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Diaz D, Church J, Young M, Kim KT, Park J, Hwang YB, Santra S, Lee WH. Silica-quaternary ammonium "Fixed-Quat" nanofilm coated fiberglass mesh for water disinfection and harmful algal blooms control. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 82:213-224. [PMID: 31133266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Intensification of pollution loading worldwide has promoted an escalation of different types of disease-causing microorganisms, such as harmful algal blooms (HABs), instigating detrimental impacts on the quality of receiving surface waters. Formation of unwanted disinfection by-products (DBPs) resulting from conventional disinfection technologies reveals the need for the development of new sustainable alternatives. Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs) are cationic surfactants widely known for their effective biocidal properties at the ppm level. In this study, a novel silica-based antimicrobial nanofilm was developed using a composite of silica-modified QAC (Fixed-Quat) and applied to a fiberglass mesh as an active surface via sol-gel technique. The synthesized Fixed-Quat nanocoating was found to be effective against E. coli with an inactivation rate of 1.3 × 10-3 log reduction/cm min. The Fixed-Quat coated fiberglass mesh also demonstrated successful control of Microcystis aeruginosa with more than 99% inactivation after 10 hr of exposure. The developed antimicrobial mesh was also evaluated with wild-type microalgal species collected in a water body experiencing HABs, obtaining a 97% removal efficiency. Overall, the silica-functionalized Fixed-Quat nanocoating showed promising antimicrobial properties for water disinfection and HABs control, while decreasing concerns related to DBPs formation and the possible release of toxic nanomaterials into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Diaz
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, 12800 Pegasus Drive, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
| | - Jared Church
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, 12800 Pegasus Drive, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Mikaeel Young
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Orlando, FL 32826, USA; Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, 6850 Lake Nona Blvd, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Keug Tae Kim
- Department of Environmental & Energy Engineering, Suwon University, 17 Wauan-gil, Bongdam-eup, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 445-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungsu Park
- K-water Institute, Korea Water Resources Corporation, 200 Sintanjin-Ro, Daedeok-Gu, Daejeon 34350, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Bin Hwang
- Department of Environmental & Energy Engineering, Suwon University, 17 Wauan-gil, Bongdam-eup, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 445-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Swadeshmukul Santra
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Orlando, FL 32826, USA; Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, 6850 Lake Nona Blvd, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; Department of Material Science and Engineering, 4000 Central Florida Blvd, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; Department of Chemistry, 4111 Libra Drive, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Woo Hyoung Lee
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, 12800 Pegasus Drive, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
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102
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Jia Q, Song Q, Li P, Huang W. Rejuvenated Photodynamic Therapy for Bacterial Infections. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900608. [PMID: 31240867 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug resistant bacterial strains has hastened the exploration of advanced microbicides and antibacterial techniques. Photodynamic antibacterial therapy (PDAT), an old-fashioned technique, has been rejuvenated to combat "superbugs" and biofilm-associated infections owing to its excellent characteristics of noninvasiveness and broad antibacterial spectrum. More importantly, bacteria are less likely to produce drug resistance to PDAT because it does not require specific targeting interaction between photosensitizers (PSs) and bacteria. This review mainly focuses on recent developments and future prospects of PDAT. The mechanisms of PDAT against bacteria and biofilms are briefly introduced. In addition to classical macrocyclic PSs, several innovative PSs, including non-self-quenching PSs, conjugated polymer-based PSs, and nano-PSs, are summarized in detail. Numerous multifunctional PDAT systems such as in situ light-activated PDAT, stimuli-responsive PDAT, oxygen self-enriching enhanced PDAT, and PDAT-based multimodal therapy are highlighted to overcome the inherent defects of PDAT in vivo (e.g., limited penetration depth of light and hypoxic environment of infectious sites).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyan Jia
- Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE)Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME)Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU) 127 West Youyi Road Xi'an 710072 China
| | - Qing Song
- Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE)Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME)Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU) 127 West Youyi Road Xi'an 710072 China
| | - Peng Li
- Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE)Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME)Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU) 127 West Youyi Road Xi'an 710072 China
| | - Wei Huang
- Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE)Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME)Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU) 127 West Youyi Road Xi'an 710072 China
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103
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Liu W, Li J, Cheng M, Wang Q, Qian Y, Yeung KW, Chu PK, Zhang X. A surface-engineered polyetheretherketone biomaterial implant with direct and immunoregulatory antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Biomaterials 2019; 208:8-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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104
