101
|
Hashimoto C, Nomura W, Narumi T, Fujino M, Tsutsumi H, Haseyama M, Yamamoto N, Murakami T, Tamamura H. Anti-HIV-1 peptide derivatives based on the HIV-1 Co-receptor CXCR4. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:1668-72. [PMID: 24039179 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) uses CD4 and the co-receptor CCR5 or CXCR4 in the process of cell entry. The negatively charged extracellular domains of CXCR4 (CXCR4-ED) interact with positive charges on the V3 loop of gp120, facilitating binding via electrostatic interactions. The presence of highly conserved positively charged residues in the V3 loop suggests that CXCR4-ED-derived inhibitors might be broadly effective inhibitors. Synthetic peptide derivatives were evaluated for anti-HIV-1 activity. The 39-mer extracellular N-terminal region (NT) was divided into three fragments with 10-mer overlapping sites (N1-N3), and these linear peptides were synthesized. Peptide N1 contains Met 1-Asp 20 and shows significant anti-HIV-1 activity. Extracellular loops 1 and 2 (ECL1 and 2) were mimicked by cyclic peptides C1 and C2, which were synthesized by chemoselective cyclization. Cyclic peptides C1 and C2 show higher anti-HIV-1 activity than their linear peptide counterparts, L1 and L2. The cytotoxicities of C1 and C2 are lower than those of L1 and L2. These results indicate that Met 1-Asp 20 segments of the NT and cyclic peptides of ECL1 and ECL2 are potent anti-HIV-1 drug candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chie Hashimoto
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062 (Japan)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
102
|
Ziarek JJ, Liu Y, Smith E, Zhang G, Peterson FC, Chen J, Yu Y, Chen Y, Volkman BF, Li R. Fragment-based optimization of small molecule CXCL12 inhibitors for antagonizing the CXCL12/CXCR4 interaction. Curr Top Med Chem 2013; 12:2727-40. [PMID: 23368099 DOI: 10.2174/1568026611212240003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine CXCL12 and its G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) CXCR4 are high-priority clinical targets because of their involvement in metastatic cancers (also implicated in autoimmune disease and cardiovascular disease). Because chemokines interact with two distinct sites to bind and activate their receptors, both the GPCRs and chemokines are potential targets for small molecule inhibition. A number of chemokines have been validated as targets for drug development, but virtually all drug discovery efforts focus on the GPCRs. However, all CXCR4 receptor antagonists with the exception of MSX-122 have failed in clinical trials due to unmanageable toxicities, emphasizing the need for alternative strategies to interfere with CXCL12/CXCR4-guided metastatic homing. Although targeting the relatively featureless surface of CXCL12 was presumed to be challenging, focusing efforts at the sulfotyrosine (sY) binding pockets proved successful for procuring initial hits. Using a hybrid structure-based in silico/NMR screening strategy, we recently identified a ligand that occludes the receptor recognition site. From this initial hit, we designed a small fragment library containing only nine tetrazole derivatives using a fragment-based and bioisostere approach to target the sY binding sites of CXCL12. Compound binding modes and affinities were studied by 2D NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, molecular docking and cell-based functional assays. Our results demonstrate that the sY binding sites are conducive to the development of high affinity inhibitors with better ligand efficiency (LE) than typical protein-protein interaction inhibitors (LE ≤ 0.24). Our novel tetrazole-based fragment 18 was identified to bind the sY21 site with a K(d) of 24 μM (LE = 0.30). Optimization of 18 yielded compound 25 which specifically inhibits CXCL12-induced migration with an improvement in potency over the initial hit 9. The fragment from this library that exhibited the highest affinity and ligand efficiency (11: K(d) = 13 μM, LE = 0.33) may serve as a starting point for development of inhibitors targeting the sY12 site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Ziarek
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
103
|
Beider K, Ribakovsky E, Abraham M, Wald H, Weiss L, Rosenberg E, Galun E, Avigdor A, Eizenberg O, Peled A, Nagler A. Targeting the CD20 and CXCR4 pathways in non-hodgkin lymphoma with rituximab and high-affinity CXCR4 antagonist BKT140. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:3495-507. [PMID: 23637121 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chemokine axis CXCR4/CXCL12 is critically involved in the survival and trafficking of normal and malignant B lymphocytes. Here, we investigated the effect of high-affinity CXCR4 antagonist BKT140 on lymphoma cell growth and rituximab-induced cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In vitro efficacy of BKT140 alone or in combination with rituximab was determined in non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) cell lines and primary samples from bone marrow aspirates of patients with NHL. In vivo efficacy was evaluated in xenograft models of localized and disseminated NHL with bone marrow involvement. RESULTS Antagonizing CXCR4 with BKT140 resulted in significant inhibition of CD20+ lymphoma cell growth and in the induction of cell death, respectively. Combination of BKT140 with rituximab significantly enhanced the apoptosis against