characterized.
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119
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Davis JM, Zhang N, Payne RW, Murphy BM, Abdul-Fattah AM, Matsuura JE, Herman AC, Manning MC. Stability of lyophilized sucrose formulations of an IgG1: subvisible particle formation. Pharm Dev Technol 2012; 18:883-96. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2012.705295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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120
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High-dose monoclonal antibodies via the subcutaneous route: challenges and technical solutions, an industry perspective. Ther Deliv 2012; 3:889-900. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.12.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the various challenges in product development involved in subcutaneous administration of high-dose monoclonal antibodies and attempts to provide an industry perspective of some of the available technologies and potential avenues to overcome these challenges.
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121
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Berkowitz SA, Engen JR, Mazzeo JR, Jones GB. Analytical tools for characterizing biopharmaceuticals and the implications for biosimilars. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012; 11:527-40. [PMID: 22743980 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biologics such as monoclonal antibodies are much more complex than small-molecule drugs, which raises challenging questions for the development and regulatory evaluation of follow-on versions of such biopharmaceutical products (also known as biosimilars) and their clinical use once patent protection for the pioneering biologic has expired. With the recent introduction of regulatory pathways for follow-on versions of complex biologics, the role of analytical technologies in comparing biosimilars with the corresponding reference product is attracting substantial interest in establishing the development requirements for biosimilars. Here, we discuss the current state of the art in analytical technologies to assess three characteristics of protein biopharmaceuticals that regulatory authorities have identified as being important in development strategies for biosimilars: post-translational modifications, three-dimensional structures and protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Berkowitz
- Analytical Development, Biogen Idec, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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122
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Krayukhina E, Uchiyama S, Fukui K. Effects of rotational speed on the hydrodynamic properties of pharmaceutical antibodies measured by analytical ultracentrifugation sedimentation velocity. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 47:367-74. [PMID: 22728396 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Analytical ultracentrifugation sedimentation velocity (AUC-SV) has recently become one of the most important tools for the measurement of hydrodynamic properties of proteins. Although a number of studies using AUC-SV as applied to pharmaceutical antibodies have been conducted, the effect of rotational speed on molecular properties has not been systematically examined. The present study aimed to elucidate the influence of rotational speed on the hydrodynamic parameters of pharmaceutical antibodies. A monoclonal and a polyclonal antibody were studied by using AUC-SV at 5 different rotor speeds, and the acquired data were analyzed either by using the computer programs SEDFIT or UltraScan. The frictional ratio of the studied antibodies decreased at high rotor speeds, resulting in underestimation of molecular weight. The frictional ratio value of the monoclonal antibody measured at the low rotor speed was consistent with that of human immunoglobulin G1 computed from its three-dimensional structure. The best agreement between the measured molecular weight and the value calculated from the antibody sequence was achieved at the lower rotor speed. Similar to the results obtained using antibodies, AUC-SV analysis of human serum albumin revealed that the frictional ratio and apparent molecular weight behave in a speed-dependent manner. We deduced that the findings were mainly attributable to the hydrostatic pressure in the analytical ultracentrifuge. The current study implies that rotor speed should be carefully considered in antibody studies using AUC-SV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Krayukhina
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
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123
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Guha S, Wayment JR, Tarlov MJ, Zachariah MR. Electrospray–Differential Mobility Analysis as an Orthogonal Tool to Size-Exclusion Chromatography for Characterization of Protein Aggregates. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:1985-94. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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124
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Filipe V, Kükrer B, Hawe A, Jiskoot W. Transient molten globules and metastable aggregates induced by brief exposure of a monoclonal IgG to low pH. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:2327-39. [PMID: 22517069 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The presence of aggregates in therapeutic protein formulations is of great concern due to quality, safety, and efficacy issues. Nonetheless, the mechanisms and kinetics of protein aggregation are only partly understood. In this study, metastable immunoglobulin G (IgG) aggregates induced by a brief exposure to pH 1 were kept at 4°C and analyzed over time by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), nanoparticle tracking analysis, light obscuration, dynamic light scattering, fluorescence spectroscopy, and circular dichroism. The results show the formation of polydisperse aggregates (from dimers to 10-μm particles) shortly after the pH-shift stress. These aggregates increased in size and number over time until a pseudo-equilibrium was reached after 5-7 days. The presence of transient, partially unfolded monomers (molten globules) was detected by SEC with online fluorescent dye detection. The molten globules seemed to either refold into the native state or become involved in aggregation pathways. Seeding pH-shift-induced aggregates into unstressed IgG did not accelerate aggregation during incubation for 3 weeks at 55°C. These results reinforce the role of partially unfolded species in the aggregation of therapeutic proteins. We conclude that the formation of pH-shift-induced IgG aggregates is likely driven by downhill polymerization, as a consequence of successive additions of molten globular monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasco Filipe
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
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125