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Xia Q, Tan Q. Towel-like composite: Edge-rich MoS2 nanosheets oriented anchored on curly N-Doped graphene for high-performance lithium and sodium storage. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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105
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Roy S, Mondal A, Yadav V, Sarkar A, Banerjee R, Sanpui P, Jaiswal A. Mechanistic Insight into the Antibacterial Activity of Chitosan Exfoliated MoS2 Nanosheets: Membrane Damage, Metabolic Inactivation, and Oxidative Stress. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:2738-2755. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shounak Roy
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India
| | - Anupam Mondal
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India
| | - Varnika Yadav
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India
| | - Ankita Sarkar
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India
| | - Ruptanu Banerjee
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India
| | - Pallab Sanpui
- Department of Biotechnology, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus, PO Box 345055, Dubai International Academic City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amit Jaiswal
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India
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106
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Zhang Y, Chen S, An J, Fu H, Wu X, Pang C, Gao H. Construction of an Antibacterial Membrane Based on Dopamine and Polyethylenimine Cross-Linked Graphene Oxide. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:2732-2739. [PMID: 33405605 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin University of Technology, No. 391, West Binshui Road, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin University of Technology, No. 391, West Binshui Road, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Jinxia An
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin University of Technology, No. 391, West Binshui Road, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Hao Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin University of Technology, No. 391, West Binshui Road, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Xinshi Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin University of Technology, No. 391, West Binshui Road, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Chengcai Pang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin University of Technology, No. 391, West Binshui Road, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Hui Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin University of Technology, No. 391, West Binshui Road, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
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107
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Zhao Q, Yi L, Jiang L, Ma Y, Lin H, Dong J. Osteogenic activity and antibacterial ability on titanium surfaces modified with magnesium-doped titanium dioxide coating. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:1109-1133. [PMID: 31050592 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To improve the bioactivity and antibacterial activity of titanium (Ti) implants. Materials & methods: Magnesium (Mg)-doped titanium dioxide microporous coatings (Mg-TiO2) were prepared on the surface of Ti implants by plasma electrolytic oxidation. Results: Ti surfaces were covered with porous Mg-TiO2, and Mg was evenly distributed throughout the coating. Mg-TiO2 could not only promote osteoblast adhesion, proliferation and differentiation but also inhibit the colonization and growth of Staphylococcus. In addition, Mg-TiO2 may promote osteogenesis through the ERK/c-Fos signaling pathway as well as the early osseointegration of Ti implants. Conclusion: Mg-TiO2 has both osteogenic and antibacterial effects and thus presents important theoretical significance and clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanming Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Lei Yi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Libo Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Yiqun Ma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Hong Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Jian Dong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
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108
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Wang X, Su K, Tan L, Liu X, Cui Z, Jing D, Yang X, Liang Y, Li Z, Zhu S, Yeung KWK, Zheng D, Wu S. Rapid and Highly Effective Noninvasive Disinfection by Hybrid Ag/CS@MnO 2 Nanosheets Using Near-Infrared Light. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:15014-15027. [PMID: 30933472 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b22136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A bacterial infection on the surface of medical apparatus and instruments as well as artificial implants is threatening human health greatly. Antibiotics and traditional bacterial-killing agents, even silver nanoparticles, can induce bacterial resistance during long-term interaction with bacteria. Hence, rapid surface sterilization and prevention of bacterial infection in the long term are urgent for biomedical devices, especially for artificial implant materials. Herein, a hybridized chitosan (CS), silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), and MnO2 nanosheets coating was designed on the surface of titanium plates, which can ensure the implants a rapid and highly effective antibacterial efficacy of 99.00% against Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus) and 99.25% against Escherichia coli ( E. coli) within 20 min of 808 nm near-infrared light (NIR) irradiation. The exogenous NIR irradiation can trigger the MnO2 nanosheets to produce enough hyperthermia within 10 min, which can combine with a low concentration of prereleased Ag+ from the coating to achieve superior antimicrobial efficacy through synergistic effects. In contrast, either prereleased Ag ions or a photothermal effect alone can achieve much lower antibacterial efficiency under the same concentration, i.e., 24.00% and 30.01% for the former and 30.00% and 42.54% for the later toward S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. The possible cytotoxicity of coatings could be eliminated owing to the low concentration of AgNPs and chitosan encapsulation. Thus, the novel bifunctional coating Ag/CS@MnO2 can exhibit great potential in deep site disinfection of Ti implants through the synergy of prereleased Ag ions and a photothermal effect within a short time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhua Wang