the lymphoma cells in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, rituximab induced CXCR4 expression in lymphoma cell lines and primary lymphoma cells, suggesting the possible interaction between CD20 and CXCR4 pathways in NHL. Primary bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) further increased CXCR4 expression and protected NHL cells from rituximab-induced apoptosis, whereas BKT140 abrogated this protective effect. Furthermore, BKT140 showed efficient antilymphoma activity in vivo in the xenograft model of disseminated NHL with bone marrow involvement. BKT140 treatment inhibited the local tumor progression and significantly reduced the number of NHL cells in the bone marrow. Combined treatment of BKT140 with rituximab further decreased the number of viable lymphoma cells in the bone marrow, achieving 93% reduction. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest the possible role of CXCR4 in NHL progression and response to rituximab and provide the scientific basis for the development of novel CXCR4-targeted therapies for refractory NHL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katia Beider
- Division of Hematology, Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cord Blood Bank, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
104
|
Karaboga AS, Planesas JM, Petronin F, Teixidó J, Souchet M, Pérez-Nueno VI. Highly SpecIfic and Sensitive Pharmacophore Model for Identifying CXCR4 Antagonists. Comparison with Docking and Shape-Matching Virtual Screening Performance. J Chem Inf Model 2013; 53:1043-56. [DOI: 10.1021/ci400037y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud S. Karaboga
- Harmonic Pharma, Espace Transfert, 615 rue du Jardin Botanique, 54600
Villers lès Nancy, France
| | - Jesús M. Planesas
- Grup d’Enginyeria Molecular,
Institut Químic de Sarrià (IQS), Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Florent Petronin
- Harmonic Pharma, Espace Transfert, 615 rue du Jardin Botanique, 54600
Villers lès Nancy, France
| | - Jordi Teixidó
- Grup d’Enginyeria Molecular,
Institut Químic de Sarrià (IQS), Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michel Souchet
- Harmonic Pharma, Espace Transfert, 615 rue du Jardin Botanique, 54600
Villers lès Nancy, France
| | - Violeta I. Pérez-Nueno
- Harmonic Pharma, Espace Transfert, 615 rue du Jardin Botanique, 54600
Villers lès Nancy, France
- Grup d’Enginyeria Molecular,
Institut Químic de Sarrià (IQS), Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Wilkinson RA, Pincus SH, Song K, Shepard JB, Weaver AJ, Labib ME, Teintze M. Improved guanide compounds which bind the CXCR4 co-receptor and inhibit HIV-1 infection. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:2197-201. [PMID: 23434419 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.01.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The G-protein coupled receptor CXCR4 is a co-receptor for HIV-1 infection and is involved in signaling cell migration and proliferation. In a previous study of non-peptide, guanide-based CXCR4-binding compounds, spermine and spermidine phenylguanides inhibited HIV-1 entry at low micromolar concentrations. Subsequently, crystal structures of CXCR4 were used to dock a series of naphthylguanide derivatives of the polyamines spermidine and spermine. Synthesis and evaluation of the naphthylguanide compounds identified our best compound, spermine tris-1-naphthylguanide, which bound CXCR4 with an IC(50) of 40 nM and inhibited the infection of TZM-bl cells with X4, but not R5, strains of HIV-1 with an IC(50) of 50-100 nM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Royce A Wilkinson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, 155 Chemistry & Biochemistry Building, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
106
|
Wald O, Shapira OM, Izhar U. CXCR4/CXCL12 axis in non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) pathologic roles and therapeutic potential. Am J Cancer Res 2013; 3:26-33. [PMID: 23382783 PMCID: PMC3563078 DOI: 10.7150/thno.4922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the second most common malignancy and the leading cause of cancer-related death in the western world. Moreover, despite advances in surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the death rate from lung cancer remains high and the reported overall five-year survival rate is only 15%. Thus, novel treatments for this devastating disease are urgently needed. Chemokines, a family of 48 chemotactic cytokines interacts with their 7 transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors, to guide immune cell trafficking in the body under both physiologic and pathologic conditions. Tumor cells, which express a relatively restricted repertoire of chemokine and chemokine receptors, utilize and manipulate the chemokine system in a manner that benefits both local tumor growth and distant dissemination. Among the 19 chemokine receptors, CXCR4 is the receptor most widely expressed by malignant tumors and whose role in tumor biology is most thoroughly studied. The chemokine CXCL12, which is the sole ligand of CXCR4, is highly expressed in primary lung cancer as well as in the bone marrow, liver, adrenal glands and brain, which are all sites for lung cancer metastasis. This review focuses on the pathologic role of the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis in NSCLC and on the potential therapeutic implication of targeting this axis for the treatment of NSCLC.