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Wang G, Johnson AJ, Kaltashov IA. Evaluation of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry as a tool for characterization of small soluble protein aggregates. Anal Chem 2012; 84:1718-24. [PMID: 22240037 DOI: 10.1021/ac203017x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein aggregation continues to attract significant interest in many areas of biology and medicine not only due to its pivotal role in the etiology of conformational diseases (such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's) but also due to its importance in the biopharmaceutical sector, where aggregation of protein therapeutics exerts a deleterious effect on their efficacy and safety. Despite the tremendous success of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI MS) in a large number of studies of noncovalent protein interactions, application of this technique to study aggregation processes has been very limited so far, and lower resolution techniques, such as size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and analytical ultracentrifugation, remain the default tools in characterizing small soluble protein aggregates. In this work we used heat-stressed human antithrombin III (AT), a 58 kDa glycoprotein, to compare SEC and ESI MS as a means to probe composition of the complex mixture of soluble oligomeric species generated by heat-induced aggregation. SEC allows several oligomeric species to be observed and collected, followed by their identification with ESI MS. The same oligomeric species can be also directly observed in the ESI MS of the unfractionated sample of the heat-stressed AT. The abundance distribution of these small soluble aggregates in ESI MS and SEC cannot be compared directly, since the ESI signal is linked to the molar concentration of the analyte in solution, whereas the UV absorption detection in SEC reports weight concentration. However, once the appropriate corrections are made, the abundance of the small aggregates derived from ESI MS becomes remarkably close to that calculated based on SEC data, suggesting that ESI MS may be directly applied for semiquantitative characterization of soluble protein aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanbo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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126
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Juhl C, Beck-Sickinger AG. Molecular tools to characterize adiponectin activity. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2012; 90:31-56. [PMID: 23017711 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398313-8.00002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Within the past years, numerous hormones were found to be secreted by adipose tissue. As these adipokines exert different physiological effects with great importance in obesity, they provide new strategies for the treatment of obesity associated disorders. Adiponectin is one of the most promising targets due to its protective properties in glucose and lipid metabolism, which are mediated by the adiponectin receptor 1 and 2. Within the past decades, substantial progress in understanding the molecular function of this unique ligand-receptor system could be achieved. This review summarizes the most important approaches for the investigation of adiponectin activity. Even though many insights into adipokine function could be achieved, clarification of the detailed mode of action is still challenging. For this reason, this review gives an overview of frequently used methods, which led to the molecular characterization of adiponectin and might help to get more detailed insights into the broad aspects of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathleen Juhl
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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127
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Technology trends in antibody purification. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1221:57-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2011] [Revised: 10/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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128
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Capillary size exclusion chromatography with picogram sensitivity for analysis of monoclonal antibodies purified from harvested cell culture fluid. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1219:140-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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129
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Zölls S, Tantipolphan R, Wiggenhorn M, Winter G, Jiskoot W, Friess W, Hawe A. Particles in therapeutic protein formulations, Part 1: overview of analytical methods. J Pharm Sci 2011; 101:914-35. [PMID: 22161573 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The presence of particles is a major issue during therapeutic protein formulation development. Both proteinaceous and nonproteinaceous particles need to be analyzed not only due to the requirements of the Pharmacopeias but also to monitor the stability of the protein formulation. Increasing concerns about the immunogenic potential together with new developments in particle analysis make a comparative description of established and novel analytical methods useful. Our review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on analytical methods for the detection and characterization of visible and subvisible particles in therapeutic protein formulations. We describe the underlying theory, benefits, shortcomings, and illustrative examples for quantification techniques, as well as characterization techniques for particle shape, morphology, structure, and identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Zölls
- Coriolis Pharma, Am Klopferspitz 19, 82152 Martinsried-Munich, Germany
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130
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Printz M, Friess W. Simultaneous detection and analysis of protein aggregation and protein unfolding by size exclusion chromatography with post column addition of the fluorescent dye BisANS. J Pharm Sci 2011; 101:826-37. [PMID: 22095720 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
For development and optimization of protein formulation sensitive analytical tools are required to follow both aggregation and changes in protein structure. The latter can be seen as the beginning of physical instability leading to aggregation. The focus of this work laid on the development of a novel analysis simultaneously detecting changes in protein conformation and the formation of oligomers. By adding the extrinsic fluorescent dye 4,4'-dianilino-1,1'-binaphthyl-5,5'-disulfonic acid dipotassium salt (BisANS) after size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and UV detection, it was possible to separate protein monomer and oligomers by size, analyze the amount of formed oligomers quantitatively using UV detection, and observe changes in protein structure of different protein species by fluorescence detection. This enabled us to distinguish between native-like and denatured oligomers and monomers formed under different stress conditions. Correspondingly, increased fluorescence reflecting partial unfolding was assigned specifically to monomer, oligomer, or both. The unfolding of monomer is not traceable by commonly used detection methods, but its monitoring may provide important information about activity and long-term stability. By adding the dye after SEC and UV detection, interferences with prior detectors are precluded, excipients are separated avoiding interferences with the protein-dye interaction and, in addition, the dye-protein interaction cannot impact the aggregation formation, as added after the separation of monomer and aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Printz
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, D-81377 Munich, Germany
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131