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering , Hubei University , Wuhan 430062 , China
| | - Kun Su
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering , Hubei University , Wuhan 430062 , China
| | - Lei Tan
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering , Hubei University , Wuhan 430062 , China
| | - Xiangmei Liu
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering , Hubei University , Wuhan 430062 , China
| | - Zhenduo Cui
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology by the Ministry of Education of China , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Doudou Jing
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430022 , China
| | - Xianjin Yang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology by the Ministry of Education of China , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Yanqin Liang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology by the Ministry of Education of China , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Zhaoyang Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology by the Ministry of Education of China , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Shengli Zhu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology by the Ministry of Education of China , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Kelvin Wai Kwok Yeung
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam , Hong Kong , China
| | - Dong Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430022 , China
| | - Shuilin Wu
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering , Hubei University , Wuhan 430062 , China
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology by the Ministry of Education of China , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
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109
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Maher S, Mazinani A, Barati MR, Losic D. Engineered titanium implants for localized drug delivery: recent advances and perspectives of Titania nanotubes arrays. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2019; 15:1021-1037. [PMID: 30259776 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2018.1517743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Therapeutics delivery to bones to treat skeletal diseases or prevent postsurgical infections is challenging due to complex and solid bone structure that limits blood supply and diffusion of therapeutics administered by systemic routes to reach effective concentration. Titanium (Ti) and their alloys are employed as mainstream implant materials in orthopedics and dentistry; having superior mechanical/biocompatibility properties which could provide an alternative solution to address this problem. AREAS COVERED This review presents an overview of recent development of Ti drug-releasing implants, with emphasis on nanoengineered Titania nanotubes (TNTs) structures, for solving key problems to improve implants osseointegration, overcome inflammation and infection together with providing localized drug delivery (LDD) for bone diseases including cancer. Critical analysis of the advantages/disadvantages of developed concepts is discussed, their drug loading/releasing performances and specific applications. EXPERT OPINION LDD to bones can address many disorders and postsurgical conditions such as inflammation, implants rejection and infection. To this end, TNTs-Ti implants represent a potential promise for the development of new generation of multifunctional implants with drug release functions. Even this concept is extensively explored recently, there is a strong need for more preclinical studies using animal models to confirm the long-term safety and stability of TNTs-Ti implants for real-life medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheer Maher
- a School of Chemical Engineering , The University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Arash Mazinani
- a School of Chemical Engineering , The University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Mohammad Reza Barati
- a School of Chemical Engineering , The University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Dusan Losic
- a School of Chemical Engineering , The University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia
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110
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Singh G, Sharma M, Vaish R. Tunable surface adsorption and wettability of candle soot coated on ferroelectric ceramics. J Adv Res 2019; 16:35-42. [PMID: 30899587 PMCID: PMC6412814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A ferroelectric Ba0.85Ca0.15Ti0.9Zr0.1O3 (BCZTO) ceramic was prepared using a solid-state reaction route. A coating of candle soot was provided on poled and unpoled BCZTO samples. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of the graphite form of carbon in the candle soot. Scanning Kelvin probe microscopy determined that the highest surface potentials were ∼34 mV and 1.5 V in the unpoled and poled BCZTO samples, respectively. The candle soot was found to adsorb ∼65%, 80%, and 90% of the methylene blue dye present in acidic, neutral, and basic media, respectively, within 3 h. In both the poled and unpoled cases, the BCZTO samples coated with candle soot showed greater adsorption capacities than the uncoated BCZTO sample. In the cases of poled samples coated with candle soot, the adsorption was found to be greater in the case of candle soot coated on a positively charged surface than that for candle soot coated on a negatively charged BCZTO surface in an acidic medium. In a basic medium, the adsorption was found to be greater in the case of candle soot coated on a negatively charged surface than that for candle soot coated on a positively charged BCZTO surface. The contact angle of the candle soot-coated BCZTO sample was found to be hydrophobic (∼149°). The contact angle decreased (∼149-133°) with an increase in temperature (30-70 °C) in the case of candle soot coated on the positive surface of a poled BCZTO sample. The contact angle increased (∼139-149°) with an increase in temperature (30-70 °C) in the case of candle soot coated on the negative surface of a poled BCZTO sample. Internal electric field-assisted (associated with ferroelectric materials) adsorption could be a potential technique to improve adsorption processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rahul Vaish