Collapse
|
107
|
Bumpers H, Huang MB, Katkoori V, Manne U, Bond V. Nef-M1, a CXCR4 Peptide Antagonist, Enhances Apoptosis and Inhibits Primary Tumor Growth and Metastasis in Breast Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 4:898-906. [PMID: 25285238 PMCID: PMC4181386 DOI: 10.4236/jct.2013.44101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Results from studies with animal models suggest that, in many cancers, CXCR4 is an important therapeutic target and that CXCR4 antagonists may be promising treatments for primary cancers and for metastases. The Nef protein effectively competes with CXCR4’s natural ligand, SDF-1α, and induces apoptosis. As described in this report, the Nef-M1 peptide (Nef protein amino acids 50 – 60) inhibits primary tumor growth and metastasis of breast cancer (BC). Four BC cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, MCF 7, and DU4475) and primary human mammary epithelium (HME) cells were evaluated for their response to the Nef protein and to the Nef-M1 peptide. The presence of CXCR4 receptors in these cells was determined by RT-PCR, Western blot (WB), and immunohistochemical analyses. The apoptotic effect of Nef-M1 was assessed by terminal transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL). WBs was used to assess caspase 3 activation. BC xenografts grown in SCID mice were evaluated for the presence of CXCR4 and for their metastatic potential. CXCR4 was presented in MDA-MB-231, MCF 7, and DU 4475 BC cells but not in MDA-MB-468 BC or HME cells. Cells expressing CXCR4 and treated with Nef-M1 peptide or the Nef protein had higher rates of apoptosis than untreated cells. Caspase-3 activation increased in MDA-MB 231 cells treated with the Nef protein, the Nef 41 – 60 peptide, or Nef-M1. Nef-M1, administered to mice starting at the time of xenograft implantation, inhibited growth of primary tumors and metastatic spread. Untreated mice developed diffuse intraperitoneal metastases. We conclude that, in BCs, Nef-M1, through interaction with CXCR4, inhibits primary tumor growth and metastasis by causing apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harvey Bumpers
- Department of Surgery, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Lansing, USA
| | - Ming-Bo Huang
- Department of Biochemistry Microbiology and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Venkat Katkoori
- Department of Surgery, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Lansing, USA
| | - Upender Manne
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Vincent Bond
- Department of Biochemistry Microbiology and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Aboye TL, Ha H, Majumder S, Christ F, Debyser Z, Shekhtman A, Neamati N, Camarero JA. Design of a novel cyclotide-based CXCR4 antagonist with anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 activity. J Med Chem 2012; 55:10729-34. [PMID: 23151033 DOI: 10.1021/jm301468k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report for the first time the design and synthesis of a novel cyclotide able to efficiently inhibit HIV-1 viral replication by selectively targeting cytokine receptor CXCR4. This was accomplished by grafting a series of topologically modified CVX15 based peptides onto the loop 6 of cyclotide MCoTI-I. The most active compound produced in this study was a potent CXCR4 antagonist (EC50≈20 nM) and an efficient HIV-1 cell-entry blocker (EC50≈2 nM). This cyclotide also showed high stability in human serum, thereby providing a promising lead compound for the design of a novel type of peptide-based anticancer and anti-HIV-1 therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teshome L Aboye
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
109
|
Fahham D, Weiss ID, Abraham M, Beider K, Hanna W, Shlomai Z, Eizenberg O, Zamir G, Izhar U, Shapira OM, Peled A, Wald O. In vitro and in vivo therapeutic efficacy of CXCR4 antagonist BKT140 against human non–small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012; 144:1167-1175.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
110
|
Narumi T, Aikawa H, Tanaka T, Hashimoto C, Ohashi N, Nomura W, Kobayakawa T, Takano H, Hirota Y, Murakami T, Yamamoto N, Tamamura H. Low-Molecular-Weight CXCR4 Ligands with Variable Spacers. ChemMedChem 2012; 8:118-24. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
111
|
Okorochenkov SA, Zheltukhina GA, Nebol'sin VE. [Antimicrobial peptides: mode of action and perspectives of practical application]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2012; 58:131-43. [PMID: 22724354 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20125802131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This review is devoted to antimicrobial peptides (AMP's) that demonstrate activity against bacteria, viruses and fungi. It considers structure and mechanism of AMP interaction with lipid membrane and intracellular targets of pathogens. Special attention is paid to modem state and perspectives of AMP practical application and also to approaches that increase efficacy and reduce toxicity of AMP by chemical modification of their structure.
Collapse
|
112
|
Planesas JM, Pérez-Nueno VI, Borrell JI, Teixidó J. Impact of the CXCR4 structure on docking-based virtual screening of HIV entry inhibitors. J Mol Graph Model 2012; 38:123-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
113
|
Demmer O, Frank AO, Hagn F, Schottelius M, Marinelli L, Cosconati S, Brack-Werner R, Kremb S, Wester HJ, Kessler H. Erhöhte CXCR4-Affinität und Anti-HIV-Aktivität eines Peptoids durch Konformationsfixierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201202090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
114
|
Demmer O, Frank AO, Hagn F, Schottelius M, Marinelli L, Cosconati S, Brack-Werner R, Kremb S, Wester HJ, Kessler H. A Conformationally Frozen Peptoid Boosts CXCR4 Affinity and Anti-HIV Activity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:8110-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201202090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
115
|
A simple, rapid, and sensitive system for the evaluation of anti-viral drugs in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 424:257-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.06.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
116
|
Kuil J, Buckle T, van Leeuwen FWB. Imaging agents for the chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:5239-61. [PMID: 22743644 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35085h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between the chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1, also known as CXCL12) is a natural regulatory process in the human body. However, CXCR4 over-expression is also found in diseases such as cancer, where it plays a role in, among others, the metastatic spread. For this reason it is an interesting biomarker for the field of diagnostic oncology, and therefore, it is gaining increasing interest for applications in molecular imaging. Especially "small-molecule" imaging agents based on T140, FC131 and AMD3100 have been extensively studied. SDF-1, antibodies, pepducins and bioluminescence have also been used to visualize CXCR4. In this critical review reported CXCR4 targeting imaging agents are described based on their affinity, specificity and biodistribution. The level wherein CXCR4 is up-regulated in cancer patients and its relation to the different cell lines and animal models used to evaluate the efficacy of the imaging agents is also discussed (221 references).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joeri Kuil
- Department of Radiology, Interventional Molecular Imaging, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
117
|