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Intact protein analysis in the biopharmaceutical field. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:810-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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132
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Affiliation(s)
- R. K. Gilpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435, United States
| | - C. S. Gilpin
- Select-O-Sep, LLC, 111 West Main Street, Freeport, Ohio 43973, United States
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133
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Chromatographic behavior of IgM:DNA complexes. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:2405-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 11/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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134
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Lowe D, Dudgeon K, Rouet R, Schofield P, Jermutus L, Christ D. Aggregation, stability, and formulation of human antibody therapeutics. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2011; 84:41-61. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386483-3.00004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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135
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Nagase K, Yuk SF, Kobayashi J, Kikuchi A, Akiyama Y, Kanazawa H, Okano T. Thermo-responsive protein adsorbing materials for purifying pharmaceuticalprotein on exposed charging surface. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm03453c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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136
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Nagase K, Kobayashi J, Kikuchi A, Akiyama Y, Kanazawa H, Okano T. Thermally-modulated on/off-adsorption materials for pharmaceutical protein purification. Biomaterials 2011; 32:619-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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137
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den Engelsman J, Garidel P, Smulders R, Koll H, Smith B, Bassarab S, Seidl A, Hainzl O, Jiskoot W. Strategies for the assessment of protein aggregates in pharmaceutical biotech product development. Pharm Res 2010; 28:920-33. [PMID: 20972611 PMCID: PMC3063870 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0297-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Within the European Immunogenicity Platform (EIP) ( http://www.e-i-p.eu ), the Protein Characterization Subcommittee (EIP-PCS) has been established to discuss and exchange experience of protein characterization in relation to unwanted immunogenicity. In this commentary, we, as representatives of EIP-PCS, review the current state of methods for analysis of protein aggregates. Moreover, we elaborate on why these methods should be used during product development and make recommendations to the biotech community with regard to strategies for their application during the development of protein therapeutics.
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138
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Kükrer B, Filipe V, van Duijn E, Kasper PT, Vreeken RJ, Heck AJR, Jiskoot W. Mass spectrometric analysis of intact human monoclonal antibody aggregates fractionated by size-exclusion chromatography. Pharm Res 2010; 27:2197-204. [PMID: 20680668 PMCID: PMC2939344 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0224-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to develop a method to characterize intact soluble monoclonal IgG1 antibody (IgG) oligomers by mass spectrometry. Methods IgG aggregates (dimers, trimers, tetramers and high-molecular-weight oligomers) were created by subjecting an IgG formulation to several pH jumps. Protein oligomer fractions were isolated by high performance size exclusion chromatography (HP-SEC), dialyzed against ammonium acetate pH 6.0 (a mass spectrometry-compatible volatile buffer), and analyzed by native electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF MS). Results Monomeric and aggregated IgG fractions in the stressed IgG formulation were successfully isolated by HP-SEC. ESI-TOF MS analysis enabled us to determine the molecular weight of the monomeric IgG as well as the aggregates, including dimers, trimers and tetramers. HP-SEC separation and sample preparation proved to be necessary for good quality signal in ESI-TOF MS. Both the HP-SEC protocol and the ESI-TOF mass spectrometric technique were shown to leave the IgG oligomers largely intact. Conclusions ESI-TOF MS is a useful tool complementary to HP-SEC to identify and characterize small oligomeric protein aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Başak Kükrer
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vasco Filipe
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Esther van Duijn
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group and Netherlands Proteomics Center, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Piotr T. Kasper
- Netherlands Metabolomics Center, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Division of Analytical Biosciences Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J. Vreeken
- Netherlands Metabolomics Center, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Division of Analytical Biosciences Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J. R. Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group and Netherlands Proteomics Center, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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139
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140
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Ohtake S, Arakawa T, Koyama AH. Arginine as a synergistic virucidal agent. Molecules 2010; 15:1408-24. [PMID: 20335989 PMCID: PMC6257253 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15031408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of effective and environmentally friendly disinfectants, or virucidal agents, should help prevent the spread of infectious diseases through human contact with contaminated surfaces. These agents may also be used, if non-toxic to cells and tissues, as chemotherapeutic agents against infectious diseases. We have shown that arginine has a synergistic effect with a variety of virucidal conditions, namely acidic pH and high temperature, on virus inactivation. All of these treatments are effective, however, at the expense of toxicity. The ability of arginine to lower the effective threshold of these parameters may reduce the occurrence of potential toxic side effects. While it is clear that arginine can be safely used, the mechanism of its virus inactivation has not yet been elucidated. Here we examine the damages that viruses suffer from various physical and chemical stresses and their relations to virus inactivation and aggregation. Based on the relationship between the stress-induced structural damages and the infectivity of a virus, we will propose several plausible mechanisms describing the effects of arginine on virus inactivation using the current knowledge of aqueous arginine solution properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ohtake
- Aridis Pharmaceuticals, 5941 Optical Court, San Jose, CA 95138, USA
| | - Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, 3957 Corte Cancion, Thousand Oaks, CA 91360, USA
| | - A. Hajime Koyama
- Division of Virology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Wakayama Medical University Graduate School of Medicine, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
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