- School of Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India
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111
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Tian X, Sun Y, Fan S, Boudreau MD, Chen C, Ge C, Yin JJ. Photogenerated Charge Carriers in Molybdenum Disulfide Quantum Dots with Enhanced Antibacterial Activity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:4858-4866. [PMID: 30628779 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b19958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets have received considerable interest due to their superior physicochemical performances to graphene nanosheets. As the lateral size and layer thickness decrease, the formed MoS2 quantum dots (QDs) show more promise as photocatalysts, endowing them with potential antimicrobial properties under environmental conditions. However, studies on the antibacterial photodynamic therapy of MoS2 QDs have rarely been reported. Here, we show that MoS2 QDs more effectively promote the creation and separation of electron-hole pair than MoS2 nanosheets, resulting in the formation of multiple reactive oxygen species (ROS) under simulated solar light irradiation. As a result, photoexcited MoS2 QDs show remarkably enhanced antibacterial activity, and the ROS-mediated oxidative stress plays a dominant role in the antibacterial mechanism. The in vivo experiments showed that MoS2 QDs are efficacious in wound healing under simulated solar light irradiation and exert protective effects on normal tissues, suggesting good biocompatibility properties. Our findings provide a full description of the photochemical behavior of MoS2 QDs and the resulting antibacterial activity, which might advance the development of MoS2-based nanomaterials as photodynamic antibacterial agents under environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Yurong Sun
- School for Life Science , Shanxi University , Taiyuan 030006 , China
| | - Sanhong Fan
- School for Life Science , Shanxi University , Taiyuan 030006 , China
| | - Mary D Boudreau
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson , Arkansas 72079 , United States
| | - Chunying Chen
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China and Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Cuicui Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Jun-Jie Yin
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , College Park , Maryland 20740 , United States
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112
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Wei T, Yu Q, Chen H. Responsive and Synergistic Antibacterial Coatings: Fighting against Bacteria in a Smart and Effective Way. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801381. [PMID: 30609261 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Antibacterial coatings that eliminate initial bacterial attachment and prevent subsequent biofilm formation are essential in a number of applications, especially implanted medical devices. Although various approaches, including bacteria-repelling and bacteria-killing mechanisms, have been developed, none of them have been entirely successful due to their inherent drawbacks. In recent years, antibacterial coatings that are responsive to the bacterial microenvironment, that possess two or more killing mechanisms, or that have triggered-cleaning capability have emerged as promising solutions for bacterial infection and contamination problems. This review focuses on recent progress on three types of such responsive and synergistic antibacterial coatings, including i) self-defensive antibacterial coatings, which can "turn on" biocidal activity in response to a bacteria-containing microenvironment; ii) synergistic antibacterial coatings, which possess two or more killing mechanisms that interact synergistically to reinforce each other; and iii) smart "kill-and-release" antibacterial coatings, which can switch functionality between bacteria killing and bacteria releasing under a proper stimulus. The design principles and potential applications of these coatings are discussed and a brief perspective on remaining challenges and future research directions is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wei
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials; College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Qian Yu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials; College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Hong Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials; College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
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113
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Sun L, Jiang W, Zhang H, Guo Y, Chen W, Jin Y, Chen H, Du K, Dai H, Ji J, Wang B. Photosensitizer-Loaded Multifunctional Chitosan Nanoparticles for Simultaneous in Situ Imaging, Highly Efficient Bacterial Biofilm Eradication, and Tumor Ablation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:2302-2316. [PMID: 30596498 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b19522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, bacterial and viral infections and chronic inflammatory response have emerged as important causes of cancer. Also, infections remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. In this work, carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles (CMC NPs) were synthesized in a facile and green way and further combined with ammonium methylbenzene blue (MB) as a cross-linking agent as well as a fluorescent molecule and a photosensitizer for self-imaging photodynamic therapy (PDT). The obtained CMC-MB NPs exhibited an apparent pH-responsive release behavior of MB, which was released for a prolonged period in a simulated physiological environment (pH 7.4) for more than 15 days and the time reduced to only 3.5 h in acidic conditions (pH 5.5). When irradiated by a 650 nm laser at 202 mW/cm2 for 5 min, the CMC-MB NPs showed efficient bactericidal and biofilm eradication properties as well as suppression of tumor cell growth in a similar acidified microenvironment. Furthermore, in an in vivo rabbit wound bacterial infection model, the rapid sterilization of CMC-MB NPs played a crucial role in bacterial infections, inflammation inhibition, and wound healing. As a PDT treatment against cancer, the CMC-MB NPs also exhibited an efficient antitumor therapeutic effect in a subcutaneous tumor mice model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Sun