Nimmagadda S. Differential Expression of Chemokine Receptors and their Roles in Cancer Imaging. Front Oncol 2012; 2:46. [PMID: 22662317 PMCID: PMC3362738 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine/chemokine receptor interactions play diverse roles in cell migration and homeostasis. Emerging evidence suggests that cancer cells co-opt chemokine networks for survival, proliferation, immune evasion, and metastasis. Most of the chemokine receptors are reported to be involved in tumor progression. Given their extensive implication in cancer progression, several chemokine receptor/ligand axes are considered as potential therapeutic targets. This review provides a survey of chemokine receptor expression in cancer and evaluates the potential of chemokine receptor imaging as a tool for molecular characterization of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Nimmagadda
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Eade CR, Wood MP, Cole AM. Mechanisms and modifications of naturally occurring host defense peptides for anti-HIV microbicide development. Curr HIV Res 2012; 10:61-72. [PMID: 22264047 DOI: 10.2174/157016212799304580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in the treatment of HIV infection, heterosexual transmission of HIV remains high, and vaccines to prevent HIV acquisition have been unfruitful. Vaginal microbicides, on the other hand, have demonstrated considerable potential for HIV prevention, and a variety of compounds have been screened for their activity and safety as anti-HIV microbicides. Among these are the naturally occurring host defense peptides, small peptides from diverse lineages with intrinsic antiviral activity. Naturally occurring host defense peptides with anti-HIV activity are promising candidates for vaginal microbicide development. Their structural variance and accompanying mechanistic diversity provide a wide range of inhibitors whose antiviral activity can be exerted at nearly every stage of the HIV lifecycle. Additionally, peptide modification has been explored as a method for improving the anti-HIV activity of host defense peptides. Structure- and sequence-based alterations have achieved varying success in improving the potency and specificity of anti-HIV peptides. Overall, peptides have been discovered or engineered to inhibit HIV with therapeutic indices of > 1000, encouraging their advancement toward clinical trials. Here we review the naturally occurring anti-HIV host defense peptides, demonstrating their breadth of mechanistic diversity, and exploring approaches to enhance and optimize their activity in order to expedite their development as safe and effective anti-HIV vaginal microbicides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen R Eade
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
119
|
Masuda R, Oishi S, Tanahara N, Ohno H, Hirasawa A, Tsujimoto G, Yano Y, Matsuzaki K, Navenot JM, Peiper SC, Fujii N. Paradoxical Downregulation of CXC Chemokine Receptor 4 Induced by Polyphemusin II-Derived Antagonists. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:1259-65. [DOI: 10.1021/bc300084h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Masuda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto
606-8501, Japan
| | - Shinya Oishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto
606-8501, Japan
| | - Noriko Tanahara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto
606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ohno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto
606-8501, Japan
| | - Akira Hirasawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto
606-8501, Japan
| | - Gozoh Tsujimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto
606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto
606-8501, Japan
| | - Katsumi Matsuzaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto
606-8501, Japan
| | - Jean-Marc Navenot
- Department
of Pathology, Anatomy
and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, United States
| | - Stephen C. Peiper
- Department
of Pathology, Anatomy
and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, United States
| | - Nobutaka Fujii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto
606-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Narumi T, Tanaka T, Hashimoto C, Nomura W, Aikawa H, Sohma A, Itotani K, Kawamata M, Murakami T, Yamamoto N, Tamamura H. Pharmacophore-based small molecule CXCR4 ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:4169-72. [PMID: 22579418 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Low molecular weight CXCR4 ligands were developed based on the peptide T140, which has previously been identified as a potent CXCR4 antagonist. Some compounds with naphthyl, fluorobenzyl and pyridyl moieties as pharmacophore groups in the molecule showed significant CXCR4-binding activity and anti-HIV activity. Structure-activity relationships were studied and characteristics of each of these three moieties necessary for CXCR4 binding were defined. In this way, CXCR4 ligands with two types of recognition modes for CXCR4 have been found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Narumi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
121
|
Yoshikawa Y, Kobayashi K, Oishi S, Fujii N, Furuya T. Molecular modeling study of cyclic pentapeptide CXCR4 antagonists: New insight into CXCR4–FC131 interactions. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:2146-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.01.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
122
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During embryogenesis, CXCR4, a chemokine receptor, and its ligand, stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12), are critically involved in the development of the hematopoietic, nerve and endothelial tissues by regulating tissue progenitor cell migration, homing and survival. In adult life, the CXCR4 axis serves as the key factor for stem and immune cell trafficking. More importantly, CXCR4-CXCL12 axis plays a critical role in HIV, stem cell mobilization, autoimmune diseases, cancer and tissue regeneration. Targeting the CXCR4-CXCL12 axis, therefore, is an attractive therapeutic approach in various diseases. AREAS COVERED In this review, we update current knowledge about CXCR4-CXCL12 biology, therapeutic approaches and therapeutic agents. The data presented was collected from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed , http://clinicaltrials.gov/ , http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/ . EXPERT OPINION Development of CXCR4 antagonists with increased affinity, extended pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics and with the capacity to differentially target CXCR4 may lead to a development of novel therapeutics for HIV, cancer, tissue regeneration and stem cell collection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amnon Peled
- Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital , Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
123
|
Conjugation of cell-penetrating peptides leads to identification of anti-HIV peptides from matrix proteins. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:1468-74. [PMID: 22277590 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 12/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Compounds which inhibit the HIV-1 replication cycle have been found amongst fragment peptides derived from an HIV-1 matrix (MA) protein. Overlapping peptide libraries covering the whole sequence of MA were designed and constructed with the addition of an octa-arginyl group to increase their cell membrane permeability. Imaging experiments with fluorescent-labeled peptides demonstrated these peptides with an octa-arginyl group can penetrate cell membranes. The fusion of an octa-arginyl group was proven to be an efficient way to find active peptides in cells such as HIV-inhibitory peptides.
Collapse
|
124
|
Knight JC, Wuest FR. Nuclear (PET/SPECT) and optical imaging probes targeting the CXCR4 chemokine receptor. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20117h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
125
|
Oishi S, Fujii N. Peptide and peptidomimetic ligands for CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:5720-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25107h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
126
|
Tamamura H. Development of Anti-HIV Agents Based on Chemical Biology. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2012; 132:69-78. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.132.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Tamamura
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Choi WT, Duggineni S, Xu Y, Huang Z, An J. Drug discovery research targeting the CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). J Med Chem 2011; 55:977-94. [PMID: 22085380 DOI: 10.1021/jm200568c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Won-Tak Choi
- Department of Pathology, The University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
128
|
Gourni E, Demmer O, Schottelius M, D'Alessandria C, Schulz S, Dijkgraaf I, Schumacher U, Schwaiger M, Kessler H, Wester HJ. PET of CXCR4 Expression by a 68Ga-Labeled Highly Specific Targeted Contrast Agent. J Nucl Med 2011; 52:1803-10. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.111.098798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
129
|
Sison EAR, Brown P. The bone marrow microenvironment and leukemia: biology and therapeutic targeting. Expert Rev Hematol 2011; 4:271-83. [PMID: 21668393 DOI: 10.1586/ehm.11.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple studies have demonstrated that interaction with the bone marrow stromal microenvironment contributes to the survival of leukemia cells. One explanation for this phenomenon is the interaction between the cell surface receptors CXCR4 and CXCL12. Through CXCL12/CXCR4-mediated chemotaxis, leukemia cells migrate to microscopic niches within the bone marrow, which leads to increased proliferation and survival. Several studies have suggested that increased CXCR4 expression may portend a poor prognosis in various types of leukemia, possibly due to increased protection of leukemia cells by bone marrow stroma. A potential therapeutic strategy to overcome this stromal-mediated survival advantage is to target CXCR4. Inhibition of CXCR4 may allow leukemia cells to be released from bone marrow niches that confer resistance to chemotherapy and negate the survival benefit imparted by bone marrow stroma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward Allan R Sison
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
130
|
Demmer O, Dijkgraaf I, Schumacher U, Marinelli L, Cosconati S, Gourni E, Wester HJ, Kessler H. Design, synthesis, and functionalization of dimeric peptides targeting chemokine receptor CXCR4. J Med Chem 2011; 54:7648-62. [PMID: 21905730 DOI: 10.1021/jm2009716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is a critical regulator of inflammation and immune surveillance, and it is specifically implicated in cancer metastasis and HIV-1 infection. On the basis of the observation that several of the known antagonists remarkably share a C(2) symmetry element, we constructed symmetric dimers with excellent antagonistic activity using a derivative of a cyclic pentapeptide as monomer. To optimize the binding affinity, we investigated the influence of the distance between the monomers and the pharmacophoric sites in the synthesized constructs. The affinity studies in combination with docking computations support a two-site binding model. In a final step, 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) was introduced as chelator for (radio-)metals, thus allowing to exploit these compounds as a new group of CXCR4-binding peptidic probes for molecular imaging and endoradiotherapeutic purposes. Both the DOTA conjugates and some of their corresponding metal complexes retain good CXCR4 affinity, and one (68)Ga labeled compound was studied as PET tracer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Demmer
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
131
|
Hashimoto C, Tanaka T, Narumi T, Nomura W, Tamamura H. The successes and failures of HIV drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6:1067-90. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.611129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
132
|
Lefrançois M, Lefebvre MR, Saint-Onge G, Boulais PE, Lamothe S, Leduc R, Lavigne P, Heveker N, Escher E. Agonists for the Chemokine Receptor CXCR4. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:597-602. [PMID: 21841963 PMCID: PMC3155278 DOI: 10.1021/ml200084n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
![]()
The development of agonists for the chemokine receptor CXCR4 could provide promising therapeutic candidates. On the basis of previously forwarded two site model of chemokine–receptor interactions, we hypothesized that linking the agonistic N-terminus of SDF-1 to the T140 backbone would yield new high-affinity agonists of CXCR4. We developed chimeras with the agonistic SDF-1 N-terminus grafted to a T140 side chain and tested their binding affinity and chemotactic agonist activity. While chimeras with the peptide grafted onto position 12 of T140 remained high-affinity antagonists, those bearing the peptide on position 14 were in part agonists. One chimera was a full CXCR4 agonist with 25 nM affinity, and several chimeras showed low nanomolar affinities with partial agonist activity. Our results confirmed that we have developed high-affinity agonists of CXCR4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marilou Lefrançois
- Département de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Marie-Reine Lefebvre
- Département de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | | | - Philip E. Boulais
- Département de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Simon Lamothe
- Centre de Recherche, Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec H3T 1C5, Canada
- Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Richard Leduc
- Département de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Pierre Lavigne
- Département de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Nikolaus Heveker
- Centre de Recherche, Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec H3T 1C5, Canada
- Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Emanuel Escher