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325027 , China
| | - Wenya Jiang
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325027 , China
| | - Hengrui Zhang
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325027 , China
- Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wenzhou 325000 , China
| | - Yishun Guo
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325027 , China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325027 , China
- Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wenzhou 325000 , China
| | - Yingying Jin
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325027 , China
| | - Hao Chen
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325027 , China
- Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wenzhou 325000 , China
| | - Kanghui Du
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325027 , China
| | - Hangdong Dai
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325027 , China
| | - Jian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Bailiang Wang
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325027 , China
- Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wenzhou 325000 , China
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114
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Madhan Kumar A, Adesina AY, Hussein MA, Ramakrishna S, Al-Aqeeli N, Akhtar S, Saravanan S. PEDOT/FHA nanocomposite coatings on newly developed Ti-Nb-Zr implants: Biocompatibility and surface protection against corrosion and bacterial infections. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 98:482-495. [PMID: 30813050 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of bioactive polymer nanocomposite coatings with enhanced biocompatibility and surface protection has been a topic of abundant concern in orthopaedic implant applications. Herein, we electrochemically prepared a novel poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) based nanocomposite coatings with different contents of fluoro hydroxyapatite (FHA) nanoparticles on a newly developed Ti-Nb-Zr (TNZ) alloy; an appropriate approach to advance the surface features of TNZ implants. FTIR, XRD, and Raman analyses of the coating confirm the successful preparation of PEDOT/FHA nanocomposite, and XPS validate the chemical interaction between FHA and PEDOT matrix. SEM and TEM examination show the uniform distribution of spherical FHA nanoparticles inside the PEDOT matrix. Hardness and contact angle measurement results showed improving in the hardness and surface wettability of the coated samples respectively. Electrochemical corrosion tests specified that the PEDOT/FHA coatings exhibit higher corrosion protection than the pure PEDOT coatings. The fabricated nanocomposite coating supports the cell adsorption and proliferation of MG-63 cells. Moreover, antibacterial studies against Gram positive and negative bacteria reveal the enhanced antibacterial performance of the coated TNZ substrates. Our results show the potential applications of PEDOT/FHA nanocomposite as a most viable coating for the orthopaedic implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Madhan Kumar
- Centre of Research Excellence in Corrosion, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Akeem Yusuf Adesina
- Centre of Research Excellence in Corrosion, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - M A Hussein
- Centre of Research Excellence in Corrosion, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suresh Ramakrishna
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea; College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - N Al-Aqeeli
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Akhtar
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute for Research & Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - S Saravanan
- Department of life science, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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115
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Ma M, Liu X, Tan L, Cui Z, Yang X, Liang Y, Li Z, Zheng Y, Yeung KWK, Wu S. Enhancing the antibacterial efficacy of low-dose gentamicin with 5 minute assistance of photothermy at 50 °C. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:1437-1447. [DOI: 10.1039/c8bm01539b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Implant materials are prone to bacterial infections and cause serious consequences, while traditional antibiotic therapy has a long treatment cycle and even causes bacterial resistance.
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116
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Begum S, Pramanik A, Gates K, Gao Y, Ray PC. Antimicrobial Peptide-Conjugated MoS2-Based Nanoplatform for Multimodal Synergistic Inactivation of Superbugs. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 2:769-776. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salma Begum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
| | - Avijit Pramanik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
| | - Kaelin Gates
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
| | - Ye Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
| | - Paresh Chandra Ray
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
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117
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Huang B, Tan L, Liu X, Li J, Wu S. A facile fabrication of novel stuff with antibacterial property and osteogenic promotion utilizing red phosphorus and near-infrared light. Bioact Mater 2018; 4:17-21. [PMID: 30533553 PMCID: PMC6260431 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone-implant materials are important for bone repairing and orthopedics surgery, which include bone plates and bone nails. These materials need to be designed not only considering its biostability and biocompatibility, but also their by-products induced infection after therapy or long-time treatment in vivo. Thus, the development of novel implant materials is quite urgent. Red phosphorus has great biocompatibility and exhibits efficient photothermal ability. Herein, a red phosphorus/IR780/arginine-glycine-asparticacid-cysteine (RGDC) coating on titanium bone-implant was prepared. The temperature sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm is enhanced in the presence of ROS produced by IR780 with 808 nm light irradiation. With keeping the cells and tissues normal, a high antibacterial performance can be realized by near-infrared (808 nm) irradiated within 10 min at 50 °C. Besides the high effective antibacterial efficacy provided by photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT), the RGDC decorated surface can also possess an excellent performance in osteogenesis in vivo. A red phosphorus/IR780/arginine-glycine-asparticacid-cysteine (RGDC) coating on titanium bone-implant was prepared. The temperature sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm is enhanced in the presence of ROS produced by IR780. A high antibacterial performance can be realized by near-infrared (808 nm) irradiated within 10 min at 50 °C. RGDC modified implants exhibit an excellent performance in osteogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Huang