- Département de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Burger JA, Stewart DJ, Wald O, Peled A. Potential of CXCR4 antagonists for the treatment of metastatic lung cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2011; 11:621-30. [PMID: 21504328 DOI: 10.1586/era.11.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy over the last decades, the death rate from lung cancer has remained largely unchanged, which is mainly due to metastatic disease. Because of the overall poor prognosis, new treatment strategies for lung cancer patients are urgently needed, and targeting CXCR4 constitutes such a novel, attractive strategy. Tumor cell migration and metastasis share many similarities with leukocyte trafficking, which is critically regulated by chemokine receptors and adhesion molecules. Lung cancer cells express CXCR4 (CD184), a seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor. Stromal cells within the tumor microenvironment constitutively secrete stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12), the ligand for CXCR4. Activation of CXCR4 induces lung cancer cell migration and adhesion to stromal cells, which in turn provides growth- and drug-resistance signals to the tumor cells. CXCR4 antagonists, such as Plerixafor (AMD3100) and T140 analogues (TN14003/BKT140), can disrupt CXCR4-mediated tumor cell adhesion to stromal cells and sensitize lung cancer cells to cytotoxic drugs. Therefore, targeting the CXCR4-CXCL12 axis is a novel, attractive therapeutic approach in small-cell lung cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer. In this article, we summarize data about the cellular and molecular microenvironment in small-cell lung cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer, as well as the role of CXCR4 in tumor-stroma crosstalk. In addition, we review the current status of the preclinical and clinical development of CXCR4 antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan A Burger
- Department of Leukemia, Unit 428, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, PO Box 301402, Houston, TX 77230-1402, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
134
|
Yeung ATY, Gellatly SL, Hancock REW. Multifunctional cationic host defence peptides and their clinical applications. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2161-76. [PMID: 21573784 PMCID: PMC11114888 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0710-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid rise in the emergence of bacterial strains resistant to multiple classes of antimicrobial agents, there is an urgent need to develop novel antimicrobial therapies to combat these pathogens. Cationic host defence peptides (HDPs) and synthetic derivatives termed innate defence regulators (IDRs) represent a promising alternative approach in the treatment of microbial-related diseases. Cationic HDPs (also termed antimicrobial peptides) have emerged from their origins as nature's antibiotics and are widely distributed in organisms from insects to plants to mammals and non-mammalian vertebrates. Although their original and primary function was proposed to be direct antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, parasites and/or viruses, cationic HDPs are becoming increasingly recognized as multifunctional mediators, with both antimicrobial activity and diverse immunomodulatory properties. Here we provide an overview of the antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities of cationic HDPs, and discuss their potential application as beneficial therapeutics in overcoming infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy T. Y. Yeung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Room 232, 2259 Lower Mall Research Station, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Shaan L. Gellatly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Room 232, 2259 Lower Mall Research Station, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Robert E. W. Hancock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Room 232, 2259 Lower Mall Research Station, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
Inokuchi E, Oishi S, Kubo T, Ohno H, Shimura K, Matsuoka M, Fujii N. Potent CXCR4 antagonists containing amidine type Peptide bond isosteres. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:477-80. [PMID: 24900333 DOI: 10.1021/ml200047e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of FC131 [cyclo(-d-Tyr-Arg-Arg-Nal-Gly-)] analogues containing amidine type peptide bond isosteres were synthesized as selective CXC chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) antagonists. An isosteric amidine substructure was constructed by a macrocyclization process using nitrile oxide-mediated C-N bond formation. All of the amidine-containing FC131 analogues exhibited potent SDF-1 binding inhibition to CXCR4. The Nal-Gly-substituted analogue was characterized as one of the most potent cyclic pentapeptide-based CXCR4 antagonists reported to date. The improved activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type-1 X4 strains suggested that addition of another basic amidine group to the peptide backbone effectively increases the selective binding of the peptides to CXCR4 receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Inokuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shinya Oishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Kubo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ohno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shimura
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masao Matsuoka
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Fujii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Okorochenkov SA, Zheltukhina GA, Nebol’sin VE. Antimicrobial peptides: the mode of action and perspectives of practical application. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW-SUPPLEMENT SERIES B-BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990750811020120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
137
|
Tanaka T, Narumi T, Ozaki T, Sohma A, Ohashi N, Hashimoto C, Itotani K, Nomura W, Murakami T, Yamamoto N, Tamamura H. Azamacrocyclic Metal Complexes as CXCR4 Antagonists. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:834-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
138
|
Singh IP, Chauthe SK. Small molecule HIV entry inhibitors: Part I. Chemokine receptor antagonists: 2004 – 2010. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 21:227-69. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.542412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
139
|
Beider K, Begin M, Abraham M, Wald H, Weiss ID, Wald O, Pikarsky E, Zeira E, Eizenberg O, Galun E, Hardan I, Engelhard D, Nagler A, Peled A. CXCR4 antagonist 4F-benzoyl-TN14003 inhibits leukemia and multiple myeloma tumor growth. Exp Hematol 2010; 39:282-92. [PMID: 21138752 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2010] [Revised: 11/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its ligand CXCL12 are involved in the progression and dissemination of a diverse number of solid and hematological malignancies. Binding CXCL12 to CXCR4 activates a variety of intracellular signal transduction pathways that regulate cell chemotaxis, adhesion, survival, proliferation, and apoptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Here, we demonstrate that the CXCR4 antagonist, 4F-benzoyl-TN14003 (BKT140), but not AMD3100, exhibits a CXCR4-dependent preferential cytotoxicity toward malignant cells of hematopoietic origin. BKT140 significantly and preferentially stimulated multiple myeloma apoptotic cell death. BKT140 treatment induced morphological changes, phosphatidylserine externalization, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, caspase-3 activation, sub-G1 arrest, and DNA double-stranded breaks. RESULTS In vivo, subcutaneous injections of BKT140 significantly reduced, in a dose-dependent manner, the growth of human acute myeloid leukemia and multiple myeloma xenografts. Tumors from animals treated with BKT140 were smaller in size and weights, had larger necrotic areas and high apoptotic scores. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggest a potential therapeutic use for BKT140 in multiple myeloma and leukemia patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katia Beider
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
140
|
Tanaka T, Nomura W, Narumi T, Masuda A, Tamamura H. Bivalent ligands of CXCR4 with rigid linkers for elucidation of the dimerization state in cells. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:15899-901. [PMID: 20973474 DOI: 10.1021/ja107447w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
To date, challenges in the design of bivalent ligands for G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have revealed difficulties stemming from lack of knowledge of the state of oligomerization of the GPCR. The synthetic bivalent ligands with rigid linkers that are presented here can predict the dimer form of CXCR4 and be applied to molecular probes in cancerous cells. This "molecular ruler" approach would be useful in elucidating the details of CXCR4 oligomer formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Tanaka
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
141
|
Gravel S, Malouf C, Boulais PE, Berchiche YA, Oishi S, Fujii N, Leduc R, Sinnett D, Heveker N. The peptidomimetic CXCR4 antagonist TC14012 recruits beta-arrestin to CXCR7: roles of receptor domains. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:37939-43. [PMID: 20956518 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c110.147470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCR7 is an atypical chemokine receptor that signals through β-arrestin in response to agonists without detectable activation of heterotrimeric G-proteins. Its cognate chemokine ligand CXCL12 also binds CXCR4, a chemokine receptor of considerable clinical interest. Here we report that TC14012, a peptidomimetic inverse agonist of CXCR4, is an agonist on CXCR7. The potency of β-arrestin recruitment to CXCR7 by TC14012 is much higher than that of the previously reported CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 and differs only by one log from that of the natural ligand CXCL12 (EC(50) 350 nM for TC14012, as compared with 30 nM for CXCL12 and 140 μM for AMD3100). Moreover, like CXCL12, TC14012 leads to Erk 1/2 activation in U373 glioma cells that express only CXCR7, but not CXCR4. Given that with TC14012 and AMD3100 two structurally unrelated CXCR4 antagonists turn out to be agonists on CXCR7, this likely reflects differences in the activation mechanism of the arrestin pathway by both receptors. To identify the receptor domain responsible for these opposed effects, we investigated CXCR4 and CXCR7 C terminus-swapping chimeras. Using quantitative bioluminescence resonance energy transfer, we find that the CXCR7 receptor core formed by the seven-transmembrane domains and the connecting loops determines the agonistic activity of both TC14012 and AMD3100. Moreover, we find that the CXCR7 chimera bearing the CXCR4 C-terminal constitutively associates with arrestin in the absence of ligands. Our data suggest that the CXCR4 and CXCR7 cores share ligand-binding surfaces for the binding of the synthetic ligands, indicating that CXCR4 inhibitors should be tested also on CXCR7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Gravel
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
142
|
Novel compounds containing multiple guanide groups that bind the HIV coreceptor CXCR4. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 55:255-63. [PMID: 20937786 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00709-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The G-protein-coupled receptor CXCR4 acts as a coreceptor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, as well as being involved in signaling cell migration and proliferation. Compounds that block CXCR4 interactions have potential uses as HIV entry inhibitors to complement drugs such as maraviroc that block the alternate coreceptor CCR5 or in cancer therapy. The peptide T140, which contains five arginine residues, is the most potent antagonist of CXCR4 developed to date. In a search for nonpeptide CXCR4 ligands that could inhibit HIV entry, three series of compounds were synthesized from 12 linear and branched polyamines with 2, 3, 4, 6, or 8 amino groups, which were substituted to produce the corresponding guanidines, biguanides, or phenylguanides. The resulting compounds were tested for their ability to compete with T140 for binding to the human CXCR4 receptor expressed on mammalian cells. The most effective compounds bound CXCR4 with a 50% inhibitory concentration of 200 nM, and all of the compounds had very low cytotoxicity. Two series of compounds were then tested for their ability to inhibit the infection of TZM-bl cells with X4 and R5 strains of HIV-1. Spermine phenylguanide and spermidine phenylguanide inhibited infection by X4 strains, but not by R5 strains, at low micromolar concentrations. These results support further investigation and development of these compounds as HIV entry inhibitors.
Collapse
|
143
|
Narumi T, Ochiai C, Yoshimura K, Harada S, Tanaka T, Nomura W, Arai H, Ozaki T, Ohashi N, Matsushita S, Tamamura H. CD4 mimics targeting the HIV entry mechanism and their hybrid molecules with a CXCR4 antagonist. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5853-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.07.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
144
|
Murakami T, Yamamoto N. Role of CXCR4 in HIV infection and its potential as a therapeutic target. Future Microbiol 2010; 5:1025-39. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 are the two major coreceptors for HIV entry. Numerous efforts have been made to develop a new class of anti-HIV agents that target these coreceptors as an additional or alternative therapy to standard HAART. Among the CCR5 inhibitors developed so far, maraviroc is the first drug that has been approved by the US FDA for treating patients with R5 HIV-1. Although many CXCR4 inhibitors, some of which are highly active and orally bioavailable, have also been studied, they are still at preclinical stages or have been suspended during development. Importantly, the interaction between CXCR4 and its ligand SDF-1 is involved in various disease conditions, such as cancer cell metastasis, leukemia cell proliferation, rheumatoid arthritis and pulmonary fibrosis. Therefore, CXCR4 inhibitors have potential as novel therapeutics for the treatment of these diseases as well as HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Murakami
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1–23–1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162–8640 Japan
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 5 Science Drive 2, Blk MD4A, Level 5, 117597 Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
145
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Increases in HIV resistance towards approved antiviral drugs have made it necessary to develop new and potent antiviral drugs with preferably a novel mode of action. RECENT FINDINGS Entry inhibitors constitute a new class of drugs to treat infection by HIV-1. The first member of this class, enfuvirtide, previously known as T-20 and targeting gp41, has now been licensed for therapeutic use. Several other classes of entry inhibitors are in various stages of preclinical or clinical development. SUMMARY In this review we focus on the chemokine receptor inhibitors targeting CXCR4, which is one of the main HIV coreceptors, besides CCR5, for viral entry.