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Xiangmei Liu
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology by the Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Shuilin Wu
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.,School of Materials Science & Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology by the Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
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118
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Gao Q, Zhang X, Yin W, Ma D, Xie C, Zheng L, Dong X, Mei L, Yu J, Wang C, Gu Z, Zhao Y. Functionalized MoS 2 Nanovehicle with Near-Infrared Laser-Mediated Nitric Oxide Release and Photothermal Activities for Advanced Bacteria-Infected Wound Therapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1802290. [PMID: 30307703 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201802290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The rising dangers of bacterial infections have created an urgent need for the development of a new generation of antibacterial nanoagents and therapeutics. A new near-infrared 808 nm laser-mediated nitric oxide (NO)-releasing nanovehicle (MoS2 -BNN6) is reported through the simple assembly of α-cyclodextrin-modified MoS2 nanosheets with a heat-sensitive NO donor N,N'-di-sec-butyl-N,N'-dinitroso-1,4-phenylenediamine (BNN6) for the rapid and effective treatment of three typical Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria (ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli, heat-resistant Escherichia faecalis, and pathogen Staphylococcus aureus). This MoS2 -BNN6 nanovehicle has good biocompatibility and can be captured by bacteria to increase opportunities of NO diffusion to the bacterial surface. Once stimulated by 808 nm laser irradiation, the MoS2 -BNN6 nanovehicle not only exhibits photothermal therapy (PTT) efficacy but also can precisely control NO release, generating oxidative/nitrosative stress. The temperature-enhanced catalytic function of MoS2 induced by 808 nm laser irradiation simultaneously accelerates the oxidation of glutathione. This acceleration disrupts the balance of antioxidants, ultimately resulting in significant DNA damage to the bacteria. Within 10 min, the MoS2 -BNN6 with enhanced PTT/NO synergetic antibacterial function achieves >97.2% inactivation of bacteria. The safe synergetic therapy strategy can also effectively repair wounds through the formation of collagen fibers and elimination of inflammation during tissue reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Gao
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenyan Yin
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dongqing Ma
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Changjian Xie
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lirong Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xinghua Dong
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Linqiang Mei
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chaozhan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Zhanjun Gu
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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119
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Agarwal V, Chatterjee K. Recent advances in the field of transition metal dichalcogenides for biomedical applications. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:16365-16397. [PMID: 30151537 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr04284e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nanosheets of transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDs), the graphene-like two-dimensional (2D) materials, exhibit a unique combination of properties and have attracted enormous research interest for a wide range of applications including catalysis, functional electronics, solid lubrication, photovoltaics, energy materials and most recently in biomedical applications. Their potential for use in biosensors, drug delivery, multimodal imaging, antimicrobial agents and tissue engineering is being actively studied. However, the commercial translation of exfoliated TMDs has been limited due to the low aqueous solubility, non-uniformity, lack of control over the layer thickness, and the long-term colloidal stability of the exfoliated material. There is wide interest in the synthesis and exfoliation of TMDs resulting in the reporting of increasing numbers of new methods and their biomedical applications. The unique physicochemical characteristics of the TMD nanosheets have been exploited to tether them with biological payload to achieve selective localized delivery in vivo. The large surface-to-volume ratio, good cytocompatibility, ease of surface modification, tunable bandgap, strong spin-orbit coupling, and high optical and thermal conversion efficiency of TMD nanosheets make them favorable over traditional nanomaterials for biomedical research. Moreover, the presence of abundant active edge sites on the 2D TMDs makes them suitable for catalytic activities, while the large surface area and the interspace between layers are particularly conducive to ion or small molecule intercalation, making them useful for energy storage applications with rapid redox reaction capabilities. One of the major limitations of the exfoliated TMDs has been their limited colloidal stability in aqueous media. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the exfoliation and synthesis of single-layered TMDs, their biomedical efficacy in terms of cytotoxicity, combinatorial therapy and diagnostic imaging, as well as antimicrobial activity. We highlight the current challenges in the field and propose strategies for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipul Agarwal
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India.
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