Collapse
|
146
|
Martin SK, Diamond P, Williams SA, To LB, Peet DJ, Fujii N, Gronthos S, Harris AL, Zannettino ACW. Hypoxia-inducible factor-2 is a novel regulator of aberrant CXCL12 expression in multiple myeloma plasma cells. Haematologica 2009; 95:776-84. [PMID: 20015878 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2009.015628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple myeloma is an incurable malignancy of bone marrow plasma cells. Progression of multiple myeloma is accompanied by an increase in bone marrow angiogenesis. Studies from our laboratory suggest a role for the CXCL12 chemokine in this process, with circulating levels of CXCL12 correlating with bone marrow angiogenesis in patients with multiple myeloma. While the mechanisms responsible for aberrant plasma cell expression of CXCL12 remain to be determined, studies in other systems suggest a role for hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible transcription factors. DESIGN AND METHODS The expression of hypoxia-inducible factor protein was examined in patients' bone marrow biopsy specimens using immunohistochemistry. The hypoxic regulation of CXCL12 was examined in multiple myeloma plasma cell lines using polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. The role of hypoxia-inducible factors-1 and -2 in the regulation of CXCL12 expression was examined using over-expression and short hairpin RNA knockdown constructs, electrophoretic mobility shift assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation. The contribution of CXCL12 to hypoxia-induced angiogenesis was examined in vivo using a subcutaneous murine model of neovascularization. RESULTS Strong hypoxia-inducible factor-2 protein expression was detected in CD138(+) multiple myeloma plasma cells in patients' biopsy specimens. Prolonged exposure to hypoxia strongly up-regulated CXCL12 expression in multiple myeloma plasma cells and hypoxia-inducible factor-2 was found to play a key role in this response. Promoter analyses revealed increased hypoxia-inducible factor-2 binding to the CXCL12 promoter under hypoxic conditions. Over-expression of hypoxia-inducible factor in multiple myeloma plasma cells strongly induced in vivo angiogenesis, and administration of a CXCL12 antagonist decreased hypoxia-inducible factor-induced angiogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Hypoxia-inducible factor-2 is a newly identified regulator of CXCL12 expression in multiple myeloma plasma cells and a major contributor to multiple myeloma plasma cell-induced angiogenesis. Targeting the hypoxic niche, and more specifically hypoxia-inducible factor-2, may represent a viable strategy to inhibit angiogenesis in multiple myeloma and progression of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sally K Martin
- Myeloma Research Program, Division of Haematology, Centre for Cancer Biology-SA Pathology and University of Adelaide, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
147
|
Arthur A, Shi S, Zannettino ACW, Fujii N, Gronthos S, Koblar SA. Implanted adult human dental pulp stem cells induce endogenous axon guidance. Stem Cells 2009; 27:2229-37. [PMID: 19544412 DOI: 10.1002/stem.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The human central nervous system has limited capacity for regeneration. Stem cell-based therapies may overcome this through cellular mechanisms of neural replacement and/or through molecular mechanisms, whereby secreted factors induce change in the host tissue. To investigate these mechanisms, we used a readily accessible human cell population, dental pulp progenitor/stem cells (DPSCs) that can differentiate into functionally active neurons given the appropriate environmental cues. We hypothesized that implanted DPSCs secrete factors that coordinate axon guidance within a receptive host nervous system. An avian embryonic model system was adapted to investigate axon guidance in vivo after transplantation of adult human DPSCs. Chemoattraction of avian trigeminal ganglion axons toward implanted DPSCs was mediated via the chemokine, CXCL12, also known as stromal cell-derived factor-1, and its receptor, CXCR4. These findings provide the first direct evidence that DPSCs may induce neuroplasticity within a receptive host nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Arthur
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Group, CSCR University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
148
|
Boulais PE, Dulude D, Cabana J, Heveker N, Escher E, Lavigne P, Leduc R. Photolabeling identifies transmembrane domain 4 of CXCR4 as a T140 binding site. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 78:1382-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
149
|
Yamada Y, Ochiai C, Yoshimura K, Tanaka T, Ohashi N, Narumi T, Nomura W, Harada S, Matsushita S, Tamamura H. CD4 mimics targeting the mechanism of HIV entry. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 20:354-8. [PMID: 19926478 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.10.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A structure-activity relationship study was conducted of several CD4 mimicking small molecules which block the interaction between HIV-1 gp120 and CD4. These CD4 mimics induce a conformational change in gp120, exposing its co-receptor-binding site. This induces a highly synergistic interaction in the use in combination with a co-receptor CXCR4 antagonist and reveals a pronounced effect on the dynamic supramolecular mechanism of HIV-1 entry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Yamada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
150
|
Tilton JC, Doms RW. Entry inhibitors in the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Antiviral Res 2009; 85:91-100. [PMID: 19683546 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Infection of target cells by HIV is a complex, multi-stage process involving attachment to host cells and CD4 binding, coreceptor binding, and membrane fusion. Drugs that block HIV entry are collectively known as entry inhibitors, but comprise a complex group of drugs with multiple mechanisms of action depending on the stage of the entry process at which they act. Two entry inhibitors, maraviroc and enfuvirtide, have been approved for the treatment of HIV-1 infection, and a number of agents are in development. This review covers the entry inhibitors and their use in the management of HIV-1 infection. This article forms part of a special issue of Antiviral Research marking the 25th anniversary of antiretroviral drug discovery and development, Vol 85, issue 1, 2010.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John C Tilton
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, 301C Johnson Pavilion, 3610 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| | | |
Collapse